The design, operation, calibration, and performance of albedo neutron dosimeters are discussed. An albedo neutron dosimeter is designed to measure the flux of thermal neutrons which leave the body when a person is exposed to fast energy neutrons. The fast neutrons are scattered and moderated in the body, and many have lost most of their initial energy and emerge as thermal neutrons. The albedo neutron dosimeter is designed to detect this flux of thermal neutrons by using a thermal neutron detector. This could be any type of thermal neutron detector but in practical applications lithium fluoride (LiF) thermoluminescence dosimeters (TLDs) are most frequently used. Various types of albedo neutron dosimeters are described. (WHK)

Using the general expression for the ponderomotive Hamiltonian, the quasi-static quasi-neutral density change caused by the ponderomotive force of a cold magnetoplasma wave of arbitrary frequency and polarization is obtained. This formula agrees with and extends previous results for unmagnetized and magnetized plasma.

An experimental arrangement consisting of an ultrahigh vacuum bell jar equipped with an internal sample isolation cell was used to investigate the hydrogenation of CO over Fe and Rh surfaces. This apparatus permitted both UHV surface characterization (Auger electron spectroscopy, low-energy electron diffraction) and high pressure (1-20 atm) catalytic reactions to be carried out. Small surface area (approximately 1 cm/sup 2/) metal samples, both single crystals and polycrystalline foils, were used to catalyze the H/sub 2//CO reaction at high pressures (1-6 atm). Reaction products were monitored with a gas chromatograph equipped with a flame ionization detector. The surface compositions of the metal samples were determined before and after the reaction and the results correlated with the observed product distributions and reaction rates. In addition, the influence of various surface additives (carbon, oxygen, potassium) was also investigated. Iron was the more reactive of the two metals studied and was found to produce C/sub 1/-C/sub 5/ straight chain hydrocarbons but it poisoned rapidly. The catalytically active surface of both metals was covered with a carbonaceous monolayer. The carbonaceous monolayer was stable on the rhodium surface and produced C/sub 1/-C/sub 4/ hydrocarbons at a steady rate even after several hours of reaction. The …

A solvent extraction process is being evaluated for the secondary recovery of plutonium and americium from Rocky Flats waste streams. The bidentate organophosphorus compounds dihexyl-N,N-diethylcarbamylmethylene phosphonate and its dibutyl analogue have been shown to be selective extractants for the actinides from solutions of nitric acid. The results from laboratory test runs in which the organophosphorus extractants were used for processing secondary waste solutions will be presented. Solvent extractant properties and purification procedures are discussed.

Problems associated with radioactive waste management, both technological and administrative, have become a serious constraint in the development of nuclear power. An approach toward understanding these problems consists of placing them in a perspective where the risks of radioactive waste management might be evaluated in relation to similar problems facing society so that consistent judgments can be made.

The presentation given is intended to fulfill the several objectives of (1) documenting the pictorial review presented during ERDA's March 1, 1977, Conference on the Electric and Hybrid Vehicle Demonstration Project; (2) pictorially characterizing the present state of the electric and hybrid vehicle (EHV) art on an international scale; and (3) providing examples of the class of products expected to be available for the implementation of the early phases of Public Law 94-413. It is organized along national lines, with separate chapters for electric and hybrid vehicle programs in each of nine countries: Federal Republic of Germany, Israel, Netherlands, Sweden, the United Kingdom, France, Italy, Japan and the United States. Each chapter (except for Chapter 3) is preceded by descriptive material on the program objectives, participants and/or milestones.

Relationships necessary for ring stability are derived between the self-focusing forces of an electron ring and the magnetic field gradient defocusing forces present near and just subsequent to the start of ring acceleration.

The extension of Wiener's classical mean-square filtering theory to the estimation of two-dimensional (2-D), discrete random fields is discussed. In analogy with the 1-D case, the optimal realizable filter is derived by solution of a 2-D discrete Wiener--Hopf equation using a spectral factorization procedure. Computational algorithms for performing the required calculations are discussed. 3 figures.

