The results of analyses of the airborne gamma radiation and total magnetic field survey flown for the region identified as the Bozeman National Topographic Map NL12-8 are presented in Volume I and II of this report. The airborne data gathered are reduced by ground computer facilities to yield profile plots of the basic uranium, thorium, and potassium equivalent gamma radiation intensities, ratios of these intensities, aircraft altitude above the earth's surface, total gamma ray and earth's magnetic field intensity, correlated as a function of geologic units. The distribution of data within each geologic unit, for all surveyed map lines and tie lines, has been calculated and is included. Two sets of profiled data for each line are included with one set displaying the above-cited data. The second set includes only flight line magnetic field, temperature, pressure, altitude data plus magnetic field data as measured at a base station. A general description of the area, including descriptions of the various geologic units and the corresponding airborne data, is included also.

The kinetics of precipitation reactions in geothermal brines can be studied accurately only if the brine samples are collected and examined under anaerobic conditions and with minimum cooling. Apparatus and techniques were developed that achieve this for brine temperatures below 100/sup 0/C. The concentration of suspended solids is measured gravimetrically after filtration, and the concentration of dissolved silica is measured by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Data from Woolsey No. 1 well of the Salton Sea Geothermal Field illustrate typical results of the procedures.

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The status of the following studies is given: calorimetry and thermodynamics of nuclear materials; americium recovery and purification; optimization of the cation exchange process for recovering americium and plutonium from molten net extraction residues; evaluation and comparison of bidentate extractants and methods for actinide recovery; a combined anion exchange-bidontate organophosphorus extraction process for molten salt extraction residues; a combined anion exchange-extraction chromatography technique for secondary recovery; plutonium recovery in the Advanced Size Reduction Facility; decontamination of Rocky Flats soil; separating lead and calcium from americium by chromate and oxalate precipitation; demonstration of the pyroredox process in the induction-heated, tilt-pour furnace; process development for recovery of americium from vacuum melt furnace crucibles; plutonium peroxide precipitation process; and a comparative study of annular and Raschig ring-filled tanks.

The conceptual design of a solar process steam system began with studies and evaluations of various alternative design configurations. From these evaluations a final candidate design configuration was selected which is to be used for further detailed analysis and engineering. An evaluation of various types of distributed collector systems is presented. Cost-effectiveness of various distributed collectors was determined on the basis of total relative cost (including foundation and installation) of the collector per square foot of collector surface for the same thermal output at noon. The considerations used to select the optimum site also are given. System optimization studies are presented, including a discussion of whether a storage facility should be provided. It was found that none is required. Three alternate system configurations are described, optimized, and compared and a final concept is selected in which water is partially boiled in the slat type collectors and steam is separated in a steam drum. A cost-effectiveness criterion based on the unit cost of net annual thermal energy generated was used in the optimization studies and is discussed. The impact of the system on the environment is assessed and a preliminary safety analysis is presented. (LEW)

Detailed estimates shown for the respective states are based largely on existing contracts and grants which are assumed to continue in 1980. Some DOE programs cannot be identified at the contractor level, and some elements of programs cannot be identified by states. These are listed in an Undesignated category. FY 1979 estimates are given; it is felt that Congressional actions on the FY 1980 budgets may affect the estimates shown.

Several methods for cleaning uranium samples prior to carbon analysis, using a Leco Carbon Analyzer, were evaluated. Use of Oakite Aluminum NST Cleaner followed by water and acetone rinse was found to be the best overall technique.

High-frequency electromagnetic probing is used to monitor the rate and direction of flow of fluids injected into the ground. This method shows the potential for providing more detailed information than procedures presently used. The experimental technique and the test-of-concept experimental results are discussed. This technique has applications in oil-reservoir engineering and in hydrology studies concerning storage of chemical and nuclear wastes. 11 figures.

Voitenko compressors are used to generate 43 mm/..mu..s air shocks in both a steel and a grout outlet pipe containing ambient atmospheric air. Fiber-optic ports provide diaphragm burst times, time-of-arrival (TOA) data, and velocities for the shock front along the 20-mm-ID exit pipes. Pressure profiles are obtained at higher enthalpy shock propagation than ever before and at many locations along the exit pipes. Numerous other electronic sensors and postshot observations are described, as well as experimental results. The primary objectives of the experiments are as follows: (1) provide a data base for normalization/improvement of existing finite-difference codes that describe high-energy air shocks and gas propagation; (2) obtain quantitative results on the relative attenuation effects of two very different wall materials for high-energy air shocks and gas flows. The extensive experimental results satisfy both objectives.

At the request of the Department of Energy, field techniques were developed to evaluate and improve the injection of brine into wells at Strategic Petroleum Reserve (SPR) sites. These wells are necessary for the disposal of saturated brine removed from salt domes where oil is being stored. The wells, which were accepting brine at 50 percent or less of their initial design rates, were impaired by saturated brine containing particulates that deposited on the sand face and in the geologic formation next to the wellbore. Corrosion of the brine-disposal pipelines and injection wells contributed to the impairment by adding significant amounts of particulates in the form of corrosion products. When tests were implemented at the SPR sites, it was found that the poor quality of injected brines was the primary cause of impaired injection; that granular-media filtration, when used with chemical pretreatment, is an effective method for removing particulates from hypersaline brine; that satisfactory injection-well performance can be attained with prefiltered brines; and that corrosion rates can be substantially reduced by oxygen-scavenging.

