We propose to establish the feasibility of a passive aerosol sampler for bio-agent collection through laboratory experiments and theoretical analysis. The passive sampler, unlike the typical active sampler, does not require pumps and complex fixtures, and thereby allows for large-scale field monitoring not possible with current active samplers. We plan to conduct experiments using model (both biological and non-biological) aerosols generated in an instrumented test chamber and compare the particles collected on various passive samplers to conventional filter samplers, commercial aerosol measuring instruments and to conventional surface swipes. Theoretical analysis will be used to design prototype passive samplers and to compare experimental results with theory. A successful feasibility study will be used to seek outside funding for applications that will greatly enhance current LLNL programs such as NARAC's atmospheric dispersal modeling, NAI's programs in bioagent monitoring in public locations and fixed sampling stations, and EPD's environmental monitoring and decontamination research. In addition, the feasibility study will position us favorably for responding to new calls for proposals by NIH and EPA for large scale environmental studies.

Scene-Based Wave Front Sensing uses the correlation between successive subimages to determine phase aberrations which blur digital images. Adaptive Optics technology uses deformable mirrors to correct for these phase aberrations and make the images clearer. The correlation between temporal subimages gives tip-tilt information. If these images do not have identical image content, tip-tilt estimations may be incorrect. Motion detection is necessary to help avoid errors initiated by dynamic subimage content. In this document, I will discuss why edge detection fails as a motion detection method on low resolution images and how thresholding the normalized variance of individual pixels is successful for motion detection.

Superovulation of female mice with exogenous gonadotrophins is routinely used for increasing the number of eggs ovulated by each female in reproductive and developmental studies. We report an unusual effect of superovulation on fertilization in mice. In vivo matings of superovulated T-stock females with B6C3F1 males resulted in a 2-fold reduction (P<0.001) in the frequencies of fertilized eggs compared to control B6C3F1 matings. In addition, {approx}22 hr after mating only 15% of fertilized eggs recovered in T-stock females had reached the metaphase stage of the first cleavage division versus 87% in B6C3F1 females (P < 0.0001). Matings with T-stock males did not improve the reproductive performance of T-stock females. To investigate the possible cause(s) for the impaired fertilization and zygotic development, the experiments were repeated using in vitro fertilization. Under these conditions, the frequencies of fertilized eggs were not different in superovulated T-stock and B6C3F1 females (51.7% {+-} 6.0 and 64.5% {+-}3.8, P=0.10). There was a 7-fold increase in the frequencies of fertilized T-stock eggs that completed the first cell cycle of development after in vitro versus in vivo fertilization. These results rule out an intrinsic deficiency of the T-stock oocyte as the main reason for the impaired fertility after …

The STK Bladestore is a disk subsystem consisting of ATA disks, fiber channel connectivity, and a RAID controller (LSI manufactured). There are essentially four host connections and four backend fiber connections. The host side ports are 2Gb/sec and with their advertised 400MB/sec bandwidth, the disk side ports are 1GB/sec. Our goal is to test this flavor of disk to see what the real world performance might be.

We have designed and built a six-band multi-spectral NIR imaging system used in clinical testing on cancer patients. From our layered tissue model, we create blood volume and blood oxygenation images for patient treatment monitoring.

A numerical study is undertaken comparing a fifth-order version of the weighted essentially non-oscillatory numerical (WENO5) method to a modern piecewise-linear, second-order, version of Godunov's (PLMDE) method for the compressible Euler Equations. A series of one-dimensional test problems are examined beginning with classical linear problems and ending with complex shock interactions. The problems considered are: (1) linear advection of a Gaussian pulse in density, (2) Sod's shock tube problem, (3) the ''peak'' shock tube problem, (4) a version of the Shu and Osher shock entropy wave interaction and (5) the Woodward and Colella interacting shock wave problem. For each problem and method, run times, density error norms and convergence rates are reported for each method as produced from a common code test-bed. The linear problem exhibits the advertised convergence rate for both methods as well as the expected large disparity in overall error levels; WENO5 has the smaller errors and an enormous advantage in overall efficiency (in accuracy per unit CPU time). For the nonlinear problems with discontinuities, however, we generally see both first-order self-convergence of error as compared to an exact solution, or when an analytic solution is not available, a converged solution generated on an extremely fine grid. …

