Neutron Diffraction Studies at the Puerto Rico Nuclear Center (open access)

Neutron Diffraction Studies at the Puerto Rico Nuclear Center

A neutron diffraction program was initiated recently at the Puerto Rico Nuclear Center. The two double crystal spectrometers in use were assembled with the aid of staff members of the Brookhaven National Laboratory. The first research problem to be completed was a single crystal structure analysis of CaWO4. Choosing the origin at the 4(a) tungsten site in the tetragonal I41/a cell. the 16(f) oxygen parameters were found to be as follows: x=0.2413 ± 0.0005, y=0.1511 ± 0.0006, z=0.0861 ± 0.0001. Anisotropic temperature parameters were also determined for all atoms in the least squares analysis of the structure. The magnetic structure of CuSO4 has been determined in a continuation of a study started at Brookhaven in collaboration with Dr. P.J. Brown. Using the Wollan-Koehler-Bertaut notation, the antiferromagnetic spin ordering mode in the orthorhombic Pbnm cell is Ax, with the spin axis parallel to a. A moment of approximately 1 μB was found for the Cu2_ ion. The crystal structure of BaNiO2 was re-examined in a neutron powder diffraction study, and it was found that the earlier x-ray study of Lander is essentially correct. An alternative oxygen arrangement, for which x-rays would not have been very sensitive, had been suspected. BaNiO2 was …
Date: October 15, 1963
Creator: Almodovar, I; Bielen, H. J. & Frazer, B. C.
System: The UNT Digital Library
Computations for AGS Experimental Beams: Description of Computer Program (open access)

Computations for AGS Experimental Beams: Description of Computer Program

Description of a computer program which optimizes the locations and strengths of magnets for experimental beams at the Brookhaven AGS written for the IBM 7090 computer. Layout, method, and routines are given particular attention, and representative data cards are shown.
Date: December 15, 1961
Creator: Baker, Winslow F.
System: The UNT Digital Library
Interactions of High Energy Antiprotons in Hydrogen (open access)

Interactions of High Energy Antiprotons in Hydrogen

In the fall of 1961 an extensive program of investigation of high energy p-p interactions was begun at the Brookhaven AGS. The BNL 20" liquid hydrogen bubble chamber and an electrostatically separated beam were used to obtain a total (to date) of 300,000 exposure with about 15 antiprotons per pulse. The exposures were made at antiproton momenta of 3.25 Bev/c and 3.69 Bev/c in the laboratory. Approximately 80% of the exposures were made 3.69 Bev/c antiprotons. A wide variety of reactions occur in these collisions. Some of these such as elastic scattering, pion production, and associated production of hyperons and K-mesons have analogues in p-p collisions. The similarities and differences between the p-p and p-p results can usually be understood in a qualitative way and in some cases quantitative comparison with theory has been possible. The annihilation reactions leading to final states containing pions alone or pions with K-mesons are unique to the nucleon-antinucleon system as are the reactions in which a hyperon, anti-hyperon pair is produced. In the following, we report the principal characteristics of proton-antiproton reactions. Although the scope of this paper is comprehensive it is not a definitive report of the experiment as much of the work …
Date: October 15, 1963
Creator: Baltay, C.; Ferbel, T.; Sandweiss, J.; Taft, H. D.; Culwick, B. B.; Fowler, W. B. et al.
System: The UNT Digital Library
Adenosinetriphosphate Cleavage During the G-Actin to F-Actin Transformation and the Binding of Adenosinetriphosphate to F-Actin (open access)

Adenosinetriphosphate Cleavage During the G-Actin to F-Actin Transformation and the Binding of Adenosinetriphosphate to F-Actin

