The current focus of the research is low-energy (collision v<<bound v{sub e}) inelastic collisions for selected systems that possess the characteristic that many intermediate states are strongly coupled, such as can occur in classes of excited-atom (including Rydberg atom) collisions with atoms, molecules and positive and negative ions: (1) We are interested in the dependence of various differential and total cross sections on the angular momentum of the initial excited state and on the alignment of the initial electron charge distribution (for non-spherical initially excited states). (2) We wish to understand how characteristics of the classical trajectories (in CTMC calculations), e.g. multiple encounters, quasi-periodicity, chaos, relate to characteristics of the probability (scattering) amplitudes obtained from semiclassical (quantum mechanical) treatments. (3) In particular, in order to investigate a range of interaction regimes,'' we have proposed to study low-Rydberg-atom collisions with: ions and polar molecules (long range interaction); non-polar molecules and atoms (short-range interaction); as well as electron-attaching atoms/molecules (transient electron capture possible). (4) We plan to look for observable signatures of possibly novel intracollisional interference effects and quasi-vibrational resonance effects that may occur in low-Rydberg collisions.

The overall goal of this research project is to formulate a mathematical model of flue gas conditioning. This model will be based on an understanding of why ask properties, such as cohesivity and resistivity, are changed by conditioning. Such a model could serve as a component of the performance models of particulate control devices where flue gas conditioning is used. There are two specific objectives of this research project, which divide the planned research into two main parts. One part of the project is designed to determine how ash particles are modified by interactions with sorbent injection processes and to describe the mechanisms by which these interactions affect fine particle collection. The objective of the other part of the project is to identify the mechanisms by which conditioning agents, including chemically active compounds, modify the key properties of fine fly ash particles.

The overall goal of this research project is to formulate a mathematical model of flue gas conditioning. This model will be based on an understanding of why ash properties, such as cohesivity and resistivity, are changed by conditioning. Such a model could serve as a component of the performance models of particulate control devices where flue gas conditioning is used. There are two specific objectives of this research project, which divide the planned research into two main parts. One part of the project is designed to determine how ash particles are modified by interactions with sorbent injection processes and to describe the mechanisms by which these interactions affect fine particle collection. The objective of the other part of the project is to identify the mechanisms by which conditioning agents, including chemically active compounds, modify the key properties of fine fly ash particles.

This report presents the results of a sealed tube stability study on twenty-one refrigerant-lubricant mixtures selected from the following groupings: HFCs R-32, R-125, R-134, R-134a, R-143a, and R-152a with one or more lubricants selected from among three pentaerythritol esters and three polyalkylene glycols. All lubricants were carefully predried to 25 ppm or less moisture content. HCFCs R-22, R-123, R-124, and R-142b, as well as CFC R-11, with one or more lubricants selected from among two mineral oils and one alkylbenzene fluid. Bach test mixture was aged at three temperature levels.

The database provides bibliographic citations and abstracts for publications that may be useful in research and design of air- conditioning and refrigeration equipment. The database identifies sources of specific information on R-32, R-123, R-124, R-125, R-134, R-134a, R-141b, R-142b, R-143a, R-152a, R-245ca, R-290 (propane), R- 717 (ammonia), ethers, and others as well as azeotropic and zeotropic and zeotropic blends of these fluids. It addresses lubricants including alkylbenzene, polyalkylene glycol, ester, and other synthetics as well as mineral oils. It also references documents on compatibility of refrigerants and lubricants with metals, plastics, elastomers, motor insulation, and other materials used in refrigerant circuits. A computerized version is available that includes retrieval software.

