The traveler presented a paper entitled Susceptibility of Asian Ecosystems to Soil-Mediated Acid Rain Damage'' at the Second Workshop on Acid Rain in Asia. The workshop was organized by the Asian Institute of Technology (Bangkok, Thailand), Argonne National Laboratory (Argonne, Illinois), and Resource Management Associates (Madison, Wisconsin) and was sponsored by the US Department of Energy, the United Nations Environment Program, the United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific, and the World Bank. Papers presented on the first day discussed how the experience gained with acid rain in North America and Europe might be applied to the Asian situation. Papers describing energy use projections, sulfur emissions, and effects of acid rain in several Asian countries were presented on the second day. The remaining time was allotted to discussion, planning, and writing plans for a future research program.

Coal is our largest domestic energy resource with recoverable reserves estimated at 268 billion short tons or 5.896 quads Btu equivalent. This is approximately 95 percent of US fossil energy resources. It is relatively inexpensive to mine, and on a per Btu basis it is generally much less costly to produce than other energy sources. Its chief drawbacks are the environmental, health and safety concerns that must be addressed in its production and consumption. Historically, coal has played a major role in US energy markets. Coal fueled the railroads, heated the homes, powered the factories. and provided the raw materials for steel-making. In 1920, coal supplied over three times the amount of energy of oil, gas, and hydro combined. From 1920 until the mid 1970s, coal production remained fairly constant at 400 to 600 million short tons a year. Rapid increases in overall energy demands, which began during and after World War II were mostly met by oil and gas. By the mid 1940s, coal represented only half of total energy consumption in the US. In fact, post-war coal production, which had risen in support of the war effort and the postwar Marshall plan, decreased approximately 25 percent between 1945 …

Under the Phase II, Alternative Energy Resources Development (AERD) project of the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) and the Government of India (GOI), five collaborative coal projects have been initiated in the areas of: (1) NO{sub x}/SO{sub x} control from coal-fired power plants, (2) slagging combustor development for high-ash Indian coals, (3) characterization of Indian coals for combustion and gasification. (4) diagnostic studies for prediction of power plant life expectancy, and (5) environmental and natural resource analysis of coal cycle. The Pittsburgh Energy Technology Center (PETC) has the implementation responsibility for these projects. The Indian collaborative institutions identified for these projects are the Bharat Heavy Electricals Ltd. (BHEL), Trichy, (projects 1--4), and the Tata Energy Research Institute (TERI) for project 5. The Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) is providing cross-cut technical coordination and support for these five projects.

The Department of Energy (DOE) and the Commission of the European Communities (CEC) have been exploring the possibility of parallel studies on the externals costs of employing fuel cycles to deliver energy services. These studies are of particular importance following the activities of the US National Energy Strategy (NES), where the potential discrepancies between market prices and the social costs of energy services were raised as significant policy concerns. To respond to these concerns, Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) and Resources for the Future (RFF) have begun a collaborative effort for the DOE to investigate the external costs, or externalities, generated by cradle to grave fuel cycle activities. Upon initiating this project, the CEC expressed an interest to the DOE that Europe should conduct a parallel study and that the two studies should be highly coordinated for consistency in the results. This series of meetings with members of the CEC was undertaken to resolve some issues implied by pursuing parallel, coordinated studies; issues that were previously defined by the August meetings. In addition, it was an opportunity for some members of the US research team and the DOE sponsor to meet with their European counterparts for the study, as well …

Most of the progress made since September 1, 1989 is one of two types: programming or orgamzmg. In general Xpresslink has gained in a programming sense (more I/O blocks, new and revised operation screens, new key macros, broader historical trending), and the ladder has improved in an organizational sense. A database called '.CNTRL RM INFO' has been installed on the control room Mac hard disk in the Control Room folder in the Word Processors folder. This file should be updated regularly.

