A formula describing the distance--time relationship of a shock wave moving outward from an underground explosion is derived. Calculated results are compared with those computed using the LASL and BOTE formulas and with slifer data obtained from field experiments. For many of the field events, the derived curve provides a better fit than do the LASL or BOTE formulas. Methods are presented for the determination of the detonation energy W under three conditions: (a) where time and distance are known accurately; (b) where there is an unknown offset of time and distance; and (c) where there is an unknown offset of both time and distance. These methods are applied with moderate success to a set of (t,r) data supplied by Goldwire.

This report addresses the direct use overview for Hawaii and total use scenario for puna (HI).

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This report describes Lawrence Livermore Laboratory (LLL) activities during FY 1978 in support of the National Waste Terminal Storage Program. Current projects at LLL fall into three categories: (1) field testing, (2) laboratory rock mechanics measurements, and (3) laboratory studies of sorption and leaching. Field test activities conducted in the Climax granite at the Nevada Test Site included electrical heater tests, preparation for a spent-fuel-storage test, and planning for a series of rock mechanics tests. The heater tests determined the in situ thermal properties of Climax granite and its in situ permeability as a function of rock temperature. The two main laboratory rock mechanics projects involved (1) measurement of the permeability, electrical conductivity, and acoustic velocity of 15-cm-diam cores of granitic rocks over a range of confining pressure, pore (water) pressure, and deviatoric stress, and (2) measurement of rock thermal properties as a function of temperature and confining pressure in the presence of pore fluids to 770{sup 0}K and 200 Mpa. The leaching studies made use of an LLL-designed, single-pass leaching apparatus with three solutions, two leach temperatures, and three flow rates. The material evaluated was Np--Pu-doped simulated waste glass from Battelle Pacific Northwest Laboratories. The sorption studies involved standard …

It was the purpose of this project to broadly survey pathways of radionuclides in the coal fuel cycle, identifying critical questions and providing direction for subsequent, definitive studies of radionuclides in coal and the technological enhancement of concentrations of naturally occurring radionuclides through use of this coal. Western coal was selected for study because of its prominence in the National Energy Plan. Specific objectives were to: investigate the fate of radionuclides in the coal fuel cycle and, where possible, delineate the scope of the potential environmental and human health problem associated with radionuclides in coal; compile and evaluate data for uranium-238, uranium-234, lead-210, polonium-210, and thorium-230 in coal; study the release, fate, and accumulation of radionuclides from a power plant burning Western coal; and assess the possible need for additional control technology or standards. Results indicate that concentration of radionuclides in coal from Western mines varies widely, both within and between mines similar to other minor and trace constituents. The concentration of radionuclides in Western coal being mined today is roughly comparable to that of Eastern coal and is slightly below the average for all U.S. coal. A radionuclide balance for a power plant indicated that over 80% of uranium-234, …

The structure and features of selected certification programs were evaluated, their operational characteristics determined, and primary program problems and successes identified. An initial review of 50 certification programs in the Federal, state, and private sectors was performed, followed by a detailed review of 8 of the programs (EPA New Product noise; EPA Automobile Emissions, AHAM Room Air Conditioners; ARI Unitary Air Conditioners/Heat Pump; NHTSA Automobile Tire Safety; California Applicance Standards; Underwriters Laboratories Product Safety; and Ford's Quality-Assurance Program for Suppliers). Flow charts are presented to illustrate each program's structure and major characteristics. Matrices are developed to list the operating and control features of each program. Analyses of the 8 selected programs were performed to the degree necessary to develop and propose 5 potential approaches to an appliance certification/enforcement program (minimal intervention, strong certification control, strong enforcement audit, balanced certification and enforcement and strong enforcement remedies and deterrents). The approaches are documented in Section 3. The evaluation framework is described in Section 4, while a review of final test procedures and related public testimony are given in Section 5. (MCW)

Phase I of the Kilowatt Isotope Power System Program required a 1000 endurance test on the Ground Demonstration System (GDS). This report covers the teardown and inspection of the GDS after completion of over 1000 accumulated hr. After 1124.1 hours of operation, the GDS was torn down and inspected. The longest continuous run was 573.9 hr. With one exception, all shutdowns were intentional. The unintentional shutdown was not related to system operation, terminating a 447.8 hr run. The unit was restarted and the 573.9 hr run was completed. The minimum time component in the GDS, the NaK filled thermal sensor, accumulated 1043.1 operating hr. In general, the hardware was in excellent condition. Cases where discrepancies were noted are listed.

