A photon collider interaction region has the possibility of expanding the physics reach of a future TeV scale electron-positron collider. A survey of ongoing efforts to design the required lasers and optics to create a photon collider is presented in this paper.

With laser-driven tabletop x-ray lasers now operating in the efficient saturation regime, the source characteristics of high photon flux, high monochromaticity, picosecond pulse duration, and coherence are well-matched to many applications involving the probing of matter undergoing rapid changes. We give an overview of recent experiments at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) Compact Multipulse Terawatt (COMET) laser using the picosecond 14.7 nm x-ray laser as a compact, ultrafast probe for surface analysis and for interferometry of laser-produced plasmas. The plasma density measurements for known laser conditions allow us to reliably and precisely benchmark hydrodynamics codes. In the former case, the x-ray laser ejects photo-electrons, from the valence band or shallow core-levels of the material, and are measured in a time-of-flight analyzer. Therefore, the electronic structure can be studied directly to determine the physical properties of materials undergoing rapid phase changes.

Cross sections for photoionization of doubly-chargedscandium ions has been measured using a merged-beams technique. Resultsare compared with the time-reversed process ofphotorecombination.

The KTeV physics program encompasses many goals including a precision measurement of the direct CP violation parameter Re({epsilon}{prime}/{epsilon}) in K{sub S,L} {yields} {pi}{pi} decays, and studies of rare neutral kaon decays. The KTeV detector collected data during the Fermilab fixed-target runs of 1996-97 and 1999. This article focuses on the precision measurement of the direct CP violation parameter Re({epsilon}{prime}/{epsilon}) using the 1996-97 data set. In addition, measurements of the neutral kaon parameters {tau}{sub s}, {Delta}m, {phi}{sub {+-}}, {Delta}{phi} from that data set and a new measurement of the branching fraction of K{sub L} {yields} e{sup +}e{sup -} {mu}{sup +}{mu}{sup -} from the 1997 and 1999 data also are presented.

The Busted Butte Unsaturated-Zone Transport Test Facility is located approximately 8 km southeast of Yucca Mountain, and was designed to address uncertainties associated with flow and transport in the UZ site-process models for Yucca Mountain. Busted Butte Phase 2 consisted of a 10m x 10m x 7m test block. From July 1988 through October 2000, complex tracer mixtures were injected continuously at 77 discrete points located along eight parallel 10-m boreholes arranged in two horizontal planes. In August 1999, iodide was added to the tracer mixture to explore the effects of initial hydraulic transients. During the course of the experiment, porewater samples were collected at regular intervals using sorbing-paper collection pads, emplaced into fifteen horizontal and inclined 10-m collection boreholes, oriented perpendicular to the injection boreholes. Potential travel distances ranged from 20 cm to over 500 cm. Nonreactive tracer and weakly sorbing lithium breakthrough was observed at most of the collection points during the injection period. Following termination of injection, approximately 800 rock samples were collected using overcore and mineback techniques, and analyzed for tracer concentration. Rock analyses are discussed in a subsequent paper. To complement complex 3-dimensional finite-element modeling of the entire block, bromide, iodide, and lithium breakthrough onto …

We report here on the R and D program of the U.S. Neutrino Factory and Muon Collider Collaboration. Our effort includes work on targetry, muon ionization cooling, simulation work, and development of superconducting RF cavities. In addition, we are involved in the international effort toward a Muon Ionization Cooling Experiment (MICE). Recent activities in all these areas will be described.

The study of the electrochemical behavior of Alloy 22 has been carried out in various concentrated environments using different sample configurations. Comparisons were made between the electrochemical behaviors of Alloy 22 in concentrated chloride solutions, and in concentrated chloride solutions with nitrate ions (NO{sub 3}{sup -}). In other experiments, the effect of fluoride ions (F{sup -}) was investigated. These comparative studies were performed at various temperatures. The rate of corrosion was found to increase with increase in temperature. The presence of nitrate ions reduced corrosion attack on Alloy 22. F{sup -} was found to be more benign to Alloy 22 compared with chloride ions (Cl{sup -}). However a combination of F{sup -} and Cl{sup -} was found to initiate deeper crevices compared with the only Cl{sup -} in the electrolyte.

A new motor drive, the switched reluctance motor drive, has been developed for hybrid-electric vehicles. The motor drive has been designed, built and tested in the test bed at a near vehicle scale. It has been shown that the switched reluctance motor drive is more suitable for traction application than any other motor drive.

