Temperatures as low as 42 C, maintained for a little as 25 minutes, inactivate {approx}25% of HIV. Furthermore, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected T-cells are more sensitive to heat than healthy lymphocytes and susceptibility increases when the cells are pre-sensitized by exposure to tumor necrosis factor. Thus, induction of a whole-body hyperthermia, or hyperthermia specifically limited to tissues having a high viral load, are potential antiviral therapies for acquired immunodeficiency disease (AIDS). Accordingly, we incorporated therapeutic hyperthermia into an existing mathematical model which evaluates the interaction between HIV and CD4{sup +} T cells. Given the assumptions and limitations of this model, the results indicate that a daily therapy, reducing the population of actively infected cells by 40% or infectious virus by 50%, would effectively reverse the depletion of T cells. In contrast, a daily reduction of 20% of either actively infected cells or infectious virus would have a marginal effect. However, reduction by 20% of both actively infected cells and infectious virus could restore T cell numbers, assuming that permanent damage had not been inflicted on the thymus. Whole-body hyperthermia seems unlikely to be clinically useful, unless it can be induced non-invasively without general anesthesia. In contrast, heating directed specifically to …

Starting from free relativistic particles whose position and velocity can only be measured to a precision < [Delta]r[Delta]v > [equivalent to] [plus minus] k/2 meter[sup 2]sec[sup [minus]1] , we use the relativistic conservation laws to define the relative motion of the coordinate r = r[sub 1] [minus] r[sub 2] of two particles of mass m[sub 1], m[sub 2] and relative velocity v = [beta]c = [sub (k[sub 1] + k[sub 2]])/ [sup (k[sub 1] [minus] k[sub 2]]) in terms of conic section equation v[sup 2] = [Gamma] [2/r [plus minus] 1/a] where +'' corresponds to hyperbolic and [minus]'' to elliptical trajectories. Equation is quantized by expressing Kepler's Second Law as conservation of angular niomentum per unit mass in units of k. Principal quantum number is n [equivalent to] j + [1/2] with square'' [sub T[sup 2]]/[sup A[sup 2]] = (n [minus]1)nk[sup 2] [equivalent to] [ell][sub [circle dot]]([ell][sub [circle dot]] + 1)k[sup 2]. Here [ell][sub [circle dot]] = n [minus] 1 is the angular momentumquantum number for circular orbits. In a sense, we obtain spin'' from this quantization. Since [Gamma]/a cannot reach c[sup 2] without predicting either circular or asymptotic velocities equal to the limiting velocity for particulate motion, we can …

This paper presents test results of 610-mm wide (24-in.) by 1219-mm high (48-in.) by 203-or 330-mm (8- or 13-in.) thick prisms constructed of hollow clay tiles. Three prisms were extracted fro existing hollow clay title walls and 69 were constructed in laboratories at The University of Tennessee and the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) in Gaithersburg, Maryland. Modulus of Elasticity, E, and compressive strength f{prime}{sub m} were calculated from the results.

This report provides the draft minutes of the Interagency Advanced Power Group meeting held November 3--4, 1993. Topics addressed are: Materials for thermal management; photovoltaic programs in the Airforce; ground based radar advanced power system development program; battery research; generator prognostics & diagnostics equipment; a thermal flight experiment test program; power systems assessment; Overview: Phillip`s space thermal technologies branch; and development of actuator thermal management.

The use of motor current signature analysis (CSA) has been established as a useful method for periodic monitoring of electrically driven equipment. CSA is, moreover, especially well suited as the basis for a dedicated continuous monitoring system in an industrial setting. This paper presents just such an application that has been developed and installed in the US government uranium enrichment plant at Portsmouth, Ohio. The system, which is designed to detect specific axial-flow compressor problems in 1700-hp gaseous diffusion compressors, is described in detail along with an explanation of detected fault conditions and the required signal manipulations. Amplitude demodulation and subsequent digital processing of motor signals sensed from area control room ammeter loops are used to accomplish the desired monitoring task. Using modified off-the-shelf multiplexing equipment, a 386-type personal computer, and special digital signal processing hardware, the system is presently configured to monitor ten compressors but is expandable to monitor more than 100. Within its first few days of operation in September 1992, the system detected a compressor problem that, when corrected, resulted in a cost avoidance of about $150,000, which more than paid for the hardware and software development costs. Finally, plans to expand system coverage in the coming …

