Luminosity in the LHC will depend critically on the alignment of the triplet quadrupoles. These quadrupoles are closest to the interaction points (IPs), have large gradients and the {beta} functions have their largest values within these quadrupoles. Within a triplet, the cold masses of the Q1 and Q3 quadrupoles will be housed in separate cryostats while Q2a and Q2b will be placed in a single cryostat. The absolute alignments of Q1, Q3 and the Q2a/Q2b pair with respect to the desired axes will be determined during installation. The relative alignment of Q2a and Q2b however will be fixed once they are placed in their common cryostat at Fermilab. In this note, we examine the required relative alignment tolerances of Q2a and Q2b. An early study of some alignment tolerances was done by Weisz [1].

Safe interim dry storage of spent nuclear fuel (SNF) must be maintained for a minimum of twenty years according to the Code of Federal Regulations. The most important variable that must be regulated by dry storage licensees in order to meet current safety standards is the temperature of the SNF. The two currently accepted models to define the maximum allowable initial storage temperature for SNF are based on the diffusion controlled cavity growth (DCCG) failure mechanism proposed by Raj and Ashby. These models may not give conservative temperature limits. Some have suggested using a strain-based failure model to predict the maximum allowable temperatures, but we have shown that this is not applicable to the SNF as long as DCCG is the assumed failure mechanism. Although the two accepted models are based on the same fundamental failure theory (DCCG), the researchers who developed the models made different assumptions, including selection of some of the most critical variables in the DCCG failure equation. These inconsistencies are discussed together with recommended modifications to the failure models based on more recent data.

The TESTCLK module was specifically designed for use in prototyping crates for the Colliding Detector Facility (CDF) Run 2 Experiment at Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory. The TESTCLK Module allows the user to supply system clocks and trigger signals to stand-alone crates. This module has allowed designers of the CDF Run 2 electronics to thoroughly test their modules, despite the lack of a DAQ system supplied clock and trigger interface. This paper will explore the features that were found important to incorporate into the TESTCLK, and describe how they were implemented. The paper will also describe how the TESTCLK module has been used to support the initial implementation of the DAQ system at CDF. This has allowed data taking and testing of CDF Electronic modules before production clock and trigger modules became available.

A chemiluminescent homogeneous immunoassay and a hand-size multiassay reader are described that could be used for detecting biological materials. The special feature of the assay is that it employs two different antibodies that each bind to a unique epitope on the same antigen. Each group of epitope-specific antibodies has linked to it an enzyme of a proximal-enzyme pair. One enzyme of the pair utilizes a substrate in high concentration to produce a second substrate required by the second enzyme. This new substrate enables the second enzyme to function. The reaction of the second enzyme is configured to produce light. This chemiluminescence is detected with a charge-coupled device (CCD) camera. The proximal pair enzymes must be in close proximity to one another to allow the second enzyme to react with the product of the first enzyme. This only occurs when the enzyme-linked antibodies are attached to the antigen, whether antigen is a single protein with multiple epitopes or the surface of a cell with a variety of different antigens. As a result of their juxtaposition, the enzymes produce light only in the presence of the biological material. A brief description is given as to how this assay could be utilized in …

The use of stationary gas turbines for power generation has been growing rapidly with continuing trends predicted well into the future. Factors that are contributing to this growth include advances in turbine technology, operating and siting flexibility and low capital cost. Restructuring of the electric utility industry will provide new opportunities for on-site generation. In a competitive market, it maybe more cost effective to install small distributed generation units (like gas turbines) within the grid rather than constructing large power plants in remote locations with extensive transmission and distribution systems. For the customer, on-site generation will provide added reliability and leverage over the cost of purchased power One of the key issues that is addressed in virtually every gas turbine application is emissions, particularly NO{sub x} emissions. Decades of research and development have significantly reduced the NO{sub x} levels emitted from gas turbines from uncontrolled levels. Emission control technologies are continuing to evolve with older technologies being gradually phased-out while new technologies are being developed and commercialized. The objective of this study is to determine and compare the cost of NO{sub x} control technologies for three size ranges of stationary gas turbines: 5 MW, 25 MW and 150 MW. The …

The CDF Calorimetry Readout module, called the ADMEM, has been designed to contain both the analog circuitry which digitizes the phototube charge pulses, and the digital logic which supports the readout of the results through the CDF Run 2 DAQ system. The ADMEM module is a 9Ux400mm VMEbus module, which is housed in a CDF VMEbus VIPA crate. The ADMEM must support near deadtimeless operation, with data being digitized and stored for possible readout every 132ns or 7.6 Mhz. This paper will discuss the implementation of the analog and digital portions of the ADMEM module, and how the board was laid out to avoid the coupling of digital noise into the analog circuitry.