The Unsaturated Zone Transport Test (UZTT) at Busted Butte is a mesoscale field/laboratory/modeling investigation designed to address uncertainties associated with flow and transport in the UZ site-process models for Yucca Mountain. The UZTT test facility is located approximately 8 km southeast of the potential Yucca Mountain repository area. The UZTT was designed in two phases, to address five specific objectives in the UZ: the effect of heterogeneities, flow and transport (F&T) behavior at permeability contrast boundaries, migration of colloids , transport models of sorbing tracers, and scaling issues in moving from laboratory scale to field scale. Phase 1A was designed to assess the influence of permeability contrast boundaries in the hydrologic Calico Hills. Visualization of fluorescein movement , mineback rock analyses, and comparison with numerical models demonstrated that F&T are capillary dominated with permeability contrast boundaries distorting the capillary flow. Phase 1B was designed to assess the influence of fractures on F&T and colloid movement. The injector in Phase 1B was located at a fracture, while the collector, 30 cm below, was placed at what was assumed to be the same fracture. Numerical simulations of nonreactive (Br) and reactive (Li) tracers show the experimental data are best explained by a …

A method for determining worst-case cyclic fatigue thresholds in grain-bridging ceramics by quantifying the role of bridging is demonstrated for a model alumina. Crack-growth properties for both long and short (< 2 mm) cracks emanating from machined notches (root radii, (rho) {approx}; 15 - 150 (mu)m) were investigated. When compared as a function of the applied stress-intensity range (delta K), growth rates (da/dN) were far higher and fatigue thresholds (Delta)KTH were markedly lower with short cracks, with growth being observable at the lowest driving forces for short cracks emanating from razor micronotches ((rho)is approximately equal to 15 (mu)m). For growth rates < 10-8 m/cycle, da/dN vs. (delta)K data for short cracks merged with the steady-state data for long cracks after {approx}2 mm of extension.

With extensive upgrades to the detector and electronics, CDF has started collecting data with Run II of the Tevatron. The enhanced silicon coverage and the use of silicon based tracks in the trigger, make CDF well suited for a broad program of B hadron measurements. We present the current status of the experiment and prospects for measurements in Run II.

Run II at the Tevatron started on March 1, 2001 with a design instantaneous luminosity of 2 x 10{sup 32} cm{sup -2} s{sup -1}. The upgraded D0 detector is expected to collect 2 fb{sup -1} of data at {radical}s = 2.0 TeV in approximately 2 years. The D0 collaboration is planning to make measurements in a number of important areas of B physics, including sin(2{beta}), B{sub s} mixing, the {Lambda}{sub b} lifetime and rare B decays. In this note we describe the upgraded D0 detector and highlights of the B physics program in D0.

The studies presented here indicate that a subharmonic system optimized using both 3rd and 12th subharmonic cavities (117.3 and 29.3 MHz) provides the minimum total gap voltage required to capture and accelerate a 15-ns linac macropulse at up to 10 nC with {+-} 1% energy spread. The simulations also show particle losses less than a part in 110,000 when including radiation damping, quantum excitation, and rf cavity beam loading. The only particle losses were found to be at injection due to phase-space mismatch. Optimization of the subharmonic capture idea requires knowledge of the gap voltage that can be achieved with an actual cavity. In general the lower the cavity frequency the harder it is to engineer a cavity that can sustain a given gap voltage without breakdown. Phase and amplitude control of both subharmonic and 352-MHz systems also needs to be carefully considered so that bunch purity is preserved and operational flexibility maintained. Phase stability is particularly important for the high power 352-MHz system, which preliminary simulation studies show needs 1 degree regulation at turn-on. Future optimization studies need to include amplitude stability tolerance studies for each ramped rf system at turn on.

ATLAS (Argonne Tandem Linear Accelerator System) accelerates heavy-ion elements, and consists of 2 separate ion source injectors, 64 superconducting resonators, and 3 target areas. As with any complex accelerator facility, database management systems are used extensively to support both the archival of operational data, and the realtime control needs of the accelerator. Web technology has recently been integrated into the already existing ATLAS Oracle Rdb database system and control system documentation to enhance communication with the operators, control system engineers, and other technical support staff at ATLAS. This paper reviews the historical development of the control system database structure and user interface, and the Internet software developer tools used to create a new online interface.