The D0 Cryo System is monitored by a computerized process control system and an ODH safety system. During steady state operations the cryo system will be unmanned and system experts will depend on communication systems for notification of system problems. The FIRUS system meets the minimum communication requirement and is supplemented with an autodialer which attempts to contact cryo operators by pager or phone. The RD/Safety Department requires the ODH monitor system to be connected to the labwide FIRUS system. which enables the Communications Center to receive alarms and notify the proper experts of the condition. The ODH system will have two alarm points. One for an ODH alarm and one for a system trouble alarm. The autodialer system has replaced a former cryo operations summation alarm point in the FIRUS system. This has freed space on the FIRUS system and has allowed the cryo experts more flexibility in setting up their own communication link. The FIRUS and the autodialer systems receive alarms and access lists of experts to call for notification of problems. Attempts to contact these experts will continue until the alarm or alarms is acknowledged.

The structural characteristics of (111) twist boundaries in gold are investigated using a combination of x-ray diffraction and computer modeling techniques. Comparison of the measured scattering effects with those generated from EAM computer models reveals that the (111) boundary displacement field is weak, rotational in form and centered on O' lattice sites. Furthermore, the measured intensities of the strong O' lattice reflections decrease smoothly with increasing boundary angle up to 30{degree}, as calculated from the model. The effect of double positioning on the diffraction pattern and the structural analysis is discussed. 9 refs., 2 figs.

This report is intended to provide a general understanding of the social costs associated with electric power generation. Based on a thorough review of recent literature on the subject, the report describes how these social costs can be most fully and accurately evaluated, and discusses important considerations in applying this information within the competitive bidding process. [DJE 2005]

This report surveys the preliminary work of P. J. Ebert, a proponent of the Magnetic Bubble'' Effect, as well as conclusions reached by L. F. Wouters and others. The idea behind the Magnetic Bubble Effect is that an exploding fireball from a surface or subsurface nuclear explosion releases electrons which circulate around the earth's magnetic field lines and create an expanding magnetic dipole which persists underground for {approx equal}0.01 sec. This dipole radiates a low-frequency electromagnetic field through the earth in a diffusive manner because the earth's conduction current overwhelms the displacement current at VLF and ELF frequencies. By using this concept of diffusive fields it might be possible to estimate the yield of an underground nuclear test from transient low-frequency field measurements on or near the ground in the range 1--5km from ground zero. We closely examine the diffusive-field description of the transient fields by L. W. Miller. Miller's work enables us to derive rather easily the Green-function'' fields in space and time of a spatially and temporally impulsive vertical magnetic dipole, m{sub z}, and horizontal dipole, m{sub x}, in a homogeneous earth of scalar electrical conductivity {sigma}, magnetic permeability {mu}{sub 0}, and relative dielectric constant, {var epsilon}{sub r}, …

This report addresses groundwater modeling performed to support the Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) that is being prepared by the Department of Energy (DOE). The EIS pertains to construction and operation of a new production reactor (NPR) that is under consideration for the Savannah River Site (SRS). Three primary issues are addressed by the modeling analysis: (1) groundwater availability, (2) changes in vertical hydraulic gradients as a result of groundwater pumpage, and (3) migration of potential contaminants from the NPR site. The modeling indicates that the maximum pumpage to be used, 1000 gpm, will induce only minor drawdown across SRS. Pumpage of this magnitude will have a limited effect on the upward gradient from the Cretaceous into the Tertiary near Upper Three Runs Creek. Potentiometric surface maps generated from modeled results indicate that horizontal flow in the water table is either towards Four Mile Creek to the north or to Pen Branch on the south. Particle tracking analysis indicates that the primary flow paths are vertical into the Lower Tertiary Zone, with very little lateral migration. Total travel times from the NPR site to the edge of the model (approximately 3 miles) is on the order of 50 years. The flow …

