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9/11 Terrorism: Global Economic Costs
The 9/11 attacks were part of Al Qaeda’s strategy to disrupt Western economies and impose both direct and secondary costs on the United States and other nations. The immediate costs were the physical damage, loss of lives and earnings, slower world economic growth, and capital losses on stock markets. Indirect costs include higher insurance and shipping fees, diversion of time and resources away from enhancing productivity to protecting and insuring property, public loss of confidence, and reduced demand for travel and tourism. In a broader sense, the 9/11 attacks led to the invasions and occupations of Afghanistan and Iraq (and the Global War on Terrorism) and perhaps emboldened terrorists to attack in Bali, Spain, Morocco, and Saudi Arabia. A policy question for Congress is how to evaluate the costs and benefits of further spending to counter terrorism and its economic impact.
Date:
October 5, 2004
Creator:
Nanto, Dick K.
System:
The UNT Digital Library
The 2004 Insurance Broker Investigations: An Overview
From Summary: This report briefly summarizes the events that occurred and the issues, they raised in regards to violations of state laws, against Marsh & McClennan Companies and Marsh, Inc, which the Attorney General of the Sate of New York filling a civil law suit.
Date:
November 5, 2004
Creator:
Webel, Baird
System:
The UNT Digital Library
The 2009 Influenza A (H1N1) "Swine Flu" Outbreak: An Overview
This report provides an overview of key actions taken and authorities invoked by WHO and the U.S. government. First, it discusses the WHO process to determine the phase of a threatened or emerging flu pandemic and touches on a number of related issues. The report then examines actions taken by the Departments of Homeland Security and Health and Human Services and provides information about appropriations and funding for pandemic flu activities.
Date:
May 5, 2009
Creator:
Lister, Sarah A. & Redhead, C. S.
System:
The UNT Digital Library
2012-2013 Presidential Election Period: National Security Considerations and Options
This report discusses historical national security-related presidential transition activities, provides a representative sampling of national security issues a new Administration may encounter, and offers considerations and options relevant to each of the five phases of the presidential election period. Each phase has distinct challenges and opportunities for the incoming Administration, the outgoing Administration, and Congress. This report is intended to provide a framework for national security considerations during the current election period and will be updated to reflect the election outcome.
Date:
October 5, 2012
Creator:
Rollins, John
System:
The UNT Digital Library
2015 Leaders' Summit on U.N. Peacekeeping
This report discusses the outcome of the 2015 Leaders' Summit on U.N. Peacekeeping, which might elevate ongoing congressional interest in several policy issues related to U.N. peacekeeping.
Date:
October 5, 2015
Creator:
Weed, Matthew C. & Blanchfield, Luisa
System:
The UNT Digital Library
The 2015 National Security Strategy: Authorities, Changes, Issues for Congress
This report discusses the National Security Strategy (NSS), a document released by the Obama Administration which states that its purpose is to "set out the principles and priorities to guide the use of American power and influence in the world."
Date:
April 5, 2016
Creator:
Lucas, Nathan J. & McInnis, Kathleen J.
System:
The UNT Digital Library
The 2018 National Defense Strategy
This report discusses the 2018 National Defense Strategy which lays out the goals and methods of the Defense Department for the year.
Date:
February 5, 2018
Creator:
McInnis, Kathleen J.
System:
The UNT Digital Library
21st Century Community Learning Centers: Background and Funding
This report summarizes the reauthorized Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA) which contains the 21st Century Community Learning Centers (21st CCLC) program. The report covers the history of the ESEA as well as what is new in the reauthorization. Moreover, the report includes how grants are selected now, and the new focus of the program which is now exclusively for after-school-hours activities for children.
Date:
February 5, 2008
Creator:
McCallion, Gail
System:
The UNT Digital Library
21st Century U.S. Energy Sources: A Primer
This report provides an overview of U.S. energy issues, and suggests related information, data, and CRS contacts. It is mainly organized around the major fuels and energy sources: resources on federal lands, oil, natural gas, electric, coal, nuclear power, and renewable energy.
Date:
November 5, 2018
Creator:
Ratner, Michael; Bracmort, Kelsi; Brown, Phillip; Campbell, Richard J.; Holt, Mark; Humphries, Marc et al.
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Ability to Repay, Risk-Retention Standards, and Mortgage Credit Access
This report examines the developments associated with the implementation of mortgage lending reforms. The report begins with a summary of proposed ability to repay and risk-retention standards. Next, the report describes risky underwriting and financing practices that occurred prior to the mortgage crisis, followed by a discussion of how access to mortgage credit might be affected.
Date:
June 5, 2012
Creator:
Getter, Darryl E.
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Abortion and Family Planning-Related Provisions in U.S. Foreign Assistance Law and Policy
This report details legislation and policies that restrict or place requirements on U.S. funding of abortion or family planning activities abroad. The level and extent of federal funding for these activities is an ongoing and controversial issue in U.S. foreign assistance and has continued to be a point of contention during the 115th Congress.
Date:
April 5, 2018
Creator:
Blanchfield, Luisa
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Abortion and Family Planning-Related Provisions in U.S. Foreign Assistance Law and Policy
This report details legislation and policies that restrict or place requirements on U.S. funding of abortion or family planning activities abroad. The level and extent of federal funding for these activities is an ongoing and controversial issue in U.S. foreign assistance and will likely continue to be a point of contention during the second session of the 114th Congress.