The Run II at Fermilab is progressing steadily. In the Run IIa scheme, 36 antiproton bunches collide with 36 proton bunches at CDF and D0 interaction regions in the Tevatron at 980 GeV beam energy. The current status and performance of the Fermilab Accelerator Complex is reviewed. The plans for Run IIb along with the Antiproton Source upgrade and incorporation of the Recycler Ring in the accelerator chain are outlined. The prospects of achieving Run II integrated luminosity goal of 15 fb{sup -1} are discussed.

SU(2) lattice gauge theory with four flavors of quarks is simulated at nonzero chemical potential {mu} and temperature T and the results are compared to the predictions of Effective Lagrangians. Simulations on 16{sup 4} lattices indicate that at zero T the theory experiences a second order phase transition to a diquark condensate state which is well described by mean field theory. Nonzero T and {mu} are studied on 12{sup 3} x 6 lattices. For low T, increasing {mu} takes the system through a line of second order phase transitions to a diquark condensed phase. Increasing T at high {mu}, the system passes through a line of first order transitions from the diquark phase to the quark-gluon plasma phase.

We report new results using the LLNL COMET laser to evaluate the effectiveness of different target architectures to improve the output and characteristics of the transient x-ray laser scheme. Surprising observations were found when the laser line focus irradiating a single slab Cr or Fe target was divided into two or three distinct plasma column sections with millimeter scale gaps between each plasma. The Ne-like 3p {sup 1}S{sub 0} {yields} 3s {sup 1}P{sub 1} 28.5 nm and 25.5 nm x-ray laser lines, for Cr and Fe, respectively, were improved in beam divergence, by 2-3 times, and peak intensity, by up to one order of magnitude, when compared with a single plasma column of the same length or longer. This was contrary to expectations since these large-scale inhomogeneities introduced along the plasma, as well as attenuation from the cold plasma at the end of each section, would be detrimental to the x-ray propagation and amplification. Instead an injector-amplifier (IA) type process appears to be at work where the plasma gaps may be beneficially modifying the ray propagation and coupling through the high Ne-like ion gain regions. We present results showing the output of the amplifier stage with increasing length for the …

Size and composition are key factors in determining the impact aerosols have on global climate change and human health. The DELTA group at UC Davis has developed sampling techniques that allow continuous collection of aerosols separated into 8 different size fractions with 1-hour time resolution. Total aerosol mass determination: Scanning Transmission Ion Microscopy (STIM) with a 3 MeV proton beam can produce profiles of aerosol mass with an error limit of less than 10%. The aerosol collection strip is scanned with a proton beam of 50 micrometer spatial resolution while recording the proton mean energy loss as a function of position (Bench et al., 1992). A differential beta attenuation mass monitor (beta-gauge) is also used for mass determination. The beta-gauge consists of a 63Ni source and a surface barrier detector. This technique allows quantitative mass measurement by recording attenuation of beta particles through the sample and substrate (Chueinta and Hopke, 2001). Mineral mass and elemental composition: Synchrotron X-ray Fluorescence (s-XRF) is performed at the Advanced Light Source (ALS) at LBNL. The s-XRF technique is quantitative for elements Na through U. The ALS synchrotron provides an extraordinarily intense white beam of X-rays (4-20 KeV) that are 100% polarized. These properties provide …

None

The design, development, and performance testing of a prototype system known as the Remotely Operated Nondestructive Examination (RONDE)system to examine the knuckle region of a Hanford DST have been completed. The design and fabrication of a scanning bridge to support the Savannah River Site utilizing similar technology was also completed.

In response to the terrorist attacks against the United States on September 11, 2001, a number of countries and organizations pledged various forms of support to the United States in its campaign against the Al Qaeda network and the Taliban in Afghanistan. This report summarizes support for the U.S. war against terrorism from open source material.

The passive corrosion rate of Alloy 22 is exceptionally low in a wide range of aqueous solutions, temperatures and electrochemical potentials, Alloy 22 contains approximately 22% chromium (Cr) by weight; thus, it forms a Cr-rich passive film in most environments. Very little is known about the composition, thickness and other properties of this passive film. The aim of this research was to determine the general characteristics of the oxide film that forms on Alloy 22, as a function of solution pH, temperature and applied electrochemical potential.

None

Theoretical studies aimed at predicting and diagnosing field-line quality in a spheromak are described. These include nonlinear 3-D MHD simulations, stability studies, analyses of confinement in spheromaks dominated by either open (stochastic) field lines or approximate flux surfaces, and a theory of fast electrons as a probe of field-line length.