Red Teaming is an advanced form of assessment that can be used to identify weaknesses in a variety of cyber systems. it is especially beneficial when the target system is still in development when designers can readily affect improvements. This paper discusses the red team analysis process and the author's experiences applying this process to five selected Information Technology Office (ITO) projects. Some detail of the overall methodology, summary results from the five projects, and lessons learned are contained within this paper.

The title implies an impossibly broad field, as the Standard Model includes the fermion matter states, as well as the forces and fields of SU(3) x SU(2) x U(1). For practical purposes, I will confine myself to electroweak unification, as discussed in the lectures of M. Herrero. Quarks and mixing were discussed in the lectures of R. Aleksan, and leptons and mixing were discussed in the lectures of K. Nakamura. I will essentially assume universality, that is flavor independence, rather than discussing tests of it. I will not pursue tests of QED beyond noting the consistency and precision of measurements of {alpha}{sub EM} in various processes including the Lamb shift, the anomalous magnetic moment (g-2) of the electron, and the quantum Hall effect. The fantastic precision and agreement of these predictions and measurements is something that convinces people that there may be something to this science enterprise. Also impressive is the success of the ''Universal Fermi Interaction'' description of beta decay processes, or in more modern parlance, weak charged current interactions. With one coupling constant G{sub F}, most precisely determined in muon decay, a huge number of nuclear instabilities are described. The slightly slow rate for neutron beta decay was …

The STAR detector is capable of reconstruction the J/{psi} meson in its dielectron decay channel, along with continuum dielectrons from heavy quark decay. The limitation is not instrumental--the ability of the STAR detector to identify electrons--rather, the primary limitation is yield. We expect to reconstruct of order 10,000 events per year in the bin of highest centrality, with perhaps ten times that many integrated over all bins of centrality. This is enough for a rather detailed study of J/{psi} production. The yields for {psi}{prime} and the high p{sub T} {chi} mesons which are in a low enough background region of phase space to permit reconstruction are too small for precision measurements. The only parent of the J/{psi} with a large enough yield for clear observation is the b quark. Even limited to just the J/{psi}, there is a rich physics program available to STAR: the yield provides information on the gluon flux as well as color screening, especially when compared to the open charm and b {r_arrow} J/{psi}X yields. The p{sub T} distribution measures energy loss in a nuclear medium, either by comparison with pp data or across different bins in centrality. The STAR quarkonium program should provide several unique …

Many aerospace structures must survive severe high frequency, hypersonic, random vibration during their flights. The random vibrations are generated by the turbulent boundary layer developed along the exterior of the structures during flight. These environments have not been simulated very well in the past using a fixed-based, single exciter input with an upper frequency range of 2 kHz. This study investigates the possibility of using acoustic ardor independently controlled multiple exciters to more accurately simulate hypersonic flight vibration. The test configuration, equipment, and methodology are described. Comparisons with actual flight measurements and previous single exciter simulations are also presented.

Results are presented for the inclusive jet cross section versus jet E{sub T} in p-{bar p} collisions at {radical}s = 1.8 TeV as measured by the CDF and D0 detectors at Fermilab's Tevatron collider. The data are compared to next-to-leading-order QCD predictions using different input parton distribution functions. The ratio of inclusive jet cross sections at {radical}s = 0.63 TeV and {radical}s = 1.8 TeV, versus jet {chi}{sub T}, is also presented and compared to QCD predictions.

The Intermediate Silicon Layers (ISL) detector is being built as part of the Collider Detector at Fermilab (CDF) upgrades for the run II operation of Tevatron. The ISL Space Frame (SF) is a structure that defines the location of the ISL detectors, supports the micro-vertex silicon trackers (SVXII, L00) as well as the beryllium beam pipe. The SF design, project and construction is challenging due to the precision and mechanical stability requirements that must be achieved using a minimum amount of material. The SF is a high precision light structure made in carbon fiber designed and built at the INFN Pisa and shipped at Fermilab in summer 1999. In this contribution we describe in detail the SF construction phase and the accuracy obtained.

In-situ ion irradiation in the transmission electron microscope (TEM) is one of the unique techniques to investigate the structural evolution of materials induced by particle bombardments. In spite of many efforts to get clear results from in-situ ion irradiation, the results were sometimes unclear because of physical and technical problems associated with TEM and ion beam hardwares. This paper describes a newly developed ion beam interface with an ultra-high voltage TEM (HVTEM) for in-situ observation of ion implantation of metals and alloys in atomic scale.

