The objective of the research program is to develop and analyze new concepts for absorption cycles to improve the performance or reduce the cost (or both) of a 3-ton absorption chiller that can be used with solar-collected heat. New refrigerant-absorbent pairs, additives to currently used refrigerant-absorbent pairs, and modifications to the cycle are being investigated. For the initial analyses the use of a fluid at 160 to 230/sup 0/F from a solar collector as a heating source is assumed. In the initial analyses the chiller is to provide chilled water at 45/sup 0/F at full load; alternatively, if a new refrigerant-absorbent pair appears to be amenable for direct cooling of the occupied space, the temperature of the evaporator is to be 45/sup 0/F. Both water cooling and air cooling of the absorber and the condenser are being studied. The use of ambient air at 95/sup 0/F dry bulb and 75/sup 0/F wet bulb temperatures is assumed. With the water-cooled cycles, the initial and operating costs of a properly sized cooling tower will be included. The research consists of five principal tasks: (a) acquisition of information for analysis, (b) definition of criteria for selection of promising refrigerant-absorbent pairs, additives for currently …

Beryllium casting is a relatively new technology with the successful cast of large ingots being developed during the last decade. In 1961, Rocky Flats initiated a beryllium ingot-sheet fabrication process that included the development of new techniques to consistently cast large sound beryllium ingots. This report reviews the casting technology that was developed to cast these beryllium ingots on a production basis along with some of the remaining technical problems requiring additional development work.

Consider the problem of testing goodness-of-fit to a specified location-scale family when evidence is to be combined from several independent samples, from populations with possibly different location and scale parameters. The procedure studied is that of computing standardized residuals from each sample and then combining these into one set to be treated essentially as though they came from one sample. It is shown that the limiting distribution of any location-scale invariant goodness-of-fit statistic so applied is precisely the same as for the corresponding one-sample problem. 13 references.

The Emergency Core Cooling System (ECCS) for the LOFT reactor may need to be disabled for modifications or repairs of hardware or instrumentation or for component testing during periods when the reactor system is hot and pressurized, or it may be desirable to enable the ECCS to be disabled without the necessity of cooling down and depressurizing the reactor. LTR 113-47 has shown that the LOFT ECCS can be safely bypassed or disabled when the total core power does not exceed 25 kW. A modified policy involves disabling the automatic actuation of the LOFT ECCS, but still retaining the manual activation capability. Disabling of the automatic actuation can be safely utilized, without subjecting the fuel cladding to unacceptable temperatures, when the LOFT power decays to 70 kW; this power level permits a maximum delay of 20 minutes following a LOCA for the manual actuation of ECCS.

The purpose of this investigation was to determine the corrosion behavior of a high strength steel (ASTM A416-74 grade 270), typical of those used as tensioning tendons in prestressed concrete pressure vessels, in several corrosive environments and to demonstrate the protection afforded by coating the steel with either of two commercial petroleum-base greases or Portland Cement grout. In addition, the few reported incidents of prestressing steel failures in concrete pressure vessels used for containment of nuclear reactors are reviewed. The susceptibility of the steel to stress corrosion cracking and hydrogen embrittlement and its general corrosion rate were determined in several salt solutions. Wires coated with the greases and grout were soaked for long periods in the same solutions and changes in their mechanical properties were subsequently determined. All three coatings appeared to give essentially complete protection but small flaws in the grease coatings were detrimental; flaws or cracks less than 1 mm wide in the grout were without effect.

The details of a shingle module design which produces in excess of 97 watts/m/sup 2/ of module area at 1 kW/m/sup 2/ insolation and at 60/sup 0/C are reported. This selected design employs a tempered glass coverplate to provide the primary solar cell structural support. The use of the B.F. Goodrich FLEXSEAL roofing system as the outer skin of the shingle substrate provides a high confidence of achieving the 15 year service life goal. The fabrication and testing of a preproduction module of this design has demonstrated that this selected approach will meet the environmental testing requirements imposed by the contract. Attempts to fabricate a preproduction module of an alternative design, which embeds the solar cell assembly within a methyl methacrylate casting, proved unsuccessful.

The fabrication and testing phase of the program to develop a shingle-type solar cell module is well underway. Six modules are currently being subjected to a qualification testing program which consists of both thermal cycling and humidity exposures followed by a mechanical integrity test to simulate wind loads. Fabrication of the remainder of the 50 deliverable modules is proceeding.