A comprehensive set of kerma factors for neutrons and photons has been computed for the International Commission on Radiological Protection's (ICRP) standard man, ICRP soft tissue, ICRP red bone marrow, ICRP eye lens, H/sub 2/O, dry air, Al, Si, /sup 32/S, Ar, and four thermoluminescent dosimeter materials. The energy range for neutrons is 10/sup -9/ to 20 MeV, divided into 175 energy groups. For photons, the energy range is 10/sup -3/ to 20 MeV, and kerma factors are calculated at 144 energy values. The kerma factors were computed using the neutron group-averaged and photon pointwise Evaluated Nuclear Data Library. Results are compared with those in other works where appropriate. The use of kerma factors to convert fluence to absorbed-dose index for ICRP tissue is discussed.

Gamma-ray spectroscopy measurements have been made on mixed uranium and plutonium oxides in sealed containers to determine the uranium and plutonium enrichment and isotopics. Experimental results obtained using two different methods were in good agreement with the known contents. The first method is applicable to thick samples of freshly reprocessed mixed oxide and determines isotopic abundances from measured absolute gamma-ray intensities. Measurement times depend on plutonium enrichment, but for mixed oxide enriched to 12% in plutonium, the fissionable content can be determined to better than 0.5% in 2 h. The second approach utilizes intensity ratios of selected pairs of gamma-rays to determine plutonium enrichment and uranium and plutonium isotopes. This method requires at least 12 h to determine the plutonium enrichment to an accuracy of 0.5%. However, it cannot be applied until the /sup 238/U daughter activities in the mixed oxide reach equilibrium, which requires at least 5 months after separation. Preliminary conclusions drawn from these two noninvasive and nondestructive measurement techniques, and recommendations for future experiments are discussed.

Energy-dispersive x-ray fluorescence analysis can be used for quantitative on-line monitoring of the product concentrations in single- or dual-element process streams in a reprocessing plant. The 122-keV gamma ray from /sup 57/Co is used to excite the K x-rays of uranium and/or plutonium in nitric acid solution streams. A collimated HPGe detector is used to measure the excited x-ray intensities. Net solution radioactivity may be measured by eclipsing the exciting radiation, or by measuring it simultaneously with a second detector. The technique is nondestructive and noninvasive, and is easily adapted directly to pipes containing the solution of interest. The dynamic range of the technique extends from below 1 to 500 g/l. Measurement times depend on concentration, but better than 1% counting statistics can be obtained in 100 s for 400 g/l concentrations, and in 1000 s for as little as 10 g/l. Calibration accuracies of 0.3% or better over the entire dynamic range can be achieved easily using carefully prepared standards. Computer-based analysis equipment allows concentration changes in flowing streams to be dynamically monitored. Changes in acid normality of the stream will affect the concentration determined, hence it must also be determined by measuring the intensity of a transmitted /sup …

In an effort to upgrade outdated instrumentation and to take advantage of current and imminent technologies the Nuclear Chemistry Division at Lawrence Livermore Laboratory is about to undertake a major upgrade of their low level radiation counting and analysis facilities. It is expected that such a project will make a more coordinated data acquisition and data processing system, reduce manual data handling operations and speed up data processing throughput. Before taking on a systems design it is appropriate to establish a definition of the requirements of the facilities. This report examines why such a project is necessary in the context of the current and projected operations, needs, problems, risks and costs. The authors also address a functional specification as a prelude to a system design and the design constraints implicit in the systems implementation. Technical, operational and economic assessments establish necessary boundary conditions for this discussion. This report also establishes the environment in which the requirements definition may be considered valid. The validity of these analyses is contingent on known and projected technical, scientific and political conditions.

This report disucsses the development of on-line state and parameter estimators used to analyze the structural response of buildings. The estimator/identifier is an extended Kalman filter (EKF), which has been applied with great success in other technological areas. It is shown that the EKF can perform quite well on simulated noisy structural response data.

The major objective of this program is to define and verify a process sequence for the fabrication of solar cell modules from dendritic web silicon. Another objective is the development of key process steps. The process sequence and the individual steps must be amenable to automation and low cost manufacturing methods so that the target selling price of $0.70/watt peak (1980$ in 1986) can be achieved. Two process specifications supplied by other contractors have been tested. The Al Silk Screening Process by Spectrolab resulted in cells comparable to those from sputtered Al. The electroless plating of contacts specification supplied by Motorola could be used only with extensive modification. Several experiments suggest that there is some degradation of the front junction during the A1 BSF formation. A SAMICS cost analysis of this process yielded a selling price of $0.75/watt peak in 1980$.

The electric utility sector sub-model within PIES uses a number of modeling approximations in order to formulate the power plant dispatch in a linear programming framework. Several such modeling details were studied using a probabilistic dispatch model (PROMOD III) to quantify the error introduced by each. These tests indicate that PIES tends to significantly underpredict the consumption of high cost fuels (distillates, etc.) by the electric utility sector. Two adjustments to the PIES model are suggested as means of overcoming this problem.