To address concerns about crab entrainment during maintenance dredging at the Mouth of the Columbia River, direct measurements of crab entrainment rates were conducted during the summer of 2002 from River Mile 3 to River Mile+3. The entrainment rate for all age classes over all sampling in the MCR was 0.0603 crabs per cy. The sex ratio of the older crabs entrained in the MCR was significantly skewed to the females. A modified DIM was used to calculate the entrainment (E), Adult Equivalent Loss (AEL) at Age 2+ and Age 3+ and the Loss to the Fishery (LF) for the dredged volumes accomplished in 2002 and for the five-year average dredged volumes (both for the Essayons and the contractor dredges). For both sets of projections, the coefficients of variation on the E, AEL, and LF were all under 5%. For the MCR total dredged volume (4,600,378 cy) in the summer of 2002, the estimated AEL at age 2+ was 180,416 crabs with 95% confidence limits from 163,549 to 197,283 crabs. The AEL at age 3+ estimated for the summer 2002 in the MCR was 81,187 with 95% confidence limits from 73,597 to 88,777 crabs. The projected LF for summer 2002 …

CH2M HILL Hanford Group, Inc. (CH2M HILL) is in the process of identifying and developing supplemental process technologies to accelerate the tank waste cleanup mission. One technology targets disposal of Hanford transuranic (TRU) process wastes stored in single-shell tanks (SSTs). Ten Hanford SSTs are candidates for designation as contact-handled TRU waste type: the B-200 series tanks (241-B-201, -B-202, -B-203, and -B-204), the T-200 series tanks (241-T-201, -T-202, -T-203, and -T-204), and Tanks 241-T-110 and T-111. Current plans identify a process in which these wastes are retrieved from the tanks, either dry or with a recycled liquid stream to help mobilize the waste in the tank and through transfer lines and vessels, dewatered to remove excess liquid, and transferred to waste packages in a form suitable for disposal. CH2M HILL seeks to procure a process for dewatering, handling, and packaging the contact-handled TRU waste after it is retrieved. An understanding of waste physical properties is needed to support design of the SST TRU handling and packaging system and to produce suitable physical simulants to test such a process. Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) has been tasked with developing these waste simulants. This report summarizes PNNL's assessment of available waste physical property …

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We developed a technique to locate wireless network nodes using multiple time-of-flight range measurements in a position estimate. When used with communication methods that allow propagation through walls, such as Ultra-Wideband and 802.11, we can locate network nodes in buildings and in caves where GPS is unavailable. This paper details the implementation on an 802.11a network where we demonstrated the ability to locate a network access point to within 20 feet.

Prepulses are of great concern in high-power lasers: if their intensity is sufficiently high, they can heat and/or destroy a target before the arrival of the main pulse. For ultrahigh peak power lasers, for which focused intensity can exceed 10{sup 21} W/cm{sup 2}, a contrast of at least 10{sup 8} is the minimum requirement to avoid preionization of solid targets. Conventional preamplification stages do not meet this requirement, primarily due to prepulse originating from regenerative amplification. Optical parametric amplification (OPA) is well-known to generate pulses with a prepulse contrast equal to the gain of the amplifier, but it does not remove pre-existing prepulses. In this paper we describe a novel technique for contrast enhancement in cascaded optical parametric amplifiers (COPA). Based on cascaded idler utilization, COPA represents a versatile technique with a potentially infinite prepulse contrast enhancement. We have experimentally demonstrated COPA, producing a prepulse contrast of 10{sup 8}, limited by the sensitivity of measurement. A simple modification of the front end of a petawatt-type laser that utilizes optical parametric chirped pulse amplification (OPCPA) can yield unprecedented levels of prepulse contrast.

''smesh'' is a general purpose, interactive, 2D unstructured mesh generator based on Overture. It supports three kinds of mesh generation techniques: structured patches with transfinite interpolation (TFI); unstructured triangles based on an advancing front technique; and a Cartesian cutcell/triangle hybrid method. Meshes are generated in a generalized ''multi-block'' manner where each ''block'', or region, can be one of the three mesh types. Geometry definitions can be created interactively by placing points and interpolating curves. Spacing information is provided by both the curve discretization (which can be stretched) and a user specified preferred grid spacing for a region. A mesh optimization procedure is available for the non-TFI regions for mesh quality improvement. Each mesh region is given an unique identifier and an optional string name. Meshes are exported to a modified ''ingrid'' format including mesh region identifiers and names. Facilities for command scripting and batch running are available.

Precision spindles used for diamond turning and other applications requiring low error motion generally require a drive system that ideally applies a pure torque to the rotating spindle. Frequently a frameless motor, that is, one without its own bearings, is directly coupled to the spindle to make a compact and simple system having high resonant frequencies. Although in addition to delivering drive torque, asymmetries in the motor cause it to generate disturbance loads (forces and moments) which influence the spindle error motion of the directly coupled system. This paper describes the tests and results for a particular frameless, brushless DC motor that was originally developed for military and space applications requiring very low torque ripple. Because the construction of the motor should also lead to very low disturbance loads, it was selected for use on a new diamond turning and grinding machine under developed at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. The level of influence for this motor-spindle combination is expected to be of order one nanometer for radial and axial error motion.

