This paper describes the application of an electrical network characterization method to an optimization model that is designed to simulate subarea-level energy transactions. The network characterization method determines subarea clusters of system buses that electrically respond to perturbations in a very similar manner. The method produces a reduced number of transmission constraints and preserves parallel path representations. The least-cost, linear programming (LP) formulation takes advantage of data reduction techniques to simplify model transmission constraints, while supporting parallel path system characteristics and energy tagging of subarea transactions. An overview of the proposed method describes the problem domain and key model features. The paper then presents two model applications that illustrate generator siting and line overload screening analyses.

Structured packings utilized in today's distillation packed towers consist of stacked units of many vertically oriented parallel corrugated plates. The V-shaped corrugations are oriented at a fixed angle with respect to the vertical direction, and the corrugation angle in adjacent plates are oriented in reverse direction. Points of contact, at the crests of the corrugations, between adjacent plates, form an unconsolidated porous medium with known topology. Modern structured packings have been gaining acceptance in several separation processes, particularly distillation where gas/vapor and liquid flow countercurrently through the packing. In addition, structured packings have been credited with relatively low pressure drop, high efficiency, low holdup, and higher capacity; the packing also can be made corrosion resistive.

As Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory moves forward with the design of the National Ignition Facility (NIF) in the Inertial Confinement Fusion (ICF) program, issues relating to the detection and measurement of laser-induced damage on large optics must be addressed. Currently, microscopy is used to evaluate surface quality and measure damage thresholds on small witness samples. In order to evaluate large areas, an automated system was constructed which can scan optics with dimensions as large as 1 meter and weighing as much as 400 pounds. The use of microscopy as the main test diagnostic has been replaced with an optical scatter detection system. Now large areas can be rastered, and maps can be generated, reflecting inherent and laser-induced scatter in multilayer optical coatings and bulk materials. The integrated scattered light from a test piece is measured in transmission using a HeNe laser as the probe source. When the probe beam is overlapped on a pulsed, high power, ND:YAG laser beam, damage related scatter may be measured. This technique has been used for: (1) mapping of inherent scatter in an optic, (2) on-the-fly damage detection during a high fluence raster scan of an optic, and (3) single site damage evaluation for the …

Luminosity in the LHC will depend critically on the alignment of the triplet quadrupoles. These quadrupoles are closest to the interaction points (IPs), have large gradients and the {beta} functions have their largest values within these quadrupoles. Within a triplet, the cold masses of the Q1 and Q3 quadrupoles will be housed in separate cryostats while Q2a and Q2b will be placed in a single cryostat. The absolute alignments of Q1, Q3 and the Q2a/Q2b pair with respect to the desired axes will be determined during installation. The relative alignment of Q2a and Q2b however will be fixed once they are placed in their common cryostat at Fermilab. In this note, we examine the required relative alignment tolerances of Q2a and Q2b. An early study of some alignment tolerances was done by Weisz [1].

Approximately 50 metric tonnes heavy metal of aluminum-base spent nuclear fuel (Al-SNF) or 30,000 assemblies are being consolidated at the Savannah River Site. The melt-dilute (MD) technology option is being developed to allow ultimate disposal of these fuels in the Monitored Geologic Repository (MGR). Neutron absorbing materials are needed to maintain k{sub eff} less than 0.95 in desired packaging configurations. The aggressive chemical environment in the MGR is expected to lead to the reconfiguration of the contents of the codisposal waste package following waste package failure. This reconfiguration has the potential for increasing the reactivity of the waste package. The reconfiguration and redistribution of materials within the waste package are being investigated in an analytical and experimental program to support the criticality analysis. Further, the incorporation of neutron absorbing materials that will be integral to the MD SNF form is being investigated.