Starting from free relativistic particles whose position and velocity can only be measured to a precision < {Delta}r{Delta}v > {equivalent_to} {plus_minus} k/2 meter{sup 2}sec{sup {minus}1} , we use the relativistic conservation laws to define the relative motion of the coordinate r = r{sub 1} {minus} r{sub 2} of two particles of mass m{sub 1}, m{sub 2} and relative velocity v = {beta}c = {sub (k{sub 1} + k{sub 2}})/ {sup (k{sub 1} {minus} k{sub 2}}) in terms of conic section equation v{sup 2} = {Gamma} [2/r {plus_minus} 1/a] where ``+`` corresponds to hyperbolic and ``{minus}`` to elliptical trajectories. Equation is quantized by expressing Kepler`s Second Law as conservation of angular niomentum per unit mass in units of k. Principal quantum number is n {equivalent_to} j + {1/2} with``square`` {sub T{sup 2}}/{sup A{sup 2}} = (n {minus}1)nk{sup 2} {equivalent_to} {ell}{sub {circle_dot}}({ell}{sub {circle_dot}} + 1)k{sup 2}. Here {ell}{sub {circle_dot}} = n {minus} 1 is the angular momentumquantum number for circular orbits. In a sense, we obtain ``spin`` from this quantization. Since {Gamma}/a cannot reach c{sup 2} without predicting either circular or asymptotic velocities equal to the limiting velocity for particulate motion, we can also quantize velocities in terms of the principle quantum …

Later this decade the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) will be built at Brookhaven National Laboratory. Its goal will be to accelerate and collide Au beams at 100 GeV/c in an attempt to create a Quark Gluon Plasma (QGP). The PHENIX detector aims to detect the QGP through its leptonic and hadronic signatures. We describe here its physics capabilities and the details of the apparatus designed to pick out rare leptonic signatures from among hadronic multiplicities of up to 1500 particles per unit of rapidity.

The mutagenic activity and the mass amount of heterocyclic amines responsible for the mutagenic activity have been measured in some cooked foods. Cooked meats are the predominant source of mutagenic activity in the diet with values ranging from 0 to 10,000 revertants per gram reported in the Ames/Salmonelia test with strain TA98. Several heterocyclic amines are present and have been quantified using solid-phase extraction followed by HPLC. Frying at higher temperatures and for longer times produces the greatest mutagenic response, and concomitantly, the largest amounts of heterocyclic amines. Most of the mutagenic activity in fried meat samples can be accounted for by MelQx, DiMelQx and IQ, although other heterocylic amines are present and PHIP mutagenic activity becomes significant at higher temperatures. Non-meat products such as baked breads can also form significant mutagenic activity, particularly when overcooked. Commercially prepared hamburgers made from meat substitutes such as tofu, wheat gluten or tempeh and fried at 210{degrees}C have up to 10% of the mutagenic activity of a fried beef patty cooked under the same conditions. When detected, amounts of heterocyclic amines in fried beef patties range from a total of 0.35 ng/g for commercial beef hamburgers to 142 ng/g for a beef patty …

As part of a long range plan to develop a comprehensive climate systems modeling capability, the authors have taken the Atmospheric General Circulation Model originally developed by Arakawa and collaborators at UCLA and have recast it in a portable, parallel form. The code uses an explicit time-advance procedure on a staggered three-dimensional Eulerian mesh. The authors have implemented a two-dimensional latitude/longitude domain decomposition message passing strategy. Both dynamic memory management and interprocessor communication are handled with macro constructs that are preprocessed prior to compilation. The code can be moved about a variety of platforms, including massively parallel processors, workstation clusters, and vector processors, with a mere change of three parameters. Performance on the various platforms as well as issues associated with coupling different models for major components of the climate system are discussed.

The current political and economic situations suggest that significant reductions of nuclear forces outside the US will continue. This implies that in times of crisis the rapid deployment of nuclear weapons into a theater may be required. This paper describes a proposed Mobile Integrated C{sup 3} and Security System (MICSS). The MICSS, together with associated personnel, could satisfy the command and control and security requirements of a deployed nuclear operation. Rapid deployment poses unique nuclear weapon surety difficulties that must be overcome for the operation to be effective and survivable. The MICSS must be portable, reliable, limited in size, and easily emplaced to facilitate movement, reduce the possibility of detection, and minimize manpower requirements. The MICSS will be based on existing technology. Sandia has designed prototype mobile command centers for the military. These command centers are based on an approach that stresses modularity, standards, and the use of an open architecture. Radio, telephone, satellite communications, communication security, and global positioning system equipment has been successfully integrated into the command centers. Sandia is also supporting the development of portable security systems for the military. These systems are rapidly deployable and mission flexible and are capable of intrusion detection, area and alarm …

Shrinkage of cement paste is controlled by a number of mechanisms that operate in various parts of the microstructure and at various length scales. A model for creep and shrinkage can be developed by combining several models that describe phenomena at each of several length scales, ranging from the nanometer to the meter. This model is described and preliminary results are discussed.