We have constructed a high resolution scanning x-ray microscope at the 2-ID-B beamline at the Advanced Photon Source for 1-4 keV x-ray imaging and microspectroscopy experiments. The microscope uses a Fresnel zone plate to focus coherent x-ray undulator radiation to a 150 nm focal spot on a sample. The spectral flux in the focus is 10{sup 8} ph/s/0.1% BW. X-ray photons transmitted by the sample are detected by an avalanche photodiode as the sample is scanned to form an absorption image. The sample stage has both coarse and fine translation axes for raster scanning and a rotation axis for microtomography experiments. The incident x-ray beam energy can also be scanned via the 2-ID-B monochromator while the sample is kept in focus to record spatially resolved absorption spectra. We have measured the performance of the instrument with various test objects. The microscope hardware, software, and performance are discussed in this paper.

Metallothermic reductions have been extensively studied in the field of extractive metallurgy. At Argonne National Laboratory (ANL), we have developed a molten-salt based reduction process using lithium. This process was originally developed to reduce actinide oxides present in spent nuclear fuel. Preliminary thermodynamic considerations indicate that this process has the potential to be adapted for the extraction of other metals. The reduction is carried out at 650 C in a molten-salt (LiCl) medium. Lithium oxide (Li{sub 2}O), produced during the reduction of the actinide oxides, dissolves in the molten salt. At the end of the reduction step, the lithium is regenerated from the salt by an electrowinning process. The lithium and the salt from the electrowinning are then reused for reduction of the next batch of oxide fuel. The process cycle has been successfully demonstrated on an engineering scale in a specially designed pyroprocessing facility. This paper discusses the applicability of lithium in molten-salt reduction processes with specific reference to our process. Results are presented from our work on actinide oxides to highlight the role of lithium and its effect on process variables in these molten-salt based reduction processes.

The performance of (Bi,Pb){sub 2}Sr{sub 2}Ca{sub 2}Cu{sub 3}O{sub y} (Bi-2223) superconducting tapes in magnetic fields at 77 K is critical for winding this material into high-field magnets. We have recently enhanced the transport current (I{sub c}) of multifilament Ag-clad Bi-2223 tapes in a self-field at 77 K by increasing the packing density of the precursor powder improving the mechanical deformation, optimizing the conductor design, and adjusting the cooling rate. I{sub c} values of >40 A were obtained repeatedly. However, a transport current of 42 A in a self-field declined to 4 A in a 0.2 T magnetic field applied parallel to the c-axis at 77 K. A new composite tape was then fabricated in which a YBa{sub 2}Cu{sub 3}O{sub 7{minus}{delta}} (Y-123) film was deposited on the top of the Ag-sheathed Bi-2223 tape to shield the applied magnetic field and protect the central Bi-2223 filaments. Magnetization measurements showed that the critical current densities of the Y-123-coated, Ag-sheathed Bi-2223 tapes were higher than those of an uncoated tape. These preliminary results may provide the basis for further improving the processing of long-length Bi-2223 tapes for high-field applications.

The W value is an index of the mean number of ions produced in a gas subjected to ionizing radiation. Formally, it is defined as the radiation energy absorbed (usually expressed in units of eV) ''per ion pair of either sign produced'', or, in a simpler language, ''per electron liberated''. The basic knowledge up to 1961 is eloquently articulated in a classic essay by Platzman [1], which Professor Doke loves to cite. The theme of Platzman was to explain from the point of view of basic physics the magnitude and characteristics of the ratio W/I, where I is the (first) ionization threshold energy. In summary, major characteristics are as follows. (1) The W value for a given gas depends weakly on the properties of the radiation such as the mass and charge of particles or initial energies (provided they are sufficiently high). This makes the ionization measurement useful as a method of dosimetry, viz., the determination of the absorbed energy. (2) The ratio W/I is always greater than unity because a part of the absorbed energy must be used in nonionizing events such as discrete excitation or molecular dissociation into neutral fragments and also in producing subexcitation electrons, viz., electrons …

Newspaper article from The Houston Chronicle, discussing new evidence uncovered about the beginning of the Holocaust in 1941.

A principal goal of the shock physics program at Sandia is to establish a capability to make accurate equation of state (EOS) measurements on the Z pulsed radiation source. The Z accelerator is a source of intense x-ray radiation, which can be used to drive ablative shocks for EOS studies. With this source, ablative multi shocks can be produced to study materials over the range of interest to both weapons and ICF physics programs. In developing the capability to diagnose these types of studies on Z, techniques commonly used in conventional impact generated experimental were implemented. The primary diagnostic presently being used for this work is velocity interferometry, VISAR, which not only provides Hugoniot particle velocity measurements, but also measurements of non-shock EOS measurements, such as isentropic compression. In addition to VISAR capability, methods for measuring shock velocity have also been developed for shock studies on Z. When used in conjunction with the Rankine- Hugoniot jump conditions, material response at high temperatures and pressures can be inferred. Radiation in the Z accelerator is produced when approximately 18 MA are passed through a cylindrical wire array typically 20 to 50 mm in diameter and 10 to 20 mm in height. 200-300 …