Only the simplest monopole scattering behavior has usually been treated in previous time-reversal analyses. A new application of time-reversal processing of wave scattering data permits characterization of scatterers by analyzing the number and nature of the singular functions (or eigenfunctions) associated with individual scatterers when they have multiple contributions from monopole, dipole and/or quadrupole scattering terms. We discuss acoustic, elastic, and electromagnetic scattering problems for low frequencies (ka < 1, k being the wavenumber and a the radius of the scatterer). Specific examples for electromagnetic scattering from one of a number of small conducting spheres show that each sphere can have up to six distinct time-reversal eigenfunctions associated with it.

Contrary to the behavior of swelling of f.c.c. Fe-15Cr-16Ni and Fe-15Cr-16Ni-0.25Ti alloys irradiated together in the same FFTF-MOTA experiment, Fe-15Cr-16Ti-0.25Ti-0.05C does not exhibit a dependence of swelling on dpa rate at {approx}400 C. The transient regime of swelling is prolonged by carbon addition, however. Addition of boron to the carbon-doped alloy decreases the swelling somewhat but does not restore the sensitivity to dpa rate. It appears that the primary influence of boron is chemical in nature, probably associated with boron's impact on the behavior of carbon. Boron's role as a source of helium is thought to be secondary.

Structural speciation of glasses in the systems PbO-B{sub 2}O{sub 3}-SiO{sub 2}, PbO-B{sub 2}O{sub 3}-Al{sub 2}O{sub 3}-SiO{sub 2}, and PbO-Al{sub 2}O{sub 3}-SiO{sub 2} were studied using solid-state {sup 29}Si, {sup 27}Al, {sup 11}B, and {sup 207}Pb nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and Raman spectroscopy. Application of these methods provided insight into the role of Al{sub 2}O{sub 3} incorporation in the lead-borosilicate glass networks. The general composition range studied was (PbO){sub x} [(B{sub 2}O{sub 3}){sub 1-z} (Al{sub 2}O{sub 3})z]{sub y}(SiO{sub 2}){sub y} where x = 0.35, 0.5, and 0.65, y = (1-x)/2 and z = 0.0, 0.5 and 1.0. Additional insight was obtained via {sup 27}Al 2D-3QMAS experiments. The {sup 207}Pb spin echo mapping spectra showed a transition from ionic (Pb{sup 2+}) to covalently bound lead species with increased PbO contents in the borosilicate glasses. The addition of aluminum to the glass network further enhanced the lead species transition resulting in a higher relative amount of covalent lead bonding in the high PbO content alumino-borosilicate glass. The number of BO{sub 4} units present in the {sup 11}B MAS NMR decreased with increasing PbO contents for both the borosilicate and the alumino-borosilicate glass systems, with the addition of aluminum further promoting the BO{sub 3} …

We have measured the equation of state (EoS) of osmium to 75 GPa under hydrostatic conditions at room temperature using angle dispersive x-ray diffraction. A least-squares fit of the data using a third order Birch-Murnaghan EoS yields K{sub 0} = 411 {+-} 6 GPa and K'{sub 0} = 4.0 {+-} 0.2, showing osmium is in fact more compressible than diamond. Most importantly, we have documented an anomaly in the compressibility at 20.3 GPa associated with a large discontinuity in the first pressure derivative of the c/a ratio. This discontinuity likely arises from the collapse of the small hole-ellipsoid in the Fermi surface near the L point. There has been much interest in the possibility of a Lifshitz [1] or electronic topological transition (ETT) in zinc at high-pressure near 10 GPa. Interestingly, while the experimental data remain somewhat ambiguous [2-5], most simulations suggest the ETT exists in this pressure range [6-8]. Recently, Steinle-Neumann et al. [8] have shown that the transition arises from changes in the band structure near the high-symmetry point K where three bands cross the Fermi surface upon compression. Thus one might expect that other hcp metals should exhibit similar phenomena. The hcp 4d and 5d transition elements …

Adaptive optics (AO), a mature technology developed for astronomy to compensate for the effects of atmospheric turbulence, can also be used to correct the aberrations of the eye. The classic phoropter is used by ophthalmologists and optometrists to estimate and correct the lower-order aberrations of the eye, defocus and astigmatism, in order to derive a vision correction prescription for their patients. An adaptive optics phoropter measures and corrects the aberrations in the human eye using adaptive optics techniques, which are capable of dealing with both the standard low-order aberrations and higher-order aberrations, including coma and spherical aberration. High-order aberrations have been shown to degrade visual performance for clinical subjects in initial investigations. An adaptive optics phoropter has been designed and constructed based on a Shack-Hartmann sensor to measure the aberrations of the eye, and a liquid crystal spatial light modulator to compensate for them. This system should produce near diffraction-limited optical image quality at the retina, which will enable investigation of the psychophysical limits of human vision. This paper describes the characterization and operation of the AO phoropter with results from human subject testing.