Since the discovery of the Straub and Feuer as well as Laki et al. that ATP bound to G-actin is transformed to ADP and inorganic phosphate during polymerization of actin (1, 2), it has become increasingly clear that the chemical changes in the nucleotide are related to the change in the physical state of the protein. Barany, Biro, Molnar and Straub have shown that highly purified actin preparation free of any enzyme which would use ATP, ADP or AMP as a substrate still catalyze the breakdown of ATP (3) thus supporting the original idea that the ATP to ADP transformation is related to the globular to fibrous transformation of the actin protein itself. Mommaerts was the first to show that the ADP formed during polymerization remains bound to F-actin and Ulbrecht et al. while extending Mommaert's finding on exhaustively purified actin preparations have shown that the P1 formed during polymerization is not bound to F-actin. The stoichiometry of the splitting and the tightness of binding of the ADP lead inevitably to questions in regard to the position of bond breaking during the hydrolysis and to the nature of the forces involved in the tight binding of ADP to F-actin. To …
Date: October 15, 1963
Creator: Barany, M.; Koshland, D. E., Jr.; Springhorn, S. S.; Finkleman, F. & Theratil-Anthony, T.
System: The UNT Digital Library
Liquid Reactor Fuels: Bismuth-Uranium System (open access)

Liquid Reactor Fuels: Bismuth-Uranium System

Technical report about the liquidus curve for the nuclear reactors bismuth-uranium system and the need for a suitable container for this fuel.
Date: September 15, 1950
Creator: Bareis, D. W.
System: The UNT Digital Library
On the Crystal Chemistry of Salt Hydrates, II. A Neutron Diffraction Study of MgSO4·4H2O (open access)

On the Crystal Chemistry of Salt Hydrates, II. A Neutron Diffraction Study of MgSO4·4H2O

The crystal structure of MgSO4·4H2O has been refined using single crystal neutron diffraction data for the three main zones. The hydrogen positions which were found are essentially those which have been deduced from X-ray data in an earlier investigation.The mean value of the O-H bond lengths is 0.97Å. The O-H-O bonds are bent considerably. One hydrogen atom does not participate in hydrogen bonding, as can be concluded from the geometry of its surroundings and its thermal motion.
Date: October 15, 1963
Creator: Baur, Werner H.
System: The UNT Digital Library
On the Crystal Chemistry of Salt Hydrates, III. The Determination of the Crystal Structure of FeSO4·7H2O (Melanterite)* (open access)

On the Crystal Chemistry of Salt Hydrates, III. The Determination of the Crystal Structure of FeSO4·7H2O (Melanterite)*

Monoclinic FeSO4·7H2O is the stable solid phase between -1.82° and 56.6° C in contact with a saturated water solution of FeSO4. It occurs in nature as an oxidation product of Fe-containing sulfides an is called melanterite. FeSO4·7H2O belongs to a series of compounds Me2+SO4·nH2O, where Mn2+ is a cation with an approximate ionic radius of 0.7Å. The 1-, 4- and 5-hydrates are known to crystalize each in only one form, whereas the hexa- and the heptahydrates occur both in two different forms. The crystal structure of the tetragonal NiSO4·6H2O; Zalkin, Ruben and Templeton reported the structure of the monoclinic CoSO·6H2O. Of the structure of the heptahydrates but one was described: the orthorhombic form of NiSO4·7H2O. No details were known about one of the monoclinic heptahydrates, though Leonhardt and Ness published the cell constants and the space group of FeSO4·7H2O.. In addition they stated essentially correct positional parameters for the sulfur atom and gave the correct positions of the iron atoms. The present investigation has been undertaken as part of an extensive study of salt hydrates. A preliminary account has been published before.
Date: October 15, 1963
Creator: Baur, Werner H.
System: The UNT Digital Library
Servo Stabilized RF Vernier Time-of-Flight Analyzer (open access)

Servo Stabilized RF Vernier Time-of-Flight Analyzer

The analyzer can be operated either internally or externally. The 10 ma germanium discriminator is quiescently biased to 8.5 ma in its low-voltage state. An input signal current of 3.5 ma or more triggers it to its high voltage state. This triggers the oscillator. The oscillator signal is buffered and mixed in the bridge modulator with the reference radiofrequency signal from the cyclotron. The low-frequency beat note from the bridge modulator is squared up and passed to the beat zero univibrator which generates 0.7 mu sec signals each time the beat note passes through zero from positive to negative. The trailing edge of the beat zero univibrator is employed to terminate the time-of-flight measurement and to control the servo measurement. Drawings are included. (M.C.G.)
Date: January 15, 1962
Creator: Chase, Robert L.
System: The UNT Digital Library
Magnetic Structure Studies at Brookhaven National Laboratory (open access)