An assessment is provided on the viability of dual topological unitarization as a practical scheme for organizing and interpreting hadronic phenomena at current machine energies. Previous detailed reviews are complemented, with emphasis on phenomenological aspects and more recent developments. Diffraction scattering, a test of P--f identity hypothesis, the flavor model, the P--f identity versus the Veneziano two-jet picture, and an illustration of the new phenomenology are included. 24 references. (JFP)

Lawrence Livermore Laboratory is conducting a safeguards program for the Nuclear Regulatory Commission. The goal of the Material Control Project of this program is to evaluate material control and accounting (MCA) methods in plants that handle special nuclear material (SNM). To this end we designed and implemented the dynamic chemical plant simulation program DYNSYL. This program can be used to generate process data or to provide estimates of process performance; it simulates both steady-state and dynamic behavior. The MCA methods that may have to be evaluated range from sophisticated on-line material trackers such as Kalman filter estimators, to relatively simple material balance procedures. This report describes the overall structure of DYNSYL and includes some example problems. The code is still in the experimental stage and revision is continuing.

At the Lawrence Livermore Laboratory, about 10% of the sampling effort in the environmental monitoring program represents replicate sample collection. Replication of field samples was initiated as part of the quality assurance program for environmental monitoring to determine the reproducibility of environmental measurements. In the laboratory these replicates are processed along with routine samples. As all components of variance are included in analysis of such field samples, comparison of the analytical data from replicate analyses provides a basis for estimating the overall reproducibility of the measurements. The replication study indicates that the reproducibility of environmental radioactivity monitoring data is subject to considerably more variability than is indicated by the accompanying counting errors. The data are also compared with analyses of duplicate aliquots from a well mixed sample or with duplicate aliquots of samples with known radionuclide content. These comparisons show that most of the variability is associated with the collection and preparation of the sample rather than with the analytical procedures.

Experimental values for the kerma per unit fluence at the neutron energy, E/sub n/ = 15 MeV, have been determined for graphite, Mg, and Fe. Ion chambers of small size with walls of these materials were employed, and were filled with a variety of gases--N/sub 2/, CO/sub 2/, Ne, Ar, Kr, and Xe. A calibrated neutron source was employed, allowing a straightforward determination of the kerma per unit fluence.

A filter fluorescer experiment has been installed and operated on the Argus laser system of the Lawrence Livermore Laboratory. X-ray spectra have been measured between 20 and 116 keV from laser produced plasmas. Three spectral cuts were made in this region (20 to 29, 47 to 61 and 80 to 116 keV) with an additional channel providing a measure of the high energy response (> 116 keV) of the third channel. We have measured x-ray spectra from laser shots of 600 to 900 J in 1 ns with intensities of 3 x 10/sup 14/ to 3 x 10/sup 15/ W/cm/sup 2/ incident on Au disks.

Most detailed fusion target design is done by numerical simulation using large computers. Although numerical simulation is briefly discussed, this lecture deals primarily with the way in which basic physical arguments, driver technology considerations and economical power production requirements are used to guide and augment the simulations. Physics topics discussed include target energetics, preheat, stability and symmetry. A specific design example is discussed.

Control technologies to manage environmental impacts from geothermal developments in California's Imperial Valley from development to 1985 are discussed. Included are descriptions of methods for managing land subsidence by fluid injection; for preventing undesirable induced seismicity or mitigating the effects of seismic events; for managing liquid wastes through pretreatment or subsurface injection; for controlling H/sub 2/S by dispersal, reinjection, and chemical treatment of effluents; and for minimizing the impact of noise from power plants by setting up buffer zones and exclusion areas.

Expanded development of total-flow expander technology in order to obtain efficient energy extraction from the liquid flow component of the geothermal well flow, in addition to steam enthalpy conversion, has been undertaken by the University of California, Lawrence Livermore Laboratory (LLL). The flow conditions necessary for this type of complete system performance characterization are beyond the capabilities of the test facility utilized in the preliminary tests at the LLL hot-water test facility. As an alternative to increasing the existing facility to meet the expanded test requirements, test facilities in the industrial California community are being surveyed to assess their capability in supporting future tests of the LLL expander. Biphase Engines, Inc. of Santa Monica, California was contracted by LLL to perform this survey. The goal of the Biphase Engines survey is to identify organizations with, first, an interest in supporting the LLL turbine test program and, second, to review their test capabilities with respect to the turbine test requirements. The results of the survey are described in the following sections which includes a listing of all organizations contacted. The responses to all inquiries are given. The affirmative responses to the test-support requirement are detailed with a description of the test …