This report covers the activity of the traveler participating in a workshop entitled The 13th Werner Brandt Workshop on the Interaction of Charged Particles with Solids and conducting collaborative research with two physicists at Tokyo University. The Werner Brandt Workshops are organized by members of the traveler's group, led by Dr. R. H. Ritchie, with advice from an international committee. The traveler participated in planning for the next in the series of workshops, which will be held in or near the traveler's home base. Oak Ridge, Tennessee, in early 1992. He interacted with scientists from Japan, Spain, USSR, Israel, and other countries, initiated plans for a new collaboration with a Japanese scientist, and renewed existing collaborations, At Tokyo University, the traveler performed collaborative research with Professors Y. Yamazaki and K. Komaki on two topics of importance to the traveler's programs with the Department of Energy (DOE).

This report highlights activities, events, and analyses of interest to public and private sector oganizations associated with the natural gas industry. Volume and price data are presented each month for natural gas production, distribution, consumption, and interstate pipeline activities. Producer-related activities and underground storage data are also reported. 33 tabs.

Research continued on catalysts of coal liquefaction. Estimates of liquid circulation rates were obtained from an analysis of the cold model data and a plot of these values versus stirrer speed appears to be unique for the 60{degree} axial impeller. The recycle ration is typically of the order of 1000/1 or greater, and for all practical purposes the reactor may be treated as a perfectly mixed reactor. The work up of hydrotreating Run PDJ03 is complete. The run was terminated prematurely due to a rupture disk failure, but eight of the ten planned balance periods were completed. Carbon material balances were slightly high, ranging from 100.7% to 106.7%. Reaction rates for hydrogen uptake, hydrodesulfurization and hydrodenitrogenation were calculated. The catalyst did not deactivate significantly for the duration of the run and no evidence of catalyst attrition was observed after 215 hours of service. 8 refs., 4 figs., 2 tabs.

This report describes research on oil shale. Above ground retorting, process modeling, and shale oil coking kinetics over oxidized recycle shale are discussed. 13 refs., 13 figs., 12 tabs.

This is a report of the progress during the past year of the shock-tube study of the Richtmyer-Meshkov instability, initiated under the sponsorship of the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory in September, 1982. The purpose of this research program, as stated in the original proposal, is: to investigate the nonlinear processes initiated by shock wave interaction with gas-gas interfaces. In particular, the nonlinear stage of shock-initiated Rayleigh-Taylor instability, the secondary instabilities (e.g., Kelvin-Helmholtz instability) arising therefrom and the concomitant mixing of the two fluids are of interest.''

The objective of the Consensus Building process for a national energy strategy would be to generate several concrete products, including: (1) An inventory of possible packages which could represent acceptable energy strategies for most key constituencies in developing a fair, efficient wise, and sustainable national energy policy; (2) An inventory of strategic dead ends and policy positions that could generate fierce opposition from specific stakeholding groups if they emerge as part of the eventual strategy, absent compensating trade offs; and, (3) An inventor of the interests and assumptions of the many opposing constituencies. The process would be a sophisticated proving ground where collaborative problem solving techniques could be applied and evaluated. This report in the American Energy Assurance Council's 12-step recommendation for consensus building. They recommend an eight-month timeframe for this project, although they recognize that many interested parties may perceive this as too long. If a shorter timeframe is required, these 12 steps could be time compressed and still produce meaningful results.

The objective of the Consensus Building process for a national energy strategy would be to generate several concrete products, including: (1) An inventory of possible packages which could represent acceptable energy strategies for most key constituencies in developing a fair, efficient wise, and sustainable national energy policy; (2) An inventory of strategic dead ends and policy positions that could generate fierce opposition from specific stakeholding groups if they emerge as part of the eventual strategy, absent compensating trade offs; and, (3) An inventor of the interests and assumptions of the many opposing constituencies. The process would be a sophisticated proving ground where collaborative problem solving techniques could be applied and evaluated. This report in the American Energy Assurance Council`s 12-step recommendation for consensus building. They recommend an eight-month timeframe for this project, although they recognize that many interested parties may perceive this as too long. If a shorter timeframe is required, these 12 steps could be time compressed and still produce meaningful results.