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We report an updated direct measurement of the Standard Model CP violation parameter sin(2{beta}) using the CDF Detector at Fermilab. We use the entire Run-I data sample of 110 pb{sup -1} of proton-antiproton collisions at {radical}s = 1.8 TeV. In this analysis, we have combined three tagging methods: a same-side tag, a soft-lepton tag, and a jet-charge tag, and also added events that have less precise lifetime information because they are not fully contained within the acceptance of the SVX. The signal sample consists of {approx} 400 B {yields} J/{psi} K{sub S}{sup 0} events. A maximum likelihood fitting method is used to measure sin(2{beta}) = 0.79{sub -0.44}{sup +0.41} (stat.+syst.). We calculate a 93% Feldman-Cousins confidence interval of 0 < sin(2{beta}) < 1. This measurement is the best direct indication for CP violation in the neutral B meson sector to date. The sin(2{beta}) value is consistent with the Standard Model prediction of large CP symmetry violation in the b quark system.

Soil moisture content is a crucial variable in studies of hydrology, meteorology, and plant sciences. Soil moisture content influences the ability of land to hold additional water from precipitation and thus affects groundwater levels and runoff. Evapotranspiration rates are strongly influenced by soil moisture content near the surface; evapotranspiration regulates surface air temperature and is a major factor in modifying the water vapor content of the atmosphere. Adequate soil moisture is essential for plant growth; excesses and deficits of soil moisture must be considered in agricultural management practices. Soil moisture can be measured by a variety of in situ techniques, but such techniques often are inadequate for evaluation over large areas because of strong temporal and spatial variations. Here, a technique using standard surface meteorological observations together with remote sensing data from satellites is discussed.

This paper describes a standard for the readout and the trigger interface of a VMEbus based crate to be used by the front-end and trigger electronics of the CDF Run 2 experiment. Hereafter, this crate will be referred to as the CDF Readout Crate. The goal is to standardize the implementation of functions that are common among all systems (i.e. power distribution, timing signals, DAQ functions) while allowing some flexibility with other functions (e.g. cooling, rear transition modules, J3 backplanes, etc.). This allows designers of cards that satisfy this standard to have access to a common well defined crate system with interfaces to the trigger and DAQ system, allowing them to concentrate their efforts on the functions they need. This paper lists the mechanical specifications, readout scheme, backplane and signal distribution specifications of the CDF Readout Crate. The paper will also go into some detail on the TRigger And Clock + Event Readout (TRACER) module, a common CDF crate module which provides the crate interface to the system clock and the trigger system.

Photovoltaic (PV) technology development for building-integrated applications (commonly called PV for Buildings) is one of the fastest growing areas in the PV industry. Buildings represent a huge potential market for photovoltaics because they consume approximately two-thirds of the electricity consumed in the US. The PV and buildings industries are beginning to work together to address issues including building codes and standards, integration, after-market servicing, education, and building energy efficiency. One of the most notable programs to encourage development of new PV-for-buildings products is the PV:BONUS program, supported by the US Department of Energy. Demand for these products from building designers has escalated since the program was initiated in 1993. This paper presents a range of PV-for-buildings issues and products that are currently influencing today's PV and buildings markets.

The U.S. and Russian weapons dismantlement process is producing hundreds of tons of excess plutonium (Pu) and highly enriched uranium (HEU) fissile materials. The nuclear operations associated with the final disposition of these materials will be occurring in both countries for decades. A significant accident during these operations could delay the disposition process. Russia- U.S. collaborative efforts to address safety issues associated with disposition processes have been ongoing since 1993. The experience of these collaborative efforts have demonstrated the need for a systematic and formalized approach to identifjring and prioritizing collaborative projects. A systematic approach to the successfid implementation of a formal program will require the definition of year by year program objectives, specific technical program areas, a process for the prioritization and selection of projects, and identification of performance measures to evaluate the success of projects. Specialized working groups established for each technical area are needed to define research priorities, review research proposals, and recommend proposals for tiding. A systematic approach to the establishment of a formal U.S.-Russia cooperative program will serve to ensure the safety and continuity of disposition processes and reduce the nuclear proliferation risks presented by this material. The U.S. and Russian weapons dismantlement process is …