Magnetic Structure Studies at Brookhaven National Laboratory

The present communication reports the results of several investigations of magnetic structure and magnetic transitions currently in progress or recently completed at Brookhaven National Laboratory.
Date: October 15, 1963
Creator: Corliss, L. M.
System: The UNT Digital Library
An Experimental and Theoretical Study of the Subcritical BNL Reactor (open access)

An Experimental and Theoretical Study of the Subcritical BNL Reactor

Technical report outlining the theoretical study of the sub-critical BNL (Brookhaven National Laboratory) reactor, and a comparison of reactor performance with the purpose of presenting the experimental results of the experimental methods. Presents experimental results and and a detailed discussion of the experimental methods along with theoretical analysis and evaluation of the results.
Date: June 15, 1950
Creator: Cwernick, J.; Kaplan, I.; Kunstadter, J.; Sailor, V. & Williams, C.
System: The UNT Digital Library
Organization of Genetic Material in Salmonella (open access)

Organization of Genetic Material in Salmonella

Evidence is rapidly accumulating that the genetic material carried in a chromosome is arranged in a highly organized manner. The nucleotides of DNA constituting a gene are grouped in sequence, like the letters of a word, and presumably each word uniformly consists of three letters. Successive words make up a sentence containing the information needed to build a protein molecule. Each word of the sentence is transcribed to form an amino acid of the protein for which the particular gene is responsible.
Date: October 15, 1963
Creator: Demerec, M.
System: The UNT Digital Library
Problems of Present Day Genetics (open access)

Problems of Present Day Genetics

At this, the XI International Congress of Genetics, the major portion of the program has been devoted to synopsis, in which outstanding problems of modern genetics have been discussed. It required vision on the part of the Organizing Committee to conceive such a program for an international congress; and it required courage, a great deal courage, to schedule 25 symposium on a 6 meeting days. But the vision and courage have been amply rewarded. The symposia were outstanding, and have contributed toward making this Congress a strikingly successful gathering.
Date: October 15, 1963
Creator: Demerec, M.
System: The UNT Digital Library
The Kinetics of Some Oxidation-Reduction Reactions Involving Manganese (III) (open access)

The Kinetics of Some Oxidation-Reduction Reactions Involving Manganese (III)

The kinetics of several oxidation-reduction reactions involving manganese (III) have been studied spectrophotometrically by the use of a flow technique. The free energies of activation for the oxidation of various substituted tris-(1,10-phenanthroline) complexes of iron (II) by manganese (III) in perchloric acid and in pyrophosphoric-sulfuric acid media were found to be linearly related to the standard free energy changes of the reactions. The application of the Marcus theory to the reactions of manganese (III) with iron (II) and with various substituted iron (II)-phenanthroline complexes and to the reaction of cobalt (III) with manganese (II) in perchloric acid leads to an estimate of about 10 -4 F -1 sec -1 for the rate constant of the manganese (II)-manganese (III) electron exchange reaction at 25.0°. Attempts to determine the rate constant for this exchange by a radioactive tracer method were unsuccessful.
Date: October 15, 1963
Creator: Diebler, H. & Sutin, N.
System: The UNT Digital Library
Unit for Continuous Separation of U233 From Thorium Fluoride (open access)

Unit for Continuous Separation of U233 From Thorium Fluoride

Technical report outlining a preliminary design for carrying out the process of producing U233 from Th232.
Date: September 15, 1950
Creator: Dwyer, O. E.
System: The UNT Digital Library
The Influence of the Centromere of Chromosome Fragment Frequency Under Chronic Irradiation (open access)

The Influence of the Centromere of Chromosome Fragment Frequency Under Chronic Irradiation

Studies on a large variety of plant species, particularly by Sparrow and his colleagues, have shown that radiosensitivity, as measured by growth inhibition and lethality, is strongly correlated with various parameters of the cell nucleus. Foremost among these are nuclear volume, SNA content and chromosome number. It is generally accepted that in proliferating cell systems chromosome damage may well be the principal radiobiological lesion, and the observed correlations are in line with the contention that loss of genetic materials following such fragmentation is a factor of a major importance in radiation-induced lethality and growth inhibition in plants.
Date: October 15, 1963
Creator: Evans, H. J. & Pond, Virginia
System: The UNT Digital Library
Rare Gas Isotope Contents in Mineral Fractions of the Indarch Meteorite (open access)