This report describes the application of two steam explosion models in support of the Probabilistic Risk Assessment (PRA) for the Savannah River Reactors. Theoretical models are required to estimate steam explosion yields in terms of kinetic energy, pressure shock and steam generated by the event. These quantities are used in the PRA to determine fission product barrier integrity in the reactor confinement following a hypothetical steam explosion. The basic preconditions for a steam explosion are that hot molten material come into contact with water, and that the material's temperature be high enough to both support film boiling at its surface, and remain molten until an explosion is initiated. In a number of PRA accident sequences, aluminum-uranium debris will be hot enough to participate in a steam explosion. The high pressure vapor produced, the shock waves, and the kinetic energy of material can all do destructive work on structures surrounding the explosion site. Fuel melting is possible during several postulated severe accident scenarios for the SRS reactors. In many cases, water will exist in the reactor primary system and/or on the confinement building floor. Steam explosions must be characterized by a few significant parameters that can be addressed in the PRA. …

Testing was conducted at TNX to evaluate the reverse osmosis (RO) cleaning methods in use at the F/H Effluent Treatment Facility (ETF). The present ETF membrane cleaning protocol involves a low-pressure-no-permeation method using NAOH. This work has examined the effectiveness of the present ETF method, due to the lack of improvement following the cleanings sometimes observed. This study has evaluated both low pressure (15--20 psi with no permeation) and high pressure (200 psi with permeation) cleaning methods with sequential cleanings using NAOH and Filmtec Alkaline Cleaner. The importance of the cleaning sequence with these two chemicals was also examined.

Testing was conducted at TNX to evaluate the reverse osmosis (RO) cleaning methods in use at the F/H Effluent Treatment Facility (ETF). The present ETF membrane cleaning protocol involves a low-pressure-no-permeation method using NAOH. This work has examined the effectiveness of the present ETF method, due to the lack of improvement following the cleanings sometimes observed. This study has evaluated both low pressure (15--20 psi with no permeation) and high pressure (200 psi with permeation) cleaning methods with sequential cleanings using NAOH and Filmtec Alkaline Cleaner. The importance of the cleaning sequence with these two chemicals was also examined.

The purpose of this report is to consolidate the history of environmental uranium studies conducted by SRS and to describe the status of uranium in the environment. The report is intended to be a ``living document`` that will be updated periodically. This draft issue, February 1992, documents studies that occurred from 1954 to 1989. Data in this report are taken primarily from annual and semiannual environmental reports for SRS. Semiannual reports were published from 1954 through 1962. Annual reports have been published since 1963. Occasionally unpublished data are included in this report for completeness.

The current focus of the research is low-energy (collision v<<bound v{sub e}) inelastic collisions for selected systems that possess the characteristic that many intermediate states are strongly coupled, such as can occur in classes of excited-atom (including Rydberg atom) collisions with atoms, molecules and positive and negative ions: (1) We are interested in the dependence of various differential and total cross sections on the angular momentum of the initial excited state and on the alignment of the initial electron charge distribution (for non-spherical initially excited states). (2) We wish to understand how characteristics of the classical trajectories (in CTMC calculations), e.g. multiple encounters, quasi-periodicity, chaos, relate to characteristics of the probability (scattering) amplitudes obtained from semiclassical (quantum mechanical) treatments. (3) In particular, in order to investigate a range of ``interaction regimes,`` we have proposed to study low-Rydberg-atom collisions with: ions and polar molecules (long range interaction); non-polar molecules and atoms (short-range interaction); as well as electron-attaching atoms/molecules (transient electron capture possible). (4) We plan to look for observable signatures of possibly novel intracollisional interference effects and quasi-vibrational resonance effects that may occur in low-Rydberg collisions.

Peatlands are one of the most important terrestrial reservoirs in the global cycle for carbon, and are a major source for atmospheric methane. However, little is known about the dynamics of these carbon reservoirs or their feedback mechanisms with the pool of atmospheric CO{sub 2} during the Holocene. Specifically, it is unknown whether large peat basins are sources, sinks, or steady-state reservoirs for the global carbon cycle. In particular, the production and transport of methane, carbon dioxide, and dissolved organic carbon form the deeper portions of these peatlands is unknown. Our DOE research program is to conduct an integrated ecologic and hydrogeochemical study of the Glacial Lake Agassiz peatlands (northern Minnesota) to better understand the carbon dynamics in globally significant peat basins. Specifically, our study will provide local and regional data on (1), rates of carbon accumulation and loss and fluxes of methane in the peat profiles; (2) the physical and botanical factors controlling the production of methane and carbon dioxide in the wetland; and (3) the role of hydrogeologic processes in controlling the fluxes of gases and solutes through the peat. We intend to use computer simulation models, calibrated to field data, to scale-up from local to regional estimates …