The purpose of this calculation is to determine the surface dose rates of a codisposal waste package (WP) containing an intact seed assembly of the Shippingport light-water breeder reactor (LWBR) spent nuclear fuel (SNF) and the Savannah River Site (SRS) high-level waste (HLW) in glass form. The Shippingport LWBR SNF is loaded in a Department of Energy (DOE) standardized 18-in. canister. The canister is surrounded by five 4.5-m-long Hanford pour canisters containing the HLW glass. Gamma dose rate calculation for the WP containing only the HLW glass is also performed. The results will provide information about the contribution of DOE SNF to the total dose rate on the WP surfaces.

There is very strong circumstantial evidence that there was an inflationary epoch very early in the history of the universe. In this lecture the author describes how we might be able to piece together some understanding of the dynamics during and immediately after the inflationary epoch.

This report explains how the Harrop, High-Temperature Viscometer was installed, calibrated, and operated. This report includes assembly and alignment of the furnace, viscometer, and spindle, and explains the operation of the Brookfield Viscometer, the Harrop furnace, and the UDC furnace controller. Calibration data and the development of the spindle constant from NIST standard reference glasses is presented. A simple operational procedure is included.

The affinities for cesium and mercury ions contained in DWPF recycle simulants and Tank-22H waste have been evaluated using Crystalline Silicotitanate (CST) and Self-Assembled Monolayers on Mesoporous Support (SAMMS) ion-exchange materials, respectively. Results of the performance evaluations of CST on the uptake of cesium with simulants and actual DWPF recycle samples (Tank 22H) indicate that, in practice, this inorganic ion-exchange material can be used to remove radioactive cesium from the DWPF recycle. SAMMS material showed little or no affinity for mercury from highly alkaline DWPF waste. However, at near neutral conditions (DWPF simulant solution pH adjusted to 7), SAMMS was found to have a significant affinity for mercury. Conventional Duolite/256 ion exchange material showed an increase in affinity for mercury with increase in DWPF recycle simulant pH. Duolite/256 GT-73 also had a high batch distribution coefficient for mercury uptake from actual Tank 22H waste.

Approximately 50 metric tonnes heavy metal of aluminum-base spent nuclear fuel (Al-SNF) or 30,000 assemblies are being consolidated at the Savannah River Site. The melt-dilute (MD) technology option is being developed to allow ultimate disposal of these fuels in the Monitored Geologic Repository (MGR). Neutron absorbing materials are needed to maintain k{sub eff} less than 0.95 in desired packaging configurations. The aggressive chemical environment in the MGR is expected to lead to the reconfiguration of the contents of the codisposal waste package following waste package failure. This reconfiguration has the potential for increasing the reactivity of the waste package. The reconfiguration and redistribution of materials within the waste package are being investigated in an analytical and experimental program to support the criticality analysis. Further, the incorporation of neutron absorbing materials that will be integral to the MD SNF form is being investigated.

This is a report of the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory's (Pacific Northwest's) FY1999 Annual Self-Evaluation Report. This report summarizes our progress toward accomplishment of the critical outcomes, objectives, and performance indicators as delineated in the FY1999 Performance Evaluation & Fee Agreement. It also summarizes our analysis of the results of Pacific Northwest's Division and Directorate annual self-assessments, and the implementation of our key operational improvement initiatives. Together, these provide an indication of how well we have used our Integrated Assessment processes to identify and plan improvements for FY2000. As you review the report you will find areas of significantly positive progress; you will also note areas where I believe the Laboratory could make improvements. Overall, however, I believe you will be quite pleased to note that we have maintained, or exceeded, the high standards of performance we have set for the Laboratory.