Rare Gas Isotope Contents in Mineral Fractions of the Indarch Meteorite

We have measured the rare gas isotopes in mineral concentrates of the Indarch meteorite. We obtained samples from C. Frondel, who crushed some of the meteorite into small particles mainly in the 44 to 88 micron size. He fractionated the minerals into groups according to specific gravity, using heavy liquids and magnetic techniques. The fraction with specific gravity less than 2.4 is approximately 95% tridymite and represents about 1% of the whole stone. The fraction with specific gravity between 2.4 and 2.8 contains calcium sulfide, calcium phosphate, two unidentified minerals, and tridymite and enstatite impurities. This fraction represents a few percent of the meteorite. The fraction with specific gravity between 2.8 and 3.3 consists largely of clinoenstatite and represents about 75% of the meteorite. The troilite is concentrated in the fraction with specific gravity greater than 3.3, and kamacite is concentrated in the magnetic fraction.
Date: October 15, 1963
Creator: Fireman, E. L.
System: The UNT Digital Library
Hematological Effects of Whole Body Irradiation (open access)

Hematological Effects of Whole Body Irradiation

The development of nuclear arms added the effects of ionizing radiation to the direct and indirect mechanical, chemical or thermal hazards of "conventional" weapons. The biological effects of ionizing radiation are the result of absorption of energy and the morphologically recognizable damage is poorly understood. Although new in their use in weapons and difficult to evaluate in their consequences, ionizing radiations are by no means new to physicians. Furthermore, medical experience has shown that clinical consequences of radiation injury are similar to those with which the clinician has to deal with every day in the treatment of neoplastic disorders and its complications. Soon after the discovery of x-rays by Roentgen and of the phenomenon of radioactivity by Bequerrel in the last decade of the last decade of the 19th century, it was found that ionizing radiation can produce marked biological effects by interfering with cell- and organ functions. Senn and Hussey were the first to effectively treat leukemia by this means. This, since about 60 years, ionizing radiation has been a powerful tool in the hands of physicians both in diagnostic procedures and for therapy of malignant disease. It should not be forgotten however, that the price paid for this …
Date: October 15, 1963
Creator: Fliedner, T. M. & Cronkite, E. P.
System: The UNT Digital Library
The Photogrammetry of the Tracks of Elementary Particles in Bubble Chambers (open access)

The Photogrammetry of the Tracks of Elementary Particles in Bubble Chambers

In high-energy particle physics the initial problem is to obtain information about the behavior of particles which are invisible by any known means (the radius of a proton is 10-13 cm) and which may be traveling at speeds greater than 180,000 miles per second, but at less than the speed of light. Some of the work is being done with the use of electronic counters, but the larger fraction is currently done by three techniques which employ the photographic process. These are the silver halide emulsion stack, the liquid hydrogen bubble chamber and the spark chamber. Counters provide immediate information but it is of a yes-or-no character, whereas the other methods are capable of actually mapping, with varying degrees of accuracy, an interaction between particles. The emulsion stack is quite familiar and need be discussed only briefly. Since individual silver halide crystals are rendered developable along the paths of charged particles, a sensitive detector may be built up with thick layers of specially sensitized emulsion having no base support. As the path of the particle may be through several emulsion having no base support. as the path of the particle may be through several emulsion layers and the track must …
Date: October 15, 1963
Creator: Garfield, John F.
System: The UNT Digital Library
AGS Performance and Plans (open access)

