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CRS Issue Briefs
61
North American Aviation Reports
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Country
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Day
The Federal Arbitration Act: Background and Recent Developments
Enacted in 1925, the Federal Arbitration Act (“FAA”) seeks to ensure the validity and enforcement of arbitration agreements in any “maritime transaction or . . . contract evidencing a transaction involving commerce.” In general, the FAA evidences a national policy favoring arbitration. However, the application of the FAA to various types of arbitration agreements has been the subject of numerous lawsuits. This report provides a brief legislative history of the FAA, as well as a review of selected cases that have interpreted the FAA. The report also discusses bills introduced during the 108th Congress that would amend the FAA to address the use of arbitration to resolve employment and specific contract disputes.
Date:
August 15, 2003
Creator:
Shimabukuro, Jon O.
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Steel: Legacy Cost Issue
None
Date:
August 15, 2002
Creator:
Cooney, Stephen
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Child Pornography: Constitutional Principles and Federal Statutes
The Child Pornography Prevention Act of 1996, P.L. 104-208, 110 Stat. 3009- 26, added a definition of “child pornography” that include visual depictions of what appears to be a minor engaging in explicit sexual conduct, even if no actual minor was used in producing the depiction. On April 16, 2002, in Ashcroft v. Free Speech Coalition, the Supreme Court held this provision unconstitutional to the extent that it prohibited pictures that were not produced with actual minors. (This case is discussed under “Section 2256,” below.) In response to Ashcroft, bills were introduced in the House and Senate that would continue to ban some child pornography that was produced without an actual minor; on June 25, 2002, the House passed one such bill: H.R. 4623, 107th Congress.
Date:
October 15, 2003
Creator:
Cohen, Henry
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Child Care Issues in the 108th Congress
This report includes recent developments in federal child care programs and tax provisions. The report discusses several federal programs that support child care or related services, primarily for low-income working families. In addition, the tax code includes provisions specifically targeted to assist families with child care expenses. The report presents the legislative activity in the 108th Congress in regard to child care legislature and provisions.
Date:
September 15, 2003
Creator:
Gish, Melinda
System:
The UNT Digital Library
SCHIP Financing Issues for the 108th Congress
None
Date:
August 15, 2003
Creator:
Baumrucker, Evelyne P. & Kraut, Peter
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Detention of American Citizens as Enemy Combatants
This report provides background information regarding the cases of two U.S. citizens deemed “enemy combatants,” Yaser Esam Hamdi, who has been returned to Saudi Arabia, and Jose Padilla, who remains in military custody. The report addresses the constitutional and statutory sources that arguably provide authority for the detention of enemy combatants, as well as those that may prevent the exercise of that power with respect to U.S. citizens. The report concludes that historically, even during declared wars, additional statutory authority has been seen as necessary to validate the detention of citizens not members of any armed forces, casting in some doubt the argument that the power to detain is necessarily implied by an authorization to use force. Finally, the report briefly analyzes the Detention of Enemy Combatants Act, H.R. 1029, which would authorize the President to detain U.S. citizens and residents who are determined to be “enemy combatants” in certain circumstances.
Date:
March 15, 2004
Creator:
Elsea, Jennifer K.
System:
The UNT Digital Library
National Monuments and the Antiquities Act: Recent Designations and Issues
None
Date:
January 15, 2001
Creator:
Hardy-Vincent, Carol & Baldwin, Pamela
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Floor Procedure in the House of Representatives: A Brief Overview
The House considers bills and resolutions on the floor under several different sets of procedures governing the time for debate and the opportunities for amendment. Some procedures allow 40 or 60 minutes for debate; others permit debate to continue until a majority of Members vote to end it. Some procedures prohibit most or all floor amendments; others allow Members to offer any amendments that meet the requirements of the House’s rules and precedents. Notwithstanding these differences, the rules, precedents, and practices of the House generally are designed to permit the majority to work its will in a timely manner. This report provides a brief overview of this procedure.
Date:
March 15, 2005
Creator:
Rybicki, Elizabeth & Bach, Stanley
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Points of Order in the Congressional Budget Process
None
Date:
April 15, 1999
Creator:
Saturno, James V.
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Fast-Track Trade Negotiating Authority: A Comparison of 105th Congress Legislative Proposals
This report provides a side-by-side comparison of H.R. 2621 and S. 2400, as reported, 105th Congress bills that would provide the President with trade negotiating authority and accord certain resulting agreements and implementing bills expedited -- or "fast-track" -- legislative consideration.
Date:
September 15, 1998
Creator:
Grimmett, Jeanne J.
System:
The UNT Digital Library
House Committee Hearings: Arranging Witnesses
This report briefly discusses the process of selecting and arranging witnesses for House committee hearings.
Date:
March 15, 2001
Creator:
Carr, Thomas P.