Most analytical solutions and computer codes for well-test analysis assume a radial flow geometry around a well even though actual flow geometries can be quite different particularly in fractured media. Accurate estimation of hydraulic parameters requires knowledge of the flow geometry. Flow dimensions, representing the combined effects of flow geometry and variations in hydraulic properties, em be interpreted from the late-time slope of the pressure derivative on a log-log plot. However, the interpreted flow dimensions could be caused by an infinite number of flow geometry and hydraulic property combinations. Identifying the correct flow geometry so that appropriate hydraulic properties can be calculated is a difficult process, requiring additional information from a variety of sources. Defining a "conservative" model for a system with nonradial flow dimensions is problematic at best. Errors are compounded when hydraulic properties interpreted by force-fitting radial model to tests in nonradial systems are used in flow and transport models that also fail to take proper account of flow geometry. Whatever the flow dimension of a system might be, proper test interpretation and careful model construction, calibration, and testing are required to provide accurate modeling of flow and transport in that system.

Recent beam bending (BB) experiments of microporous t31rns with very small pores have shown that the fluid confined in these pores exhibits monotonic compressive stresses as the relative pressure is varied from vacuum to saturation (relative vapor pressure, p/p. = 1). The variation of the stress near saturation is found to be linear in hz(p) and given by the saturated liquid density to within 20%. Capillary condensed fluids are traditionally described by the Laplace-Kelvin (LK) theory. LK theory correctly predicts the slope of the stress near saturation to be pl, but also predicts that the stress should be zero at saturation and tensile between saturation aud the capillary transition pressure. Hence LK theory does not capture the monotonic compressive stress observed in BB experiments. This report describes the results of density functional theory calculations for a simple fluid continued to a slit pore network. We show how the presence of even a small amount of polydispersity in pore size leads to both a monotonic compressive stress as well as the observed LK slope.

BioSimMER (Bioterrorism Simulated Medical Emergency Response) is a Virtual Reality-based mission rehearsal and training environment. BioSimMER employs contingency-oriented, multiple-path algorithms and MOESINIOPS focused on real-world operations. BioSimMER is network-based and immerses multiple trainees in a high resolution synthetic environment, including virtual casualties and instruments that they may interact with and manipulate. Trainees are represented as individuals by virtual human Avatars. The simulation consists of several components: virtual casualties dynamically manifest the symptoms of their injuries and respond to the intervention of the trainees. Agent transport analysis is used to simulate casualty exposures and to drive the responses of simulated sensors/detectors. The selected prototype scenario is representative of combined injuries anticipated in BW operations.

The electronic defect density of native, anodic, and synthetic Al oxide layers on Al were studied by solid state electrical measurement as a function of hydration OF the oxide. The non-hydrated synthetic Al oxide layers, which included electron cyclotron resonance (ECR) plasma deposited oxides as well as ECR plasma grown oxides, were highly insulating with electrical transport dominated by thermal emission from deep traps within the oxide. Following hydration these oxides and the native oxides exhibited a large increase in electronic defect density as evidenced by increases in the DC leakage current, reduction in the breakdown field, and increase in AC conductance. Elastic recoil detection of hydrogen revealed that hydration leads to hydrogen incorporation in the oxide films and hydrogen injection through the films into the Al layer below. The increase in electronic defect concentration is related to this hydrogenation and may play a significant role in localized corrosion initiation.

Many lessons have been learned over the past 24 years as the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant (WIPP) project has progressed from initial site characterization to final licensing that may be of relevance to other nuclear-waste-disposal projects. These lessons pertain to the manner in which field and laboratory investigations are planned, how experiments are interpreted, how conceptual and numerical models are developed and simplified~ and how defensibility and credibility are achieved and maintained. These lessons include 1) Site characterization and performance assessment (PA) should evolve together through an iterative process, with neither activity completely dominating the other. 2) Defensibility and credibility require a much greater depth of understanding than can be represented in PA models. 3) Experimentalists should be directly involved in model and parameter abstraction and simplification for PA. 4) External expert review should be incorporated at all stages of a project~ not just after an experiment or modeling activity is completed. 5) Key individuals should be retained for the life of a project or a process must be established to transfer their working knowledge to new individuals. 6) An effective QA program needs to be stable and consistent for the duration of a project and rests on best scientific …

We are using the approach acoustic emission (AE) signal during a grinding operation to detect the proximity of the grinding wheel relative to a brittle material workpiece and are using this detection as a feed- back control signal in our CNC. The repeatability of the AE signal during the wheel approach is the key that allows AE to be used as a proximity detector and is demonstrated at LLNL to be about mm. We noted significant changes of the AE signal as process parameters are modified, but conclude that with a quick CNC calibration routine and holding the parameters constant during a given operation, the AE system can be successfully used to sense pre- contact wheel- to- workpiece separation. Additionally, the AE sensing system allows real- time monitoring during grinding to provide in- process information. The first prototype of an AE system on a commercially available generator is currently be tested at the Center for Optics Manufacturing.