The primary objective of the present Phase 3 effort is to perform the final testing at a 20 MNBtu/hr commercial scale of an air cooled, slogging coal combustor for application to industrial steam boilers and power plants. The focus of the test effort will be on combustor durability, automatic control of the combustor`s operation, and optimum environmental control of emissions inside the combustor. In connection with the latter, the goal is to achieve 0.4 lb/MMBtu of SO{sub 2} emissions, 0.2 lb/MMBtu of NO{sub x} emissions, and 0.02 lb particulate/MMBtu. Meeting the particulate goal will require the use of a baghouse or electrostatic precipitator to augment the nominal 80% ash retention in the combustor. The NO{sub x} emission goal will require a modest improvement over reductions achieved to date in the combustor of 0.26 lb/MNBtu. To reach the SO{sub 2} emissions goal inside the combustor may require a combination of reduction inside the combustor and inside the boiler by injection of suitable sorbents. To date, SO{sub 2} levels as low as 0.6 lb/MNBtu, equal to 81% reduction in 2% sulfur coals, have been measured with boiler injection of sorbents.

The purpose of this contract has been to explore the limits of miniaturization of heat exchangers with the goals of (1) improving the theoretical understanding of laminar heat exchangers, (2) evaluating various manufacturing difficulties, and (3) identifying major applications for the technology. A low-cost, ultra-compact heat exchanger could have an enormous impact on industry in the areas of cryocoolers and energy conversion. Compact cryocoolers based on the reverse Brayton cycle (RBC) would become practical with the availability of compact heat exchangers. Many experts believe that hardware advances in personal computer technology will rapidly slow down in four to six years unless lowcost, portable cryocoolers suitable for the desktop supercomputer can be developed. Compact refrigeration systems would permit dramatic advances in high-performance computer work stations with ``conventional`` microprocessors operating at 150 K, and especially with low-cost cryocoolers below 77 K. NASA has also expressed strong interest in our MTS exchanger for space-based RBC cryocoolers for sensor cooling. We have demonstrated feasibility of higher specific conductance by a factor of five than any other work in high-temperature gas-to-gas exchangers. These laminar-flow, microtube exchangers exhibit extremely low pressure drop compared to alternative compact designs under similar conditions because of their much shorter flow …

This volume contains appendices for: atomization test report; cost estimation model--pelletization material balance and equipment selection; cost estimation model--pelletization capital investment estimates; cost estimation--pelletization operating cost estimates; cost estimation model--pellet-CWF formulation material balance and equipment selection; cost estimation model--pellet-CWF capital investment estimates; cost estimation model--pellet-CWF operating cost estimates; and cost estimation model--direct CWF operating cost estimates.

This report describes the application of two steam explosion models in support of the Probabilistic Risk Assessment (PRA) for the Savannah River Reactors. Theoretical models are required to estimate steam explosion yields in terms of kinetic energy, pressure shock and steam generated by the event. These quantities are used in the PRA to determine fission product barrier integrity in the reactor confinement following a hypothetical steam explosion. The basic preconditions for a steam explosion are that hot molten material come into contact with water, and that the material`s temperature be high enough to both support film boiling at its surface, and remain molten until an explosion is initiated. In a number of PRA accident sequences, aluminum-uranium debris will be hot enough to participate in a steam explosion. The high pressure vapor produced, the shock waves, and the kinetic energy of material can all do destructive work on structures surrounding the explosion site. Fuel melting is possible during several postulated severe accident scenarios for the SRS reactors. In many cases, water will exist in the reactor primary system and/or on the confinement building floor. Steam explosions must be characterized by a few significant parameters that can be addressed in the PRA. …