Research efforts on the southeast continental shelf currently describe the manner in which fluctuations in Gulf Stream motion influence biological and chemical processes. Current meter arrays are maintained in the Georgia Bight and in Onslow Bay to describe general circulation patterns and to identify forcing functions. biological studies describe processes affecting temporal and spatial variations on the shelf and have attempted to track the biological history of intruded Gulf Stream water masses. Chemical studies examine the influence of both physical and biological variables on the distribution and fate of trace elements. The current state of knowledge is reviewed, the hypotheses developed and are described, a rationale for testing these hypotheses is given. 1 figure, 1 table.

The management plan for the development and demonstration of a high-temperature industrial heat pump for milk drying is presented. Section 2 describes the overall objective, technical approach, and program scope for development and demonstration of a heat pump system for use in an existing milk drying operation. The high temperature industrial heat pump program organization, its relationships to higher-level AiResearch organizations, subcontractor relationships, and personnel responsibilities are discussed in Section 3. The program management and control functions and data management techniques are described in Section 4. The activity for each work breakdown structure is described in Section 5. The program schedule is schematically shown in Section 6 and cost management reports are described in Section 7.

FORTRAN-callable subroutines have been written to enable controller--controllee interaction on the LLL DECsystem-10. These subroutines have been used to construct a controller (XTCTMR) for a tandem-mirror physics code (CTCTMR). A description of the subroutines and their use is presented. Also, sample results are given.

Work has progressed along two lines: obtaining of detailed occupation, industry, wage, and skill information; and obtaining of detailed materials and labor requirements (so-called direct requirements) for conservation and solar options. The latter is currently focused upon thermally tight single-family residences (vs. as-built). Both of these inputs will be used in conjunction with our input-output employment-energy model.

Laboratory experiments were performed to evaluate methods for removing plutonium from insulation, glass leach heel, and sand and slag heel. The methods evaluated included hydrochloric acid leaching, nitric acid leaching, and a treatment consisting of a fusion step followed by acid leaching. Results indicate that a nitric acid leach is effective in lowering the plutonium concentration of these solid wastes to the desired limit, if multiple contacts are used. A hydrochloric acid leach was found to be superior to a nitric acid leach for removing plutonium from the residues.

A preliminary feasibility study of solvent extraction methods has been completed for removing actinides from selected salt wastes likely to be produced during reactor fuel fabrication and reprocessing. The use of a two-step solvent extraction system, tributyl phosphate (TBP) followed by a bidentate organophosphorus extractant (DHDECMP), appears most efficient for removing actinides from salt waste. The TBP step would remove most of the plutonium and >99.99% of the uranium. The second step, using DHDECMP, would remove >99.91% of the americium, the remaining plutonium (>99.98%), and other actinides from the acidified salt waste.

The Compensated Pulsed Alternator (CPA) is a large rotating machine that will convert mechanical, rotationally stored energy into a single electrical impulse of very high power. It is being optimized for driving flashlamps in the very large NOVA Nd:glass laser system. The machine is a rotary flux compression device, and for maximum performance, it requires start-up current. We report upon a circuit that will provide this current and that will also assist in triggering the flashlamps. This circuit has been tested with a 200 kilojoule capacitor bank and it is now being tested with a small 200 kilojoule CPA. Large Nove-size machines will require output energies in excess of 5 megajoules. We also present empirically tested formulae that will assist in matching the Nova flashlamp load to any given size CPA machine.

A new energy store, the Compensated Pulsed Alternator (CPA), promises to be a cost effective substitute for capacitors to drive flashlamps that pump large Nd:glass lasers. Because the CPA is large and discrete, it will be necessary that it drive many parallel flashlamp circuits, presenting a problem in equal current distribution. Current division to +- 20% between parallel flashlamps has been achieved, but this is marginal for laser pumping. A method is presented here that provides equal current sharing to about 1%, and it includes fused protection against short circuit faults. The method was tested with eight parallel circuits, including both open-circuit and short-circuit fault tests.

We have developed a rail-gun plasma source to produce a plasma of 10/sup 12/cm/sup -3/ particle density and project it with a velocity of 3.9 cm/..mu..s. This device will be used in a output spatial filter of Nova to project a critical density plasma across an optical beam path and block laser retroreflected light. The object of this paper is to describe the design of a pulser appropriate to the Shiva laser fusion facility, and to describe the preliminary design of a higher current prototype pulser for Nova the laser fusion research facility under construction at Lawrence Livermore Laboratory.

At the Lawrence Livermore Laboraory, major emphasis has been placed upon the development of large, ND:glass laser systems in order to address the basic physics issues associated with light driven fusion targets. A parallel program is directed toward the development of lasers which exhibit higher efficiencies and shorter wavelengths and are thus more suitable as drivers for fusion power plants. This paper discusses the pulse power technology which has been developed to meet the near and far term needs of the laser fusion program at Livermore.