Single cylinder engine experiments and chemical kinetic modeling have been performed to study the effect of variations in fuel, equivalence ratio, and intake charge temperature on the start of combustion and the heat release rate. Neat propane and a fuel blend of 15% dimethyl-ether in methane have been studied. The results demonstrate the role of these parameters on the start of combustion, efficiency, imep, and emissions. Single zone kinetic modeling results show the trends consistent with the experimental results.

Structured packings utilized in today's distillation packed towers consist of stacked units of many vertically oriented parallel corrugated plates. The V-shaped corrugations are oriented at a fixed angle with respect to the vertical direction, and the corrugation angle in adjacent plates are oriented in reverse direction. Points of contact, at the crests of the corrugations, between adjacent plates, form an unconsolidated porous medium with known topology. Modern structured packings have been gaining acceptance in several separation processes, particularly distillation where gas/vapor and liquid flow countercurrently through the packing. In addition, structured packings have been credited with relatively low pressure drop, high efficiency, low holdup, and higher capacity; the packing also can be made corrosion resistive.

This Interface Control Document (ICD) describes the interface between the Double-Shell Tank (DST) System and T Plant. T Plant generates waste during decontamination activities. These facilities do not have a direct physical interface since the waste will be moved by tank trailer to the 204-AR waste unloading facility. The purpose of the ICD process is to formalize working agreements between the River Protection Project (WP) DST System and organization/companies internal and external to RPP. This ICD has been developed as part of the requirements basis for design of the DST System to support the Phase I Privatization effort.

This paper presents techniques for fabricating microscopic, nonplanar features in a variety of materials. Micro-grooving and micro-threading tools having cutting dimensions of 10-30{micro}m are made by focused ion beam sputtering and used in ultra-precision machining. Tool fabrication involves directing a 20 keV gallium beam at polished cylindrical punches made of cobalt M42 high-speed steel or C2 tungsten carbide. This creates cutting edges having radii of curvature less than 0.4 {micro}m, and rake features similar to conventional lathe tools. Clearance for minimizing frictional drag of a tool results from the sputter yield dependence on ion herd target incidence angle. Numerically controlled, ultra-precision machining with micro-grooving tools results in a close matching between tool width and feature size. Microtools controllably machine 13 {micro}m wide, 4 {micro}m deep, helical grooves in polymethyl methacrylate and 6061-T6 Al cylindrical substrates. Micro-grooving tools also fabricate sinusoidal waveform features in polished metal substrates.

This report documents the Phase I characterization of chlorinated solvent contamination in the regulatory-defined uppermost aquifer (includes the M Area, Lost Lake and middle sand aquifer zones) within the Metallurgical Laboratory (Met Lab) of the A/M Area.

This seminar is another excellent opportunity for those involved in preventing chemical weapons production and use to learn from each other about how the Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC) can become a foundation of arms control in Africa and around the world. The author is grateful to the staff of the Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW) for inviting him to address this distinguished seminar. The views expressed in this paper are those of the authors alone, and do not represent the position of the government of the US nor or of any other institution. In 1993, as the process of CWC ratification was beginning, concerns arose that the complexity of integrating the treaty with national law would cause each nation to implement the Convention without regard to what other nations were doing, thereby causing inconsistencies among States Parties in how the Convention would be carried out. As a result the Manual for National Implementation of the Chemical Weapons Convention was prepared and presented it to each national delegation at the December 1993 meeting of the Preparatory Commission in The Hague. During its preparation, the Manual was reviewed by the Committee of Legal Experts on National Implementation of the …

This work combines focused ion beam sputtering and ultra-precision machining as a first step in fabricating microstructure in metals and alloys. Specifically, {approx}25{micro}m diameter micro-end mills are made from cobalt M42 high-speed steel and C2 micrograin tungsten carbide tool blanks by ion beam sputtering. A 20 keV focused gallium beam defines tool cutting edges having radii of curvature < 0.1{micro}m. Micro-end mills having 2, 4 and 5 cutting edges successfully machine small trenches in 6061-T4 aluminum, brass, 4340 steel and polymethyl methacrylate. Machined trench widths are approximately equal to the tool diameters and surface roughnesses (rms) are {approx}150 nm or less. Microtools are robust and operate for more than 6 hours without fracture. Results from ultra-precision machining aluminum at feed rates as high as 50 mm/minute are included.