AGS Performance and Plans

The scope of the AGS complex has expanded rapidly during the three years since an accelerated beam was first obtained. Demand for research time far exceeds the amount available although facilities have been much increased. At the same time, experiments are being designed which are more complicated than previous ones and which make more stringent demands on the accelerator and on its auxiliary equipment. There is a continuous trend of experiments to particle beams of greater momentum, as the experimental techniques are refined. This use of increased momentum means that larger areas are required for the apparatus and that more power is necessary for the magnetic optics. All beam-sharing at the AGS is done by multiple use of each accelerated pulse because our experience indicates that pulse-by-pulse beam-sharing is relatively inefficient. (Expansion chambers have seldom been used at the AGS.) The problems of scheduling experiments becomes increasingly complex since combinations must be found satisfying the criteria: maximum number of experiments to run simultaneously; minimum downtime to be taken for rearrangement between successive experimental arrays
Date: October 15, 1963
Creator: Green, G. K.
System: The UNT Digital Library
On the Generation of an Arbitrarily Autocorrelated Sequence of Random Variables from a Sequence of Independent Random Numbers (open access)

On the Generation of an Arbitrarily Autocorrelated Sequence of Random Variables from a Sequence of Independent Random Numbers

For a wide range of statistical experiments, we require a sequence of random variables [unintelligible], which have prescribed mean values μn and variances σn2, with a given autocorrelation ρt. The [unintelligible] are to be generated as a sequence of real functions of independent random numbers [unintelligible], each of which is uniformly distributed in. The reason for this choice of specification for the [unintelligible] is that most computers have standard subroutines which generate such uniform random (or pseudo-random) sequences.
Date: October 15, 1963
Creator: Halton, John H.
System: The UNT Digital Library
Some Problems in the Interpretation of Exponential Experiments (open access)

Some Problems in the Interpretation of Exponential Experiments

Buckling measurements at BNL have employed two experimental methods which in principle should yield identical results but in practice show a systematic and significant discrepancy. In this paper the experimental evidence of these errors is reviewed and their source is traced by means of theory to the radial flux transients which perturb the asymptotic neutron spectrum in the exponential assemblies. Some alternate and apparently more precise methods of analyzing the data are examined theoretically, including the possibility of anisotropy in the leakage probability.
Date: October 15, 1963
Creator: Hellens, Robert L. & Andersen, Eigil
System: The UNT Digital Library
Progress Report on Waste Concentration Studies: Engineering Results on the BNL Semi-Works Vapor Filtration Vapor Compression Evaporator (open access)

Progress Report on Waste Concentration Studies: Engineering Results on the BNL Semi-Works Vapor Filtration Vapor Compression Evaporator

Report issued by the Brookhaven National Laboratory discussing progress of waste concentration studies. As stated in the introduction, "the present report covers all experimental hot runs up to the time the still was turned over to the Waste Control Section for intermediate handling of laboratory D waste" (p. 1). This report includes tables, illustrations, and photographs.
Date: August 15, 1951
Creator: Horrigan, R. V.; Fried, H. M.; Manowitz, B.; Kuhl, O.; Baranosky, J. A.; Bellanca, S. et al.
System: The UNT Digital Library
Preparation and Some Properties of Krypton Difluoride (open access)

Preparation and Some Properties of Krypton Difluoride

The compound KrF4 was prepared by Grosse et al. by passing an electric discharge through the elements at -196°C. Evidence for formation of KrF2 has been obtained by Pimental and Turner by UV irradiation of the elements frozen into an inert gas matrix at 20°K. Using an electron beam to irradiate krypton and fluorine at -150°C, we have prepared KrF2 in 100mg amounts and examined some of its properties.
Date: October 15, 1963
Creator: Mackenzie, D. R.
System: The UNT Digital Library
Gamma Ray Polymerization of Acrylamide in the Solid State (open access)

Gamma Ray Polymerization of Acrylamide in the Solid State

The polymerization of vinyl monomers can be initiated by heat, ultraviolet radiation, and various catalysts. More recently, ionizing radiation has been shown to effectively initiate vinyl polymerization. However, polymerization in the solid state by ionizing radiation is not reported in the literature, although several papers have been published that describe briefly the thermal polymerization of divinyldiphenyl, Leuch's anhydride and in greater detail the peroxide catalyzed polymerization of acetaldehyde. The purpose of this note is to describe some experiments which demonstrate that crystalline acrylamide undergoes polymerization upon irradiation with γ-rays from an intense Co-60 source. Below its melting point the monomer shows little or no tendency to polymerize thermally.
Date: January 15, 1954
Creator: Mesrobian, Robert, B.; Ander, Paul; Ballantine, David, S. & Dienes, G. J.
System: The UNT Digital Library