MBA has been working on the automated array assembly task of the Low-Cost Solar Array project. A baseline sequence for the manufacture of solar cell modules is specified. Starting with silicon wafers, the process goes through damage etching, texture etching, junction formation, plasma edge etch, aluminum back surface field formation, and screen printed metallization to produce finished solar cells which are then series connected on a ribbon and bonded into a finished glass, PVB, tedlar module. A number of steps required additional developmental effort to verify technical and economic feasibility. These steps include texture etching, plasma edge etch, aluminum back surface field formation, array layup and interconnect, and module edge sealing and framing.

Recent extensions of the peak power capabilities of planar triodes have made possible the latter's use as very fast pulse amplifiers, to drive optical gates within high-power Nd:glass laser chains. These pulse amplifiers switch voltages in the 20 kV range with rise times of a few nanoseconds, into crystal optical gates that are essentially capacitive loads. This paper describes a simplified procedure for designing these pulse amplifiers. It further outlines the use of bridged-T constant resistance networks to transform load capacitance into pure resistance, independent of frequency.

A program was initiated in April of this year to study the hydrogenation of silicon tetrachloride to trichlorosilane, 3 SiCl/sub 4/ + 2 H/sub 2/ + Si reversible 4 SiHCl/sub 3/. This contract is conducted as a complementary research and development program to supplement the engineering process development activities for the process-unit under Union Carbide Contract No. 954 334. Two parallel efforts are included in the submitted program plan. One is a process study to collect reaction kinetic data on the rate of the hydrogenation reaction as a function of various reaction parameters. The other is a basic research effort to study the reaction mechanism and to develop new catalysts to improve the reaction rate and the conversion of SiCl/sub 4/ to SiHCl/sub 3/. A laboratory stainless steel reactor is designed to operate at pressures up to 500 psig and reactor temperatures up to 600/sup 0/C. Construction o the hydrogenation apparatus has progressed according to the program plan. An in-line gas chromatograph is built onto the reactor assembly to provide accurate, instantaneous analysis of the reaction product mixture. The hydrogenation apparatus is also semi-automated so that it can be run continuously. This design feature is especially useful for prolonged reactions …

The main emphasis of the magnetic fusion energy research program today lies in the development of two types of confinement schemes: magnetic mirrors and tokamaks. Experimental programs for both of these confinement schemes have shown steady progress toward achieving fusion power breakeven. The scaling of the current machines to a reactor operating regime and newly developed methods for plasma heating will very likely produce power breakeven within the next decade. Predictions are that the efficiency in a fusion power plant should exceed 32%.

It is shown that a mixed ligand chelate (MLC) is superior to that of the primary chelate alone for the decorporation of monomeric plutonium. Thus, EDTA plus Tiron reduces the level of Pu in the skeleton to about 40% less than that of EDTA alone when treatment was begun two hrs post /sup 239/Pu. However, DTPA alone was still superior to EDTA/Tiron under the given experimental conditions. However, this appears to be due to the rapid metabolic destruction of secondary chelants such as Tiron and similar bi-dentate derivatives of catechol and salicylates. Investigations are under way to improve such MLC's by the use of metabolic inhibitors to increase the plasma concentrations and residence times of the secondary chelants. In addition, MLC's consisting of metabolically stable chelants are undergoing testing. Therapy of cadmium poisoned mice by single and mixed chelants is also under study. A molar ratio of EDTA to Cd of 1.6 reduces the mortality by half of female mice given 5 min (i.p.) post supralethal doses of CdCl/sub 2/, while a molar ratio of 4.7 for 2, 3-dimercaptopropanol-1-sulfonate (DMPS) is required. No protection is observed with penicillamine (PA) or salicylates (SA) alone. However, combinations of EDTA with both PA …

This Phase II Study of small solar power systems (SSPS) has been structured to determine conditions under which SSPS can be cost-effective sources of electric power in the US in the period 1985 to 2015. An extensive data base, which provides a discrete identification of all utility and industrial electric generating units up to and including 10 MW/sub e/ in rated capacity, has been prepared. This data base defines the market for which comparative evaluations are made of SSPS and alternative fossil-fueled power plants. The market penetration of SSPS is determined and the effect of economic incentives on accelerating the penetration is evaluated. The solar electric power system is evaluated as either a complete replacement for existing conventional electric power systems or as a repowering installation for boilers supplying steam to turbine-driven generators. The cost data used in the market penetration analysis are for a central receiver-type of small solar theral power system. While the market penetration discussed herein is for this type of SSPS, the sensitivity data in the report can be used to determine the market penetration of other types of solar thermal power systems (e.g., point focus distributed receiver) with different system costs.

Detailed information is presented on the following: feasibility of biomass feedstocks for methanol production, biomass availability and costs, potential demand for methanol from biomass, comparison of potential methanol demand and supply, and market penetration assessment. (MHR)