This paper presents a new formulation for the automatic definition and treatment of mechanical contact in explicit nonlinear finite element analysis. Automatic contact offers the benefits of significantly reduced model construction time and fewer opportunities for user error, but faces significant challenges in reliability and computational costs. This paper discusses in detail a new four-step automatic contact algorithm. Key aspects of the proposed method include automatic identification of adjacent and opposite surfaces in the global search phase, and the use of a smoothly varying surface normal which allows a consistent treatment of shell intersection and corner contact conditions without ad-hoc rules. The paper concludes with three examples which illustrate the performance of the newly proposed algorithm in the public DYNA3D code.

To help reduce US dependence on imported petroleum, Congress passed the Energy Security Act of 1980 (public Law 96-294). This legislation authorized the US Department of Energy (DOE) to promote expansion of the fuel alcohol industry through, among other measures, its Alcohol Fuels Loan Guarantee Program. Under this program, selected proposals for the conversion of plant biomass into fuel-grade ethanol would be granted loan guarantees. of 57 applications submitted for loan guarantees to build and operate ethanol fuel projects under this program, 11 were considered by DOE to have the greatest potential for satisfying DOE`s requirements and goals. In accordance with the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA), DOE evaluated the potential impacts of proceeding with the Loan Guarantee Program in a programmatic environmental assessment (DOE 1981) that resulted in a finding of no significant impact (FANCY) (47 Federal Register 34, p. 7483). The following year, DOE conducted site-specific environmental assessments (EAs) for 10 of the proposed projects. These F-As predicted no significant environmental impacts from these projects. Eventually, three ethanol fuel projects received loan guarantees and were actually built: the Tennol Energy Company (Tennol; DOE 1982a) facility near Jasper in southeastern Tennessee; the Agrifuels Refining Corporation (Agrifuels; DOE 1985) facility …

Cooking, heat processing, and pyrolysis of protein-rich foods induce the formation of structurally related heterocyclic aromatic amines that have been found to be mutagenic in bacteria, mammalian cells in culture and mice. All these compounds are potent mutagens and most are active below 1 ng/plate, in Ames/Salmonella tester strain TA1538 in the presence of S9 liver microsomal preparations from rat, mouse, or hamster. They are also potent in strains TA98, TA97, moderately active in TA1537, weakly active in TA100, and virtually inactive in TA1535 and TA102. Thus, they show powerful frameshift activity in reverting specific GC-rich sequences, but do not cause base substitution mutations or revert an AT-rich sequence. They are 100-fold less active in the uvrB+, repair-proficient strain TA1978, and in the case of IQ, cause insertions and large deletions not seen in TA1538.

In this paper, we provide a brief overview of our general molecular dynamics algorithm and focus on several performance enhancements that have allowed us to achieve high performance on the CM-5. Our use of the CM-5 vector units (VUs) to calculate forces is described along with a memory caching scheme that speeds up the force calculation by as much as 50%. In addition, we discuss a method used to speed up the communication aspects of our algorithm by more than 35%. Lastly, recent timing and scaling results are presented. Our code has been implemented in ANSI C with explicit calls to the CMMD message-passing library. To use the VUs we have written our force calculation in CDPEAC (a C interface to the VU assembler language, DPEAC). We also assume that particles interact according to the Lennard-Jones 6--12 (LJ) potential.

The requirements of a gamma-ray burst optical counterpart detector are reviewed. By taking advantage of real-time notification of bursts, new instruments can make sensitive searches while the gamma-ray transient is still in progress. A wide field of view camera at Livermore National Laboratories has recently been adapted for detecting GRB optical counterparts to a limiting magnitude of 8. A more sensitive camera, capable of reaching m{sub upsilon} = 14, is under development.

The energy efficiency of various piston engine options for series hybrid automobiles are compared with conventional, battery powered electric, and proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell hybrid automobiles. Gasoline, compressed natural gas (CNG), and hydrogen are considered for these hybrids. The engine and fuel comparisons are done on a basis of equal vehicle weight, drag, and rolling resistance. The relative emissions of these various fueled vehicle options are also presented. It is concluded that a highly optimized, hydrogen fueled, piston engine, series electric hybrid automobile will have efficiency comparable to a similar fuel cell hybrid automobile and will have fewer total emissions than the battery powered vehicle, even without a catalyst.