Date:
July 5, 2015
Creator:
Blanchfield, Luisa
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Abortion: Judicial and Legislative Control
This report is about Abortions and Constitution Amendments.
Date:
February 5, 1974
Creator:
Lewis, Karen J. & Rosenberg, Morton
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Abortion: Judicial and Legislative Control
This report
Date:
February 5, 1974
Creator:
Lewis, Karen J.
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Abortion: Legislative Response
The primary focus of this issue brief is legislative action with respect to abortion. However, discussion of those legislative proposals necessarily involves a brief discussion of the leading U.S. Supreme Court decisions concerning a woman’s right to choose whether to terminate her pregnancy. For a more detailed discussion of the relevant case law, see CRS Report 95-724, Abortion Law Development: A Brief Overview.
Date:
April 5, 2005
Creator:
Lewis, Karen J.; Shimabukuro, Jon O. & Ely, Dana
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Access to Broadband Networks: The Net Neutrality Debate
This report discusses the current debate over "net neutrality." While there is no single accepted definition of "net neutrality," most agree that any such definition should include the general principles that owners of the networks that compose and provide access to the Internet should not control how consumers lawfully use that network, and they should not be able to discriminate against content provider access to that network.
Date:
February 5, 2015
Creator:
Gilroy, Angele A.
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Access to Government Information In the United States
The Constitution of the United States makes no specific allowance for any one of the co-equal branches to have access to information held by the others and contains no provision expressly establishing a procedure for, or a right of, public access to government information. Nonetheless, Congress has legislated various public access laws. These include two records access statutes — the Freedom of Information Act and the Privacy Act — and two meetings access statutes — the Federal Advisory Committee Act and the Government in the Sunshine Act. This report provides background on the issue of government transparency and examines relevant litigation.
Date:
December 5, 2007
Creator:
Relyea, Harold C. & Kolakowski, Michael W.
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Administrative Law Judges: An Overview
This report summarizes what an administrative law judge (ALJ) is, what they do, and their responsibilities as one. Moreover, the report explains that ALJ's have both a rulemaking and judicial role in work done by executive agencies. Finally, the report emphasizes the differences between ALJs and non-ALJs that also conduct judicial activities in federal agencies.
Date:
August 5, 2008
Creator:
Burrows, Vanessa K.
System:
The UNT Digital Library
The Adverse Effect Wage Rate (AEWR)
This report introduces the adverse effect wage rate (AEWR) and the concerns out of which it grew, from the perspective of labor policy (not of immigration policy). American agricultural employers have long utilized foreign workers on a temporary basis, regarding them as an important manpower resource. Often employed at low wages and under adverse conditions, such alien workers, some argue, may compete unfairly with U.S. workers. To mitigate any "adverse effect" for the domestic workforce, a system of wage floors was developed that applies, variously, both to alien and citizen workers.
Date:
April 5, 2004
Creator:
Whittaker, William G.
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Afghanistan: Background and U.S. Policy in Brief
This report provides an overview of current political and military dynamics, with a focus on the Trump Administration's new strategy for Afghanistan and South Asia, the U.S.-led coalition and Afghan military operations, and recent political developments, including prospects for peace talks and elections.
Date:
March 5, 2018
Creator:
Thomas, Clayton
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Afghanistan: Government Formation and Performance
This report discusses the current Afghan government, which is rife with corruption and very limited in power, hence the continued presence of the Taliban and general worldwide pessimism about Afghanistan stabilization efforts. This report addresses issues such as ethnic diputes, President Hamid Karzai's re-election bid for August 2009, and the U.S.-Afghanistan relationship in particular. The Obama Administration is currently promoting, among other Afghanistan stabilization efforts, a "civilian surge" of additional U.S. personnel to Afghanistan.
Date:
June 5, 2009
Creator:
Katzman, Kenneth
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Afghanistan: Government Formation and Performance
This report discusses the current political state of Afghanistan, as well as the Afghan government. This report also discusses Afghanistan's relationship with the United States, particularly U.S. efforts to urge President Hamid Karzai to address corruption within the Afghan government.
Date:
February 5, 2009
Creator:
Katzman, Kenneth
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Afghanistan: Government Formation and Performance
The central government's limited writ and its perceived corruption are helping sustain a Taliban insurgency and painting President Hamid Karzai as a weak leader. However, factional and ethnic differences have remained confined to political debate, regional strongmen have been marginalized, and Karzai is focused on improving coordination with international donors and force contributors in the runup to his reelection bid in the fall of 2009. See CRS Report RL30588, Afghanistan: Post-War Governance, Security, and U.S. Policy, by Kenneth Katzman.
Date:
August 5, 2008
Creator:
Katzman, Kenneth
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Afghanistan: Politics, Elections, and Government Performance
This report discusses the current political state of Afghanistan, as well as the Afghan government. This report also discusses Afghanistan's relationship with the United States, particularly U.S. efforts to urge President Hamid Karzai, to address corruption within the Afghan government. The report also includes discussion of election fraud and corruption in Afghanistan.
Date:
May 5, 2011
Creator:
Katzman, Kenneth
System:
The UNT Digital Library