The ATOMS program, written at Bell Telephone Laboratory, is capable of determining the visible portions of a scene consisting of interpenetrating spheres and cylinders, put together to represent space-filling or ball-and-stick molecular models. The Lawrence Livermore Laboratory version contains enhancements to add shading and highlights, and to render the spheres on film as ellipses, so they will appear round when projected in various wide-screen formats. The visible parts of each sphere or cylinder are shaded by a minicomputer controlling the film recorder, thus releasing the main computer from transferring the millions of intensity values for each frame. The minicomputer is microprogrammed with an efficient algorithm for the intensities, which uses the color look-up tables in the film recorder to store the reflectance as a function of angle of incidence. 8 references.

We have successfully developed a new process for making strong, smooth, thick SiO/sub 2/ films on hemispherical Kovar mandrels of various sizes designed for multishell Laser Fusion Targets. The surface finish obtainable with a 13 ..mu..m thick SiO/sub 3/ coating on a 260 ..mu..m dia. mandrel is approximately 30 nm peak-to-peak, with a few defects of roughly 0.3 ..mu..m deep. The rf magnetron sputtered SiO/sub 2/ films were dense and crystalline.

Control system techniques developed and proven on the Shiva laser have been extended to incorporate new electronic and electo-optic devices as well as conform to unique operational requirements of the 300 terawatt Nova laser system. This paper describes one segment of the control system being designed for the Nova laser currently under design/construction at Lawrence Livermore Laboratory. The specific segment covered is the control system bus structure responsible for power conditioning and real-time control functions.

Scientists at the Lawrence Livermore Laboratory have been conducting laser driven inertial confinement fusion experiments for over five years. The first proof of the thermonuclear burn came at the Janus target irradiation facility in the spring of 1975. Since that time three succeedingly higher energy facilities have been constructed at Livermore, Cyclops, Argus and Shiva, where increased fusion efficiency has been demonstrated. A new facility, called Nova, is now in the construction phase and we are hopeful that scientific break even (energy released compared to incident laser energy on target) will be demonstrated here in early 1980's. Projected progress of the Livermore program is shown.

We have measured the shock-compression parameters for UO/sub 2/ to 330 GPa. The Hugoniot elastic limit was found to be 5.7 GPa. Evidence for a shock-induced phase transition was observed at about 54 GPa.

Macroencapsulated PCM cemented within masonry building blocks can markedly increase the effectiveness of an equivalent volume of concrete for use as a mass wall for passive solar applications. Various hydrocarbons and hydrated salts were tested. The test procedure and results are presented and discussed. Of the PCM's tested, the most promising candidate material is calcium chloride hexahydrate. The best performing PCM blocks performed on a par with a massive masonry design. (WHK)

We have developed processes at LLL for mass producing the high quality glass microspheres required for current laser fusion targets. Here we describe the methods and the materials used in our liquid-droplet and dried-gel systems. Glass microspheres ranging from 70 to 600 microns O.D., with walls from 0.5 to 18 microns thick and which satisfy the exacting surface and symmetry specifications of targets for high density experiments are now produced routinely.

The preferential acceleration and resulting cosmic ray abundance enhancements of heavy elements (relative to protons) are calculated in the collisionless supernova shock acceleration model described by Eichler in earlier work. Rapidly increasing enhancements up to several tens times solar ratios are obtained as a function of atomic weight over charge at the time of acceleration. For material typical of hot phase interstellar medium, good agreement is obtained with the observed abundance enhancements.

The Mirror Fusion Program in the US is now focused on two concepts that can obtain high values of the power gain factor Q. These are the tandem mirror and field reversed mirror concepts. A new facility called TMX has been constructed to test the principles of the tandem mirror. A further attempt to create field reversal is being carried out in the 2XIIB facility (renamed Beta II) with neutral beam injection into a reversed-field target plasma to be created by a magnetized coaxial gun. During the next 5 years, the main mirror facilities in the US will be the TMX, Beta II, and a large mirror device called MFTF scheduled to operate by 1982. The program based on these facilities will be outlined and initial experimental results from TMX will be discussed.