Based on previous results [1] further details of the oxidation of copper foil 2 Cu + O{sub 2} {r_arrow} 2 CuO were resolved using high quality, high temperature Cu{sub 2}O and CuO standards for Cu-K XAFS and Cu-K PCA [2] analysis. These were prepared from copper foils using the same experimental techniques as for the oxidation under study. As the reaction can be divided into a step-wise oxidation mechanism: 2 Cu + 0.5 O{sub 2} {r_arrow}Cu{sub 2}O; Cu{sub 2}O + 0.5 O{sub 2} {r_arrow} 2 CuO, we attempted to check whether the formation of CuO is kinetically inhibited (delayed) or whether it takes place simultaneously to the formation of Cu{sub 2}O. To achieve an optimal time resolution the QEXAFS technique [3] was applied. This investigation was completed by XRD and SEM investigations on samples quenched within the oxidation period.

Researchers at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory and EG&G Energy Measurements are developing a new solid-state power system for two proposed accelerators. One of the accelerators is a circular arrangement of induction cells called a recirculator. It is designed to accelerate heavy ions for an inertial fusion study that proposes to substitute heavy-ion beams for laser beams as the driver for fusion targets. The other accelerator is a linear induction accelerator for electron beams called the Advanced Radiographic Machine (ARM). Both accelerators require their induction cells to be pulsed at a very high repetition frequency (prf) for a short burst containing 5 to 15 pulses. The recirculator has a pulse schedule that varies in pulse width from 1 {mu}s to 400 ns and in prf from 50 to 150 kHz. The ARM accelerator has a pulse schedule that varies in pulse width from 1 {mu}s to 200 ns and in prf from 150 kHz to 1 MHz. The need for complex pulse agility in these accelerators led the authors to examine solid-state switching components that have an on/off capability. The intrinsic speed of solid-state switching satisfies the high prf requirements, while the on/off switching action of some semiconductor devices enables …

Lasers plasma instabilities are an important constraint in x-ray driven inertial confinement fusion. In hohlraums irradiated with 1.06 {mu}m light on the Shiva laser, plasma instabilities were extremely deleterious, driving the program to the use of shorter wavelength light. Excellent coupling has been achieved in hohlraums driven with 0.35 {mu}m light on the Nova laser. Considerable attention is being given to the scaling of this excellent coupling to the larger hohlraums for an ignition target. Various instability control mechanisms such as large plasma wave damping and laser beam incoherence are discussed, as well as scaling experiments to check the instability levels.

This paper presents techniques for fabricating microscopic, nonplanar features in a variety of materials. Micro-grooving and micro-threading tools having cutting dimensions of 10-30{micro}m are made by focused ion beam sputtering and used in ultra-precision machining. Tool fabrication involves directing a 20 keV gallium beam at polished cylindrical punches made of cobalt M42 high-speed steel or C2 tungsten carbide. This creates cutting edges having radii of curvature less than 0.4 {micro}m, and rake features similar to conventional lathe tools. Clearance for minimizing frictional drag of a tool results from the sputter yield dependence on ion herd target incidence angle. Numerically controlled, ultra-precision machining with micro-grooving tools results in a close matching between tool width and feature size. Microtools controllably machine 13 {micro}m wide, 4 {micro}m deep, helical grooves in polymethyl methacrylate and 6061-T6 Al cylindrical substrates. Micro-grooving tools also fabricate sinusoidal waveform features in polished metal substrates.

Simulation of hypersonic flight in ground test and evaluation (T and E) facilities is a challenging and formidable task, especially to fully duplicate the flight environment above approximately Mach 8 for most all hypersonic flight systems that have been developed, conceived, or envisioned. Basically, and for many years, the enabling technology to build such a ground test wind tunnel facility has been severely limited in the area of high-temperature, high-strength materials and thermal protection approaches. To circumvent the problems, various approaches have been used, including partial simulation and use of similarity laws and reduced test time. These approaches often are not satisfactory, i.e. operability and durability testing for air-breathing propulsion development and thermal protection development of many flight systems. Thus, there is a strong need for science and technology (S and T) community involvement in technology development to address these problems. This paper discusses a specific case where this need exists and where significant S and T involvement has made and continues to make significant contributions. The case discussed will be an Air Force research program currently underway to develop enabling technologies for a Mach 8-15 hypersonic true temperature wind tunnel with relatively long run time. The research is based …