This analysis was performed by the Management and Operating Contractor (M&O) Safety Assurance Department to identify and document the internal hazards and preliminary events associated with preclosure operations of the Monitored Geologic Repository (MGR). Internal hazards are those hazards presented by operation of the facility and associated processes. These are in contrast to external hazards which involve natural phenomena and external man-made hazards. The hazard analysis methodology used in this analysis provides a systematic means to identify facility hazards and associated events that may result in radiological consequences to the public and facility worker during the MGR preclosure period. The events are documented in a preliminary events list and are intended to be used as input to the MGR Design Basis Event (DBE) selection process. It is expected that the results from this analysis will undergo further screening and analysis based on the criteria that apply to the performance of DBE analyses for the preclosure period of repository operation. As the MGR design progresses, this analysis will be reviewed to ensure no new hazards are introduced and that previously evaluated hazards have not increased in severity.

The Next Linear Collider (NW) Injector System is designed to produce low emittance, 10 GeV electron and positron beams at 120 hertz for injection into the NLC main linacs. Each beam consists of a train of 9.5 bunches spaced by 2.8 ns; each bunch has a population of 1.15 x 10{sup 10} particles. At injection into the main linacs, the horizontal and vertical emittances are specified to be {gamma}{var_epsilon}{sub x} = 3 x 10{sup -6} m-rad and {gamma}{var_epsilon}{sub y} = 3 x 10{sup -8} m-rad and the bunch length is 100 {micro}m. Electron polarization of greater than 80% is required. Electron and positron beams are generated in separate accelerator complexes each of which contain the source, damping ring systems, L-band, S-band, and X-band linacs, bunch length compressors, and collimation regions. The need for low technical risk, reliable injector subsystems is a major consideration in the design effort. This paper presents an overview of the NLC injector systems.

The VISA (Visible to Infrared SASE Amplifier) project is designed to be a SASE-FEL driven to saturation in the sub-micron wavelength region. Its goal is to test various aspects of the existing theory of Self-Amplified Spontaneous Emission, as well as numerical codes. Measurements include: angular and spectral distribution of the FEL light at the exit and inside of the undulator; electron beam micro-bunching using CTR; single-shot time resolved measurements of the pulse profile, using auto-correlation technique and FROG algorithm. The diagnostics are designed to provide maximum information on the physics of the SASE-FEL process, to ensure a close comparison of the experimental results with theory and simulations.

The purpose of deceleration studies is to construct the deceleration ramp files that are used to decelerate antiproton beam for experiment E835. A deceleration ramp file is a set of ramp tables that are downloaded to PAUX (a part of the Pbar front end) prior to a deceleration. There is a ramp table for each device that is changed during a deceleration. These tables determine how PAUX changes each device setting during a deceleration. Appendix 1 gives a table of all ramped devices. Presently a deceleration to the lowest energy allowed by our ramps requires the use of three ramp files: the first decelerates the beam from 8801 MeV/c to 6367 MeV/c, the second from 6367 MeV/c to 4858 MeV/c, and the third from 4858 MeV/c to 3900 MeV/c. At the time of this writing the third ramp file has yet to be completed. An important new feature of the present deceleration ramp files is that the value of {gamma}{sub t} is decreased as the beam is decelerated so that the Accumulator is always above transition.

This paper describes a standard for the readout and the trigger interface of a VMEbus based crate to be used by the front-end and trigger electronics of the CDF Run 2 experiment. Hereafter, this crate will be referred to as the CDF Readout Crate. The goal is to standardize the implementation of functions that are common among all systems (i.e. power distribution, timing signals, DAQ functions) while allowing some flexibility with other functions (e.g. cooling, rear transition modules, J3 backplanes, etc.). This allows designers of cards that satisfy this standard to have access to a common well defined crate system with interfaces to the trigger and DAQ system, allowing them to concentrate their efforts on the functions they need. This paper lists the mechanical specifications, readout scheme, backplane and signal distribution specifications of the CDF Readout Crate. The paper will also go into some detail on the TRigger And Clock + Event Readout (TRACER) module, a common CDF crate module which provides the crate interface to the system clock and the trigger system.