Work in this quarter focused on completing (1) the final batch of pilot-scale disk pellets, (2) storage, handling, and transportation evaluation, (3) pellet reslurrying and atomization studies, and (4) cost estimation for pellet and slurry production. Disk pelletization of Elkhorn coal was completed this quarter. Pellets were approximately 1/2- to 3/4-in. in diameter. Pellets, after thermal curing were strong and durable and exceeded the pellet acceptance criteria. Storage and handling tests indicate a strong, durable pellet can be prepared from all coals, and these pellets (with the appropriate binder) can withstand outdoor, exposed storage for at least 4 weeks. Pellets in unexposed storage show no deterioration in pellet properties. Real and simulated transportation tests indicate truck transportation should generate less than 5 percent fines during transport. Continuous reslurrying testing and subsequent atomization evaluation were performed this quarter in association with University of Alabama and Jim Walter Resources. Four different slurries of approximately 55-percent-solids with viscosities below 500 cP (at 100 sec{sup {minus}1}) were prepared. Both continuous pellet-to-slurry production and atomization testing was successfully demonstrated. Finally, an in depth evaluation of the cost to prepare pellets, transport, handle, store, and convert the pellet into Coal Water Fuel (CWF) slurries was completed. …

We have experimentally investigated the reactions {pi} {sup {minus}}p {yields} {phi}{phi}n (OZI forbidden), {phi}K{sup +}K{sup {minus}}n (OZI allowed), K{sup {minus}}p {yields}{phi}{phi}{l brace}{sub {sigma}}{sup {lambda}}{r brace} (OZI allowed),{phi}K{sup +}K{sup {minus}}{l brace}{sub {sigma}}{sup {lambda}}{r brace}(OZI allowed),{bar p}p {yields} {phi} {phi} {pi} {sup 0} (OZI forbidden), {phi}K{sup +}K{sup {minus}}{pi}{sup 0} (OZI allowed). By comparing the OZI forbidden (glueball filter) reactions with the OZI allowed and taking a global view we hope to critically test our hypothesis that the g{sub T} (2010), g{sub T{prime}} (2300), and g{sub T}{double prime}(2340) all with I{sup G}J{sup PC} = 0{sup +}2{sup ++} are produced by 1--3 2{sup ++} glueballs. We have searched for a Quark-Gluon Plasma by using 14.6 GeV/c {times} A Si ions incident on Au, Cu and Si. The novel detector used was a large solid angle TPC system. Although we found considerable strangeness enhancement this is explainable by conventional cascade physics including N* production. We have been engaged in phenomenological analyses in both glueball and heavy ion work. We have found that the {theta}(1720) is the same as the 0{sup ++} f{sub 0}(1720) we discovered earlier. Furthermore that the G(1590) can be explained as a sum of the f{sub 0}(1400) and f{sub 0}(1720) and does …

The purpose of this contract has been to explore the limits of miniaturization of heat exchangers with the goals of (1) improving the theoretical understanding of laminar heat exchangers, (2) evaluating various manufacturing difficulties, and (3) identifying major applications for the technology. A low-cost, ultra-compact heat exchanger could have an enormous impact on industry in the areas of cryocoolers and energy conversion. Compact cryocoolers based on the reverse Brayton cycle (RBC) would become practical with the availability of compact heat exchangers. Many experts believe that hardware advances in personal computer technology will rapidly slow down in four to six years unless lowcost, portable cryocoolers suitable for the desktop supercomputer can be developed. Compact refrigeration systems would permit dramatic advances in high-performance computer work stations with conventional'' microprocessors operating at 150 K, and especially with low-cost cryocoolers below 77 K. NASA has also expressed strong interest in our MTS exchanger for space-based RBC cryocoolers for sensor cooling. We have demonstrated feasibility of higher specific conductance by a factor of five than any other work in high-temperature gas-to-gas exchangers. These laminar-flow, microtube exchangers exhibit extremely low pressure drop compared to alternative compact designs under similar conditions because of their much shorter flow …