The sintering of pure and doped boron carbide was investigated over the temperature range 1898 to 2380/sup 0/K and at additive levels ranging from 0.75 to 10.0%. The addition of 0.75 and 3.8 wt% of AlF/sub 3/, Ni, Fe, and Cu deactivated the sintering of B/sub 4/C at all temperatures. In contrast, the addition of 10.0 wt% these additives resulted in enhanced shrinkage in B/sub 4/C for the temperatures 1898 and 2133/sup 0/K. At the highest temperature, 2380/sup 0/K, the addition of 10.0 wt% AlF/sub 3/ was the only case where enhanced shrinkage was observed. In this case, x-ray analysis showed the formation of a B/sub 12/C/sub 2/Al compound and the release of fluorine. These results are interpreted in terms of a grain-boundary diffusion process for pure and doped B/sub 4/C.

The Lawrence Livermore Laboratory is involved in a program to produce energy by the laser-induced fusion of microtargets. These laser systems have become very large and powerful. In Shiva, the amplifier rods common to smaller systems have been replaced with an array of large elliptical amplifier discs with major axes as large as 42 cm. Under the high power levels of these devices it is imperative that the optical surfaces remain scrupulously clean. All units are therefore cleaned, assembled, and operated under clean room conditions. In spite of such precautions, persistent problems arise. These can be grouped into three categories: (1) the appearance of unknown contaminants from unknown sources, (2) the transfer of material from one part of the assembly to another, and (3) laser beam damage to the optical surfaces. Theses problems and their resolution by surface analytical methods are discussed. In addition some unique problems associated with the very large sample sizes are described.

The Fuels and Materials Examination Facility (FMEF) is systematically analyzed from a remote maintenance standpoint using functional analysis methods. From the analysis the remote maintainability of equipment is ascertained, required tooling lists are formed, and maintenance downtimes are established. These techniques identify deficiencies or inefficiencies in the early design stage where changes have a minimum impact on cost. Special tooling and fixture requirements are minimized by standardizing remote maintenance design features.

ADINA and ADINAT in partnership have provided a unique tool for analysis of heat flow, temperature distribution, and underground stresses and deformations due to excavation and storage of nuclear fuel and/or waste cannisters in hard rock formations. During this work we have determined successful and unsuccessful combinations of elements and properties for both the thermal and the stress analyses. In addition, we have determined a need for thermal radiation transport between portions of the model, as contrasted to radiation between the model and its surroundings. This latter need has been met in the interim by use of nonlinear bar conductors, and it will be satisfied in the future by a special user subroutine at ADINAT. The geological modeling was preceeded by a period of code testing and verification during which it was found that at least one material model did not produce correct thermal stresses even though the thermal deformations were correct. We also found that thermal stresses were likely to be in apparent error due to differences in the way in which ADINA interpolates the temperature and strain fields within each element. Solutions to this problem are discussed.

This paper reviews some of the computational tools for the assessment and design of Material Control and Accounting (MC and A) process monitoring components and illustrates their application to a Pu evaporator/concentrator unit operation. The codes include: (1) a general-purpose dynamic simulator for modeling the physical phenomenology of various chemical unit operations and their associated measurement systems, (2) an estimation code for simulating the operation of some modern signal processing algorithms (Kalman filter formulation), and (3) a set of detection algorithms for simulating on-line material loss detection algorithms for simulating on-line material loss detection. These codes can be used to address the issues of on-line material accounting and diversion detection for safeguarding SNM, and specifically with respect to arriving at meaningful performance measures. They can be used to compare state-of-the-art with state-of-the-practice and to study cost benefit tradeoffs. They are capable of treating stochastic models with nonlinear process and measurement dynamics and as a result should provide means for better designs of MC and A process monitoring components.