The differential cross section measurements for /sup 241/Am, /sup 242m/Am and /sup 243/Am are reviewed in the energy range from 0.5 eV to 10 keV. Parameters extracted from resonance analysis, such as the neutron strength function, the average level spacing, the average capture and fission widths, are compared for the various measurements. The average capture and fission cross sections from 100 eV to 10 keV are directly compared. The status of the data set is discussed with suggestions for further measurements. 24 references.

In our laser fusion microsphere production, large, thin gel-microspheres are formed before the chemicals are fused into glass. In this transient stage,, the gel-microspheres are found to be highly permeable to argon and many other inert gases. When the gel transforms to glass, the argon gas, for example, is trapped within to form argon filled, fusion target quality, glass microspheres. On the average, the partial pressure of the argon fills attained in this process is around 2 x 10/sup 4/ Pa at room temperature.

The oxygen potential of hypostoichiometric plutonia at temperatures from 1000 to 1200/sup 0/C has been measured as a function of the oxygen-to-plutonium ratio by a thermogravimetric procedure. These data have been used to calculate activity coefficients for plutonia dissolved in urania and in thoria.

A simplified system has been written to help in FORTRAN programming of physics and mathematical problems. The system is described in Appendix A. A magnetic tape has been made of the complete system as used on the DEC-10 by M-Division for Magnetic Fusion related calculations. The system turns out to use many of the locally developed goodies, such as the TEDI text editor, the TV80 graphics system, and Tektronix 4012 videos. The facilities are briefly described in the HLP files on the tape.

A simple and potentially inexpensive method for removal of H/sub 2/S from noncondensible gases evolved in geothermal flash processes has been successfully tested on a small scale in the field. The method consists of scrubbing the noncondensible gases of H{sub 2}S with brine effluents which contain relatively high concentrations of Pb, Zn, and Fe such as those of the Salton Sea and Brawley Geothermal Fields in the Imperial Valley, California. For plant applications, noncondensibles including H{sub 2}S would be ejected from a surface steam condenser (necessary to minimize the volume of liquid in contact with H/sub 2/) and scrubbed with effluent brine just prior to preinjection clarification. The metal sulfide precipitates are removed in the clarification step and the noncondensibles, less H{sub 2}S, are vented as usual.

Pulsed magnetic welding is being evaluated as a process for welding fuel cladding to the end plug for nuclear fuel pins. A continuous metallurgical bond is required between the plug and clad because this joint must function as a gas and coolant seal for the fuel pin. An ultrasonic technique utilizing a computer controlled scanner was developed to inspect these welds. First, fuel pin specimens were profiled in the weld zone region by determining actual surface coordinates. This step eliminated variable geometry effects and guaranteed proper transducer alignment during the scanning. Second, scans were made using positional information obtained during profiling, and ultrasonic data were digitized and stored for computer analysis. Third, analysis algorithms were used to recognize unbonded regions, and total unbonded area was calculated. Finally, A-scan and C-scan plots were generated by the computer.

Twenty papers were included covering the Edna Delcambre Test Well, legal studies, environmental studies, economic studies, and resource utilization. Separate abstracts were prepared for each paper. (MHR)

Nondestructive analyses of plutonium can be made by detecting and measuring the gamma rays emitted by a sample. Although qualitative and semiquantitative assays can be performed with relative ease, only recently have methods been developed, using computer analysis techniques, that provide quantitative results. This paper reviews some new techniques developed for measuring plutonium. The features of plutonium gamma-ray spectra are reviewed and some of the computer methods used for spectrum analysis are discussed. The discussion includes a description of a powerful computer method of unfolding complex peak multiplets that uses the standard linear least-squares techniques of data analysis. This computer method is based on the generation of response profiles for the isotopes composing a plutonium sample and requires a description of the peak positions, relative intensities, and line shapes. The principles that plutonium isotopic measurements are based on are also developed, followed by illustrations of the measurement procedures as applied to the quantitative analysis of plutonium liquid and solid samples.

The growing awareness of the hazards of chemicals in the environment has resulted in the passing of the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) on Oct. 11, 1976. This paper attempts to cover some of the salient features of Public Law 94-469, EPA's approach to implementation of its provisions, and some of a chemist's perceptions of TSCA's prospects of success.