The purpose of the PEREGRINE program is to bring high-speed, high- accuracy, high-resolution Monte Carlo dose calculations to the desktop in the radiation therapy clinic. PEREGRINE is a three- dimensional Monte Carlo dose calculation system designed specifically for radiation therapy planning. It provides dose distributions from external beams of photons, electrons, neutrons, and protons as well as from brachytherapy sources. Each external radiation source particle passes through collimator jaws and beam modifiers such as blocks, compensators, and wedges that are used to customize the treatment to maximize the dose to the tumor. Absorbed dose is tallied in the patient or phantom as Monte Carlo simulation particles are followed through a Cartesian transport mesh that has been manually specified or determined from a CT scan of the patient. This paper describes PEREGRINE capabilities, results of benchmark comparisons, calculation times and performance, and the significance of Monte Carlo calculations for photon teletherapy. PEREGRINE results show excellent agreement with a comprehensive set of measurements for a wide variety of clinical photon beam geometries, on both homogeneous and heterogeneous test samples or phantoms. PEREGRINE is capable of calculating >350 million histories per hour for a standard clinical treatment plan. This results in a dose …

In this paper we present the preliminary results of a model for the production of gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) through the compressional heating of binary neutron stars near their last stable orbit prior to merger. Recent numerical studies of the general relativistic (GR) hydrodynamics in three spatial dimensions of close neutron star binaries (NSBs) have uncovered evidence for the compression and heating of the individual neutron stars (NSs) prior to merger. This effect will have significant effect on the production of gravitational waves, neutrinos and, ultimately, energetic photons. The study of the production of these photons in close NSBs and, in particular, its correspondence to observed GRBs is the subject of this paper. The gamma-rays arise as follows. Compressional heating causes the neutron stars to emit neutrino pairs which, in turn, annihilate to produce a hot electron-positron pair plasma. This pair- photon plasma expands rapidly until it becomes optically thin, at which point the photons are released. We show that this process can indeed satisfy three basic requirements of a model for cosmological gamma-ray bursts: 1) sufficient gamma-ray energy release (> 10{sup 51} ergs) to produce observed fluxes, 2) a time-scale of the primary burst duration consistent with that of a …

Real-time neutron radiography has been used to study the dynamic behavior of two-phase flow and measure vapor fractions in a steam-water duct at atmospheric pressure. This unique experimental technique offers one the opportunity to observe and record on videotape now Patterns and transient behavior of two-phase flow inside opaque containers without perturbing the environment. The neutron radiographic technique is non-intrusive and requires no special transparent window region. Data are recorded simultaneously over a large area of interest. Image processing of the video data can be employed to measure bubble velocities and time-averaged and Instantaneous vapor fractions.

ASCI applications codes are key elements of the Department of Energy`s Stockpile Stewardship and Management Program (SSMP). They will provide the simulation capabilities needed to predict the performance, safety, reliability, and manufacturability of the U.S. nuclear deterrent.

A technique has been developed for producing calibrated metal hydride films for use in the measurement of high-energy (5--15 MeV) particle reaction cross sections for hydrogen and helium isotopes on hydrogen isotopes. Absolute concentrations of various hydrogen isotopes in the film is expected to be determined to better than {+-}2% leading to the capacity of accurately measuring various reaction cross sections. Hydrogen isotope concentrations from near 100% to 5% can be made accurately and reproducibly. This is accomplished with the use of high accuracy pressure measurements coupled with high accuracy mass spectrometric measurements of each constituent partial pressure of the gas mixture during loading of the metal occluder films. Various techniques are used to verify the amount of metal present as well as the amount of hydrogen isotopes; high energy ion scattering analysis, PV measurements before, during and after loading, and thermal desorption/mass spectrometry measurements. The most appropriate metal to use for the occluder film appears to be titanium but other occluder metals are also being considered. Calibrated gas ratio samples, previously prepared, are used for the loading gas. Deviations from this calibrated gas ratio are measured using mass spectrometry during and after the loading process thereby determining the loading …