A summary of total cumulative fuel consumption differences by fuel type through 1990 for four improvement scenarios is presented for Commonwealth Edison Company (CE) and for Illinois Power Company (IP). In all scenarios, liquid-fuel consumption is reduced. Generation is shifted to the coal and/or nuclear units for which improved availability has been assumed. For a 2% improvement in both planned (POR) and forced outage rates (FOR), a total of more than 16 million barrels of No. 6 oil will have been saved by 1990 by the two companies. This is the result of improving 10,894 MW on the CE system and 2234 MW on the IP system. For the two utilities combined, gross savings (in 1978 dollars) range from $83 million for a 1% POR improvement to $346 million for 2% improvements in both POR and FOR. In terms of their effect on ratepayers, these savings would be even greater since gross receipt taxes and other charges would be applied to a smaller-generation cost base under the improvement scenarios. Caution must be exercised however, since results do not take into consideration the costs of achieving the improved performance. The proportion of net benefits that would be passed on to ratepayers …

Efforts of this task indicate that powerplant productivity is a complex issue that has to take into account economic factors, equipment limitations, and system-loading characteristics as well as external constraints such as regulatory requirements. Among the specific findings are: (1) utilities in Illinois use the industry-wide measures of performance such as capacity factor, availability factor, forced outage rates etc.; equivalent availability as a measure is not in common practice; (2) several unit performance statistics are collected on a routine basis such as the daily unit status, component outage data, monthly production figures etc.; (3) identifying major causes of lost productivity appears to be a relatively simple task, but finding economically and technically acceptable corrective actions are generally more difficult; (4) selection of improvement projects, as well as evaluating their future impacts, is mostly based on operating experience and engineering judgement, with no use of formal analytical/statistical models; (5) there generally is a group in every utility - typically called the power production department - with routine responsibilities for upkeep of unit productivity; and (6) recently the Commonwealth Edison Co. has developed a procedure for utilizing the Edison Electric Institute outage data base for analyzing productivity-related questions at nuclear plants; this …

The Linear Free Electron Laser is numerically analyzed in the one dimensional limit by following an average (resonant) particle. Several different wiggler schemes are presented, and electron beam current density requirements are discussed. A variable phase angle buncher is also proposed.

Results are presented for the 1/5-scale Mark I boiling water reactor pressure suppression experiment. The objective of this study is to calculate the hydrodynamic vertical load function (HVLF) and the maximum download and maximum upload ratios for the 90/sup 0/ sector to 7.5/sup 0/ section (i.e., the 3D to 2D ratios) together with their associated error bounds. Special graphs are presented of the pressure data that are useful in diagnostic studies of the HVLF. These graphs are three dimensional plots which depict the spatially dependent pressure as a function of time. These plots are qualitative but present an overview, not available by other means, which permits grasp of the subtle complex pattern of transient spatial changes in pressure excited by the dynamics in the pool. Sufficient text is included to describe the general feature of each plot.

A regional-scale data base, consisting of wind and temperature data for June and July of 1977, was developed for the greater San Francisco Bay Area and eastward to the Central Valley. Continuous meteorological measurements were made in the area of a windy pass (Patterson Pass) 3 km east of Lawrence Livermore Laboratory. This area was chosen because of its complex terrain and importance as a downwind topographic feature affecting the dispersal of possible accidental atmospheric releases from the Laboratory and as an area of high wind-energy potential. The results of this study provided the following: (1) a data base, including over 50 stations for use in numerical wind-field regional-scale-model validation; (2) characterization of summer sea breese oscillations of approx. 6 and 12 days (this analysis is useful in calculating wind-power persistence and in understanding summer sea-breeze mechanisms in the Bay Area); and (3) successful application of an optical space-averaging wind sensor over a 1-km path across a pass to provide long-path averaged data more suitable for regional, numerical wind-field models with kilometre-size grid elements.

The intent of this study is to determine the extent of delays experienced in planning and constructing transmission lines in the continental United States. The reasons for the delays are identified for each line studied and their effect on the total electrical system is sought. Data was collected for 136 different lines either recently built or currently under study. Statistics were developed for each line in several categories and comparisons of lines delayed were made by company, area served and generation capacity. From the study presented here it was found that: right-of-way acquisition procedures including condemnation and easement negotiation practices delay more projects than local, state and federal regulatory requirements combined; load growth reductions particularly in the east have reduced the impact of regulatory delays; the south, southeast and southwestern areas of the country experience fewer delays in constructing transmission lines than the more populated states, and the cost for corridor delays was responded to for only 17 of the 142 projects surveyed. By far the most costly delay is the expense of condemning land for transmission right-of-way.

The TMX Supermodel is an attempt to synthesize all presently known experimental observations and theoretical scaling laws concerning particle and energy losses into a comprehensive zero-dimensional description of plasma confinement in the center cell and plugs of TMX. A list of important loss processes and physical effects included in the present state of evolution of the supermodel is given.