Catalyzed biomass gasification studies are being conducted by Battelle's Pacific Northwest Laboratories. Investigations are being carried out concurrently at the bench and process development unit scales. These studies are designed to test the technical and economic feasibility of producing specific gaseous products from biomass by enhancing its reactivity and product specificity through the use of specific catalysts. The program is directed at controlling the gasification reaction through the use of specific catalytic agents to produce desired products including synthetic natural gas, ammonia synthesis gas (H/sub 2//N/sub 2/), hydrogen, or syn gas (H/sub 2//CO). Such gaseous products are currently produced in tonnage quantities from non-renewable carbonaceous resources, e.g., natural gas and petroleum. The production of high yields of these specified gases from biomass is accomplished through optimization of gasification conditions and proper choice of catalytic agents. For instance, high yields of synthetic natural gas can be attained through gasification with steam in the presence of gasification catalyst such as trona (Na/sub 2/CO/sub 3/ . NaHCO/sub 3/ . 2H/sub 2/O) and a nickel methanation catalyst. The gasification catalyst enhances the steam-biomass reaction while the methanation catalyst converts gaseous intermediates from this reaction to methane, the most thermodynamically stable hydrocarbon product. This direct …

The average mean wind speed integrated over a disk is shown to be extremely close to the mean value of wind speed which would be measured at the center of a disk for most geometries in which a WECS (Wind Energy Conversion System) would operate. Field test results are presented which compare instantaneous records of wind speed integrated over a disk with the wind speed measured at the center of the disk. The wind field that a rotating element would experience is presented which has been synthesized from the outputs of an array of anemometers.

Gas-Cooled Reactors are considered to have a significant future impact on the application of fission energy. The specific types are the steam-cycle High-Temperature Gas-Cooled Reactor, the Gas-Cooled Fast Breeder Reactor, the gas-turbine HTGR, and the Very High-Temperature Process Heat Reactor. The importance of developing the above systems is discussed relative to alternative fission power systems involving Light Water Reactors, Heavy Water Reactors, Spectral Shift Controlled Reactors, and Liquid-Metal-Cooled Fast Breeder Reactors. A primary advantage of developing GCRs as a class lies in the technology and cost interrelations, permitting cost-effective development of systems having diverse applications. Further, HTGR-type systems have highly proliferation-resistant characteristics and very attractive safety features. Finally, such systems and GCFRs are mutally complementary. Overall, GCRs provide interrelated systems that serve different purposes and needs; their development can proceed in stages that provide early benefits while contributing to future needs. It is concluded that the long-term importance of the various GCRs is as follows: HTGR, providing a technology for economic GCFRs and HTGR-GTs, while providing a proliferation-resistant reactor system having early economic and fuel utilization benefits; GCFR, providing relatively low cost fissile fuel and reducing overall separative work needs at capital costs lower than those for LMFBRs; HTGR-GT (in …

The interaction of possible nonoxide containment materials (including boron nitride, titanium nitride, hafnium carbide, and two cerium sulfides) with uranium or carbon has been examined by thermal analysis techniques. Additionally, nonoxide-ceramic interaction with beryllia, tungsten, or yttria was investigated. Hafnium carbide is the least reactive nonoxide ceramic tested.

A semi-automatic precision surveying system is being developed for PEP. Reference elevations for vertical alignment will be provided by a liquid level. The short range surveying will be accomplished using a Laser Surveying System featuring automatic data acquisition and analysis.

The following switches are briefly discussed: (1) high pressure and vacuum spark gaps, (2) liquid dielectric gaps, (3) solid dielectrics, (4) nonlinear ferromagnetic materials, (5) semiconductors, superconductors, (6) ferroelectric switches, (7) exploding wires, and (8) plasma instabilities. (MOW)

Self-consistent augmented-plane-wave (APW) calculations of the T = 0 aluminum pressure-volume isotherm are reported from normal density to essentially the free-electron limit, and are compared to predictions based on statistical models. Two distinct density regimes are observed in which the APW and statistical model results differ fundamentally. In the first the L shell electrons are pressure ionized and in the second the K shell electrons are pressure ionized. The first of these occurs in the range 5-75 TPa, and the second in the range 2.3 x 10/sup 3/ - 1.1 x 10/sup 5/ TPa.