The overall goal of this research project is to formulate a mathematical model of flue gas conditioning. This model will be based on an understanding of why ash properties, such as cohesivity and resistivity, are changed by conditioning. Such a model could serve as a component of the performance models of particulate control devices where flue gas conditioning is used. There are two specific objectives of this research project, which divide the planned research into two main parts. One part of the project is designed to determine how ash particles are modified by interactions with sorbent injection processes and to describe the mechanisms by which these interactions affect fine particle collection. The objective of the other part of the project is to identify the mechanisms by which conditioning agents, including chemically active compounds, modify the key properties of fine fly ash particles.

This report presents the results of a sealed tube stability study on twenty-one refrigerant-lubricant mixtures selected from the following groupings: HFCs R-32, R-125, R-134, R-134a, R-143a, and R-152a with one or more lubricants selected from among three pentaerythritol esters and three polyalkylene glycols. All lubricants were carefully predried to 25 ppm or less moisture content. HCFCs R-22, R-123, R-124, and R-142b, as well as CFC R-11, with one or more lubricants selected from among two mineral oils and one alkylbenzene fluid. Bach test mixture was aged at three temperature levels.

The use of foam in applying decontamination solutions has proven to bc an effective waste minimization strategy. Initial trials in 299-H indicated a 70% reduction in waste volume. An overpressurization of the equipment during a decon operation. however, indicated the need to better define chemical compatibility and to develop inherently safer equipment. A foamer system with an open solution vessel and 1:1 ratio pneumatically actuated pump was modified, tested and found to operate satisfactorily. Laboratory tests indicate no significant incompatibilities between the foam agent and oxalic or dilute nitric acid solutions. Oxalic acid/foam agent compatibility was verified in the foamer vessel for concentrations up to 4 weight percent. It is recommended, however, that 1 weight percent oxalic acid be used in plant decon operations. The defoamer used previously is no longer in production. A new defoamer remains to be tested. Limited use of the foamer in 299-H can now be initiated. Long term use of foam and its impact on waste tank processes is being reviewed.

This report provides the experimental data and rationale in support of the operating parameters for tetraphenylborate precipitate hydrolysis specified in WSRC-RP-92-737. The report is divided into two sections, the first dealing with lab-scale precipitate hydrolysis experimentation while the second part addresses large-scale runs conducted to demonstrate the revised operating parameters in the Precipitate Hydrolysis Experimental Facility (PHEF). The program was in conjunction with reducing the nitrite ion level in DWPF feed.

Progress is reported on the following: experimental measurements of steam adsorption, estimation of adsorption parameters from experimental and field data, analysis of adsorption and desorption during injection into vapor-dominated reservoirs, and analyzing multiwell pressure data. (MHR)

Peatlands are one of the most important terrestrial reservoirs in the global cycle for carbon, and are a major source for atmospheric methane. However, little is known about the dynamics of these carbon reservoirs or their feedback mechanisms with the pool of atmospheric CO{sub 2} during the Holocene. Specifically, it is unknown whether large peat basins are sources, sinks, or steady-state reservoirs for the global carbon cycle. In particular, the production and transport of methane, carbon dioxide, and dissolved organic carbon form the deeper portions of these peatlands is unknown. Our DOE research program is to conduct an integrated ecologic and hydrogeochemical study of the Glacial Lake Agassiz peatlands (northern Minnesota) to better understand the carbon dynamics in globally significant peat basins. Specifically, our study will provide local and regional data on (1), rates of carbon accumulation and loss and fluxes of methane in the peat profiles; (2) the physical and botanical factors controlling the production of methane and carbon dioxide in the wetland; and (3) the role of hydrogeologic processes in controlling the fluxes of gases and solutes through the peat. We intend to use computer simulation models, calibrated to field data, to scale-up from local to regional estimates …