An investigation of available data on the saturation state of seawater with respect to calcium carbonate and its possible significance for scale formation on Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) heat exchangers has been carried out. Pertinent oceanographic data is lacking at or near potential OTEC sites for the calculation of the degree of saturation of seawater with respect to calcium carbonate. Consequently, only ''extrapolated'' saturation values can be used. These indicate that near surface seawater is probably supersaturated, with respect to the calcium carbonate phases calcite and aragonite, at all potential OTEC sites. The deep seawater that would be brought to the surface at the potential Atlantic Ocean sites is also likely to be supersaturated with respect to calcium carbonate. The deep seawater at the potential Pacific Ocean sites may be slightly undersaturated. The fact that OTEC heat exchangers will be operating in seawater, which is supersaturated with respect to calcium carbonate, means that if nucleation of calcite or aragonite occurs on the heat exchanger surfaces, significant growth rates of calcium carbonate scale may be expected. The potential for calcium carbonate nucleation is highest at cathodic metal surface locations, which are produced as the result of aluminum corrosion in seawater. …

A redesign of the LOFT instrument penetration necessitated a reanalysis of the thermal conditions existing in the nozzle and flange during a Loss of Coolant Experiment (LOCE). The maximum temperature gradient existing in the instrument flange will be used to determine the thermal stresses and maximum number of allowable cycles for the instrument flange. Based upon the specification and thermal conditions predicted by RELAP4/MOD5, the maximum temperature gradient through the flange will not exceed 216/sup 0/F. The thermal conditions predicted by RELAP4/MOD2 for the nozzle head penetration assembly were less severe than those used in the original thermal-stress analysis, so only the flange was analyzed here. If the thermal stresses are marginal with the 216/sup 0/F ..delta..T, a more detailed analysis should be done as the heat slab model used in RELAP is only one dimensional. Conservative hand calculations were performed for a heatup rate of 100/sup 0/F per hour and it was determined that the worst temperature gradient through the flange will be less than 81/sup 0/F.

This paper discusses some of the material considerations for inertially confined fusion reactors. A comparison of the material considerations for inertially confined reactors is made with those of magnetically confined reactors. The lithium fall reactor concept is used as an example of the freedom from constraints intrinsic to inertially-confined fusion reactors.

The motion of cloud shadows across a collector field for a central receiver solar power plant can affect the design of such a facility. Cloud models were developed to be used for basis of design in technology areas. The first effect, that of the temperature gradient, is simulated by postulating the worst case cloud situation. The cyclic effects require realistic cloud shadow time histories for simulation. Cloud shadow models were developed to determine probable cloud type, the cloud area and shape, cloud velocity and cloud-to-cloud spacing. The probability of cloud occurrence is estimated. A collector field computer program is run to determine the effect of cloud variables on collector field power delivery capability. Recommendation of cloud models to be used for basis of design are then made.

Biological monitoring programs, as well as relevant radioecological research studies, are reviewed at specific Department of Energy facilities; the program at Oak Ridge National Laboratory is discussed in detail. The biological measurements that are being used for interpreting the impact of a facility on its surrounding environment and nearby population are given. Suggestions which could facilitate interlaboratory comparison studies are presented.

The objective of Phase I of this project is to support the Solar Central Receiver Power Plant research, development and demonstration effort by: (1) Establishment of a heliostat design, with associated manufacturing, assembly, installation and maintenance approaches, that, in quantity production will yield significant reductions in capital and operating costs over an assumed 30 year plant lifetime as compared with existing designs. (2) Identification of needs for near term and further research and development in heliostat concept, materials, manufacture, installation, maintenance, and other areas, where successful accomplishment and application would offer significant payoffs in the further reduction of the cost of electrical energy from Solar Central Receiver Power Plants. The Phase I study will define a low-cost heliostat preliminary design and the conceptual design of a heliostat manufacturing/installation plan which will result in low life cycle cost when produced and installed at high rate and large quantities for commercial Solar Central Receiver Power Plants. The study will develop the annualized life cycle cost and the performance of heliostats for a 30 year plant life, for each of three rates of continuous production and installation. The three specified rates are 25,000, 250,000, and 1,000,000 heliostats per year. The analysis of these …

The purpose of this manual is to present procedures to execute the Spent Nuclear Fuel Storage Model (SNFSM) program. This manual includes an overview of the model, operating environment, input and output specifications and user procedures. An example of the execution of the program is included to assist potential users.

The FRS is a pool structure and enclosing building constructed in 1966 for storing spent nuclear fuel. The enclosing building was not analyzed. The pool structure's responses to operating loads, seismic excitation, and an accidentally dropped cask were determined. Locations in the FRS pool were identified where structural strength would be exceeded in the event of an earthquake of 0.2 g maximum ground acceleration or an accident in which a cask dropped from the maximum height of the crane hook used to maneuver it. 25 figures, 4 tables.

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