This report is the first milestone report for the actinic mask blank inspection project conducted at the VNL, which forms sub-section 3 of the Q1 2003 mask blank technology transfer program at the VNL. Specifically this report addresses deliverable 3.1.1--design review and preliminary tool design. The goal of this project is to design an actinic mask inspection tool capable of operating in two modes: high-speed scanning for the detection of multilayer defects (inspection mode), and a high-resolution aerial image mode in which the image emulates the imaging illumination conditions of a stepper system (aerial image or AIM mode). The purpose and objective of these two modes is as follows: (1) Defect inspection mode--This imaging mode is designed to scan large areas of the mask for defects EUV multilayer coatings. The goal is to detect the presence of multilayer defects on a mask blank and to store the co-ordinates for subsequent review in AIM mode, thus it is not essential that the illumination and imaging conditions match that of a production stepper. Potential uses for this imaging mode include: (a) Correlating the results obtained using actinic inspection with results obtained using other non-EUV defect inspection systems to verify that the non-EUV …

This report considers the problem of how best to evaluate the stability (i.e., sampling reliability) of Monte Carlo outputs obtained for two Yucca Mountain Project (YMP) modeling components, namely, outputs for the Saturated Zone (SZ) model, and for the Total System Performance Assessment (TSPA) model. One approach considered is the one that has been employed to date, namely, the application of Monte Carlo methods. Also considered in this context are potential improvements that might be obtained by the additional use of a Monte Carlo ''quitting rule'', such as that defined by Woo (1991), to select the number of Monte Carlo sample runs to perform. By the Monte Carlo approach, each output-value sample (realization) is calculated as a function of a sample-value vector of stochastic realizations, each of which in turn corresponds to a value of a corresponding distributed input variable. Abstractions from the SZ model and the Biosphere model are both used as input to the TSPA model. Sets of stochastic realizations required for SZ and TSPA abstractions ''expensive'' to generate, so the practical issue addressed by a ''quitting rule'' is how to determine what number of realizations is ''enough'' for the purpose of characterizing sampling error in the Monte …

We review in this talk various SUSY SO(10) models. Specifically, we discuss how small neutrino masses are generated in and generic predictions of different SO(10) models. A comparison of the predictions of these models for sin{sup 2} {theta}{sub 13}is given.

One of the planned core neutron diagnostics for NIF will use material activation to aid in determining information about target neutron yields. While this technique was routinely used on Nova and is in use today on Omega, the substantially larger chamber size and neutron yields for NIF raise several new issues for this technique. The effect of neutron scattering, due to the larger amount of entrant equipment inside the chamber, and more importantly, scattering inside the NIF target itself, is shown to be a significant effect. The appropriate location of the counting room to analyze activated samples that is sufficiently protected from neutron fluences is discussed. There are no significant safety issues related to sample handling when using In and Cu for short durations (minutes). We recommend placement and thickness of Cu samples based on neutron yield.

The main goal of this project was to determine if a tool could be built to test Qt. In determining the feasibility of building a tool the following requirements needed to be researched: (1) Determine if the underlying Qt signal/slot architecture could be leveraged. (2) Research how much impact implementing such a tool would have on existing code, i.e. how much extra code would need to be inserted to use the tool. (3) Determine with the above information if a tool could be built. With the above steps completed, the information needed to make a decision on building a tool could be made. Armed with this information I felt I could make a more educated decision on the possibility of building a tool. This project was divided into two main steps. The first step was to understand the underlying Qt source code much better. The second step was to build a small prototype that I could use to test ideas. The first step was actually much shorter than I had originally anticipated. Understanding the underlying architecture of Qt only took about two weeks. After studying the architecture of qt and working with the support people at Trolltech, the company that …

This data report discusses the methods and philosophy used to characterize two samples of sludge and one sample of drainable liquid from tank 241-AY-102 at the Hanford Site. Archived samples of sludge and drainable liquid from tank 241-AY-102 were characterized in the laboratory in order to evaluate analytical methods for testing tank waste and determine the composition and leaching characteristics of this material. The tests included physical characterization, quantitative analysis of waste composition, and short-term water leach and acid digestion of the waste material. The water leach tests were conducted over time periods of one day, two weeks, and one month to determine if contact time had an impact on leachability. Comparisons of the results of the water leach tests with the acid digestions allow for an estimation of the water leachable percentage of an element. The average water leachability of Tc-99 was measured at 20% over the one-month time frame of the leach tests. There did not appear to be any temporal change in water leachability by comparing the results of the three sampling intervals. Approximately 24 to 48% of the total Cs-137 in the sludge is water leachable over a time period of one day to one month. …