In the past few years there has been a substantial amount of research on symplectic integration. The subject is only part of a program concerned with numerically preserving a system`s inherent geometrical structures. Volume preservation, reversibility, local conservation laws for elliptic equations, and systems with integral invariants are but a few examples of such invariant structures. In many cases one requires a numerical method to stay in the smallest possible appropriate group of phase space maps. It is not the authors` opinion that symplecticity, for example, automatically makes a numerical method superior to all others, but it is their opinion that it should be taken seriously and that a conscious, informed decision be made in that regard. The authors present here a survey of open problems in symplectic integration, including other problems from the larger program. This is not intended as a review of symplectic integration and is naturally derived from the authors` own research interests. At present, this survey is incomplete, but the authors hope the help of the colleagues to be able to include in the proceedings of this conference a more comprehensive survey. Many of the problems mentioned here call for numerical experimentation, some for application of …

Glass produced during the Purex 4 campaigns of the Integrated Defense Waste Processing Facility (DWPF) Melter System (IDMS) and the 774 Research Melter contained a lower fraction of sludge components than targeted by the Product Composition Control System (PCCS). Purex 4 glass was more durable than the benchmark (EA) glass, but less durable than most simulated SRS high-level waste glasses. Also, Purex 4 glass was considerably less durable than predicted by the algorithm which will be used to control production of DWPF glass. A melter run was performed using the 774 Research Melter to determine if the initial PCCS target composition determined for Purex 4 would produce acceptable glass whose durability could be accurately modeled by Hydration Thermodynamics. Reagent grade oxides and carbonates were added to Purex 4 melter feed stock to simulate a higher sludge loading. Each canister of glass produced was sampled and the composition, crystallinity, and durability was determined. This document details the melter operation and composition and crystallinity analyses.

The Tokamak Physics Experiment (TPX) will be the first Tokamak using superconducting magnets for both the poloidal and toroidal field. It is designed for advanced Tokamak physics experiments in steady-state and long-pulse operation. The TPX superconducting magnets use an advanced cable-in-conduit conductor (CICC) design similar to that developed in support of the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER). The toroidal field magnets provide 4.0 T at 2.25 m with a stored energy of 1.05 GJ. The poloidal field magnets provide 18.0 V-s to ohmically start and control long burns of a 2.0 MA plasma.

The role of aggregate, and its interface with cement paste, is discussed with a view toward establishing models that relate structure to properties. Both short (nm) and long (mm) range structure must be considered. The short range structure of the interface depends not only on the physical distribution of the various phases, but also on moisture content and reactivity of aggregate. Changes that occur on drying, i.e. shrinkage, may alter the structure which, in turn, feeds back to alter further drying and shrinkage. The interaction is dynamic, even without further hydration of cement paste, and the dynamic characteristic must be considered in order to fully understand and model its contribution to properties. Microstructure and properties are two subjects which have been pursued somewhat separately. This review discusses both disciplines with a view toward finding common research goals in the future. Finally, comment is made on possible chemical reactions which may occur between aggregate and cement paste.

The Tokamak Physics Experiment (TPX) concept design uses superconducting coils to accomplish magnetic confinement. The central solenoid (CS) magnet is divided vertically into 8 equal segments which are powered independently. The eddy current heating from the pulsed operation is too high for a case type construction; therefore, a {open_quotes}no case{close_quotes} design has been chosen. This {open_quotes}no case{close_quotes} design uses the conductor conduit as the primary structure and the electrical insulation as a structural adhesive. This electrical insulation is the {open_quotes}weak link{close_quotes} in the coil winding pack structure and needs to be modeled in detail. A global finite element model with smeared winding pack properties was used to study the CS magnet structural behavior. The structural analysis results and peak stresses will be presented.

The Fusion Engineering International experiment (FENIX) Test Facility has been operational since 1991 at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory for testing the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER) prototype conductors. These conductors are designed to operate stably with transport current of more than 40 kA at a magnetic field of 13 T. The FENIX facility consists of four magnet sets that are configured to allow easy access to the 40-cm high-field region with a test cross-section area of 10 * 15 cm{sup 2}. FENIX provides test conditions that closely simulate the ITER magnet operation mode. Performed experiments Include measurements of critical current, current-sharing temperature, forced-flow properties, stability, joint performance and cyclic fatigue effects. This paper describes the design and performance of these experiments.

The signal and background for the search of the Standard Model Higgs boson in the intermediate mass range 80 GeV < m{sub H} < 2M{sub Z} is studied based on calculations of the cross sections in next-to-leading order QCD perturbation theory for the production of the Higgs boson via gluon-gluon fusion and for the hadronic two-photon production. The method of Monte-Carlo integration allows the application of realistic cuts (p{sub T}, rapidity, photon isolation) to the cross section. Results are given for the K-factors of the signal and the background. It turns out that the NLO corrections improve the situation for a Higgs boson mass in the range of 80--120 GeV. Furthermore, the influence of a cut on the transverse momentum of the additional jet produced in the processes gg {yields} Hg, gq {yields} Hq, q{bar q} {yields} Hg is compared to a similar cut for the background.