The Plutonium Experimental Facility (PEF) will be used to develop a new fuel pellet fabrication process and to evaluate equipment upgrades. The facility was used from 1978 until 1982 to optimize the parameters for fuel pellet production using a process which was developed at Los Alamos National Laboratory. The PEF was shutdown and essentially abandoned until mid-1987 when the facility renovations were initiated by the Actinide Technology Section (ATS) of SRL. A major portion of the renovation work was related to the restart of the hot press system. This report describes the renovations and modifications which were required to restart the PEF hot press. The primary purpose of documenting this work is to help provide a basis for Separations to determine the best method of renovating the hot press in the Plutonium Fuel Fabrication (PuFF) facility. This report also includes several SRL recommendations concerning the renovation and modification of the PuFF hot press. 4 refs.

The traveler took the opportunity to participate in a mini-sabbatical at the Institute of Terrestrial Ecology (ITE) in Edinburgh, Scotland, as a part of planned travel to Glasgow, Scotland, to attend the International Conference on Acidic Precipitation. The purpose of the sabbatical was to provide quality time for study and interchange of ideas with scientists at ITE working on physiological effects of acidic deposition and to allocate significant time for writing and synthesizing of results of physiological studies from the National Forest Response Program's Spruce/Fir Research Cooperative. The study focused on the very significant cytological and physiological effects of calcium deficiency in trees, a response that appears to be amplified in spruce by acidic deposition.

This document presents our proposal to continue the activities of Boston University researchers in eight projects in high energy physics research: Colliding Beams Physics; Accelerator Design Physics; MACRO Project; Proton Decay Project; Theoretical Particle Physics; Muon G-2 Project; and Hadron Collider Physics. The scope of each of these projects is presented in detail in this paper.

The field of Resonance Ionization Spectroscopy grew out of work done in the Photophysics Group at Oak Ridge National Laboratory. As one of the original developers of this field the traveler has continued to attend this meeting on a regular basis. The traveler was originally asked to present an invited talk and to present part of a short course offered to graduate students attending the conference. Subsequently, the traveler was also asked to chair a session and to be a judge of the students papers entered in a contest for a $1000 first prize.

OAK B188 Response of Tundra Ecosystems to Elevated Atmospheric CO{sub 2}. Atmospheric CO{sub 2} is expected to double by the end of the next century. Global mean increases in surface air temperature of 1.5-4.5 C are anticipated with larger increases towards the poles predicted. Changes in CO{sub 2} levels and temperature could have major impacts on ecosystem functioning, including primary productivity, species composition, plant-animal interactions, and carbon storage. Until recently, there has been little direct information on the impact of changes in CO{sub 2} and temperature on native ecosystems. The study described here was undertaken to evaluate the effects of a 50 and 100% increase in atmospheric CO{sub 2}, and a 100% increase in atmospheric CO{sub 2} coupled with a 4 C summer air temperature rise on the structure and function of an arctic tussock tundra ecosystem. The arctic contains large stores of carbon as soil organic matter, much frozen in permafrost and currently not reactive or available for oxidation and release into the atmosphere. About 10-27% of the world's terrestrial carbon occurs in arctic and boreal regions, and carbon is accumulating in these regions at the rate of 0.19 GT y{sup -1}. Mean temperature increases of 11 C and …

OAK (B204) Response of Tundra Ecosystems to Elevated Atmospheric CO{sub 2} Part 3 of 3.

The traveler attended the 10th International Conference on Conduction and Breakdown in dielectric Liquids held in Grenoble, France, September 10--14, 1990. He chaired the opening session of the conference, presented one paper, co-authored a second paper presented at the meeting, participated in the discussions during the formal sessions, and had informal discussions with many of the participants.