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Tracking Current Federal Legislation and Regulations: A Guide to Basic Sources
This report introduces selected basic sources that are useful in obtaining background information or specific facts on the status of federal legislative or regulatory initiatives. It includes telephone, online, and media sources are included, as well as pertinent directories, such as those of organizations that track areas of interest. Annotations describing each source's contents and organization are included so that researchers can select those that most closely fit their needs. Internet addresses usually provide information about the items, rather than access to them.
Date:
February 15, 2000
Creator:
Davis, Carol D.
System:
The UNT Digital Library
The House Amendment Tree
This report discusses the House amendment tree, a chart that depicts the maximum number and types of amendments.
Date:
September 15, 1998
Creator:
Oleszek, Walter J.
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Trade Promotion Authority (Fast-Track Authority for Trade Agreements): Background and Developments in the 107th Congress
None
Date:
February 15, 2002
Creator:
Sek, Lenore
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Trade Promotion (Fast-Track) Authority: Summary and Analysis of Selected Major Provisions of H.R. 3005
None
Date:
April 15, 2002
Creator:
Sek, Lenore; Bolle, Mary Jane; Cooper, William H.; Pregelj, Vladimir N.; Hanrahan, Charles E.; Tiemann, Mary E. et al.
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Status of a Member of the House Who Has Been Convicted of a Felony
None
Date:
April 15, 2002
Creator:
Maskell, Jack
System:
The UNT Digital Library
S.Res. 445: Senate Committee Reorganization for Homeland Security and Intelligence Matters
None
Date:
October 15, 2004
Creator:
Rundquist, Paul S. & Davis, Christopher M.
System:
The UNT Digital Library
The Hatch-Waxman Act: Proposed Legislative Changes Affecting Pharmaceutical Patents
This report describes the Proposed Legislative Changes Affecting Pharmaceutical Patents on Hatch-Waxman Act. The Hatch-Waxman Act provides the FDA with certain authorities to offer periods of marketing for a pharmaceutical independent of the rights conferred by patents.
Date:
July 15, 2003
Creator:
Schacht, Wendy H. & Thomas, John R.
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Products Liability: A Legal Overview
None
Date:
August 15, 2003
Creator:
Cohen, Henry
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Fair Credit Reporting Act: Frequently Asked Questions
As financial privacy issues are debated in Congress, numerous questions about the Fair Credit Reporting Act (FCRA) have emerged. Enacted in 1970, the Fair Credit Reporting Act is the federal statute that establishes a regulatory framework for credit reporting in the United States and establishes a consumer’s rights with respect to his or her credit report. This report attempts to answer frequently asked questions about the Fair Credit Reporting Act.
Date:
September 15, 2003
Creator:
Welborn, Angie A. & Nott, Loretta
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Air Quality: EPA's Ozone Transport Rule, OTAG, and Section 216 Petitions - A Hazy Situation?
The 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments provided the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the states with new tool to address the problem of interstate transport of air pollutants. This report discusses the actions undertaken as a direct result of this act, additional pollution reduction enforcement measures pursued by the EPA, and actions undertaken by states to reduce offending emissions not in compliance with these measures.
Date:
June 15, 1999
Creator:
Parker, Larry & Blodgett, John E.
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Water Quality: Implementing the Clean Water Act
Congress enacted the most recent major amendments to the Clean Water Act in 1987 (P.L. 100-4). Since then, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), states, and others have been working to implement the many program changes and additions mandated in the law. At issue today, as it has been for some time, is what progress EPA and the states are making. In general, many states and environmental groups fault EPA for delays in issuing guidance and assistance needed to carry out the provisions of the law. EPA and others are critical of states, in turn, for not reaching beyond conventional knowledge and institutional approaches to address their water quality problems. Environmental groups have been criticized for insufficient recognition of EPA's and states' need for flexibility to implement the Act. Finally, Congress has been criticized for not providing adequate funding and resources to meet EPA and state needs.
Date:
August 15, 2001
Creator:
Copeland, Claudia
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Water Quality: Implementing the Clean Water Act
None
Date:
May 15, 2003
Creator:
Copeland, Claudia
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Highway Fund Sanctions and Conformity Under the Clean Air Act
This report discusses two Clean Air Act provisions that can result in denial of federal highway funding to local areas: sanctions and the lapse of what is called "conformity." Under the Clean Air Act, the Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency is required to impose highway fund or other sanctions on areas that have not submitted or not implemented adequate plans to attain air quality standards. In addition, federal agencies may not provide financial support to transportation improvements in areas that have not attained air quality standards, unless the improvements conform with the State Implementation Plan for achieving air quality. This report provides information concerning the authority to impose sanctions and to make conformity determinations, lists the areas that have been subject to sanctions determinations since 1990, describes their current status, and discusses the role of sanctions and alternatives under the Act. This report will be updated as developments warrant.
Date:
October 15, 1999
Creator:
McCarthy, James E.
System:
The UNT Digital Library