Experiments have been performed using a coaxial end-effecter to combine a focused laser beam and a plasma arc. The device employs a hollow tungsten electrode, a focusing lens, and conventional plasma arc torch nozzles to co-locate the focused beam and arc on the workpiece. Plasma arc nozzles were selected to protect the electrode from laser generated metal vapor. The project goal is to develop an improved fusion welding process that exhibits both absorption robustness and deep penetration for small scale (< 1.5 mm thickness) applications. On aluminum alloys 6061 and 6111, the hybrid process has been shown to eliminate hot cracking in the fusion zone. Fusion zone dimensions for both stainless steel and aluminum were found to be wider than characteristic laser welds, and deeper than characteristic plasma arc welds.

Extreme Ultraviolet Lithography (EUVL) is a candidate for future application by the semiconductor industry in the production of sub-100 nm feature sizes in integrated circuits. Using multilayer reflective coatings optimized at wavelengths ranging from 11 to 14 nm, EUVL represents a potential successor to currently existing optical lithography techniques. In order to assess lifetimes of the multilayer coatings under realistic conditions, a series of radiation stability tests has been performed. In each run a dose of EUV radiation equivalent to several months of lithographic operation was applied to Mo/Si and MO/Be multilayer coatings within a few days. Depending on the residual gas concentration in the vacuum environment, surface deposition of carbon during the exposure lead to losses in the multilayer reflectivity. However, in none of the experimental runs was structural damage within the bulk of the multilayers observed. Mo/Si multilayer coatings recovered their full original reflectivity after removal of the carbon layer by an ozone cleaning method. Auger depth profiling on MO/Be multilayers indicate that carbon penetrated into the Be top layer during illumination with high doses of EUV radiation. Subsequent ozone cleaning fully removed the carbon, but revealed enhanced oxidation of the area illuminated, which led to an irreversible …

Abstract. Harness is the next generation heterogeneous distributed computing package being developed by the PVM team at Oak Ridge National Laboratory, University of Tennessee, and Emory University. This paper describes the changing trends in cluster computing and how Harness is being designed to address the future needs of PVM and MPI application developers. Harness (which will support both PVM and MPI) will allow users to dynamically customize, adapt, and extend a virtual machine's features to more closely match the needs of their application and to optimize for the underlying computer resources. This paper will describe the architecture and core services of this new virtual machine paradgm, our progress on this project, and our experiences with early prototypes of Harness.

On some small scale each constituent of an immiscible mixture occupies a separate region of space. Given sufficient time and computing power, we could solve the continuum field equations and boundary conditions for this het erogenous system. This usually represents an enormously difficult task that is well beyond today's computational ca- pabilities. Mixture theories approximate this complex heterogeneous formulation with a set of field equations for an equivalent homoge- neous mat erial. In this work, we compare the theory for immiscible mixtures by Drumheller and Bedford with the theory of Passman, Nunziato, and Walsh. We describe the conditions under which these theories reduce to an equivalent formulation, and we also investigate the differences in their microinertial descriptions. Two variables play special roles in both theories. They are t he true material density and the volume fraction. Here we use a kinematical approach based on two new variables-t he true deformation gradient and the distention gradient. We show how the true deformation gra- dient is connected to the true material density and, in the absence of chemical reactions, the volume fraction is the inverse of the deter- minant of the distention gradient. However, when chemical reactions occur, the distention gradient and …

Recent CDF results with 110 pb{sup -1} of data on top quark production and decay properties are presented. Limits are placed on single top quark production in the W* and W-gluon channels. A measurement of the polarization of the intermediate W boson in top decay, a search for resonances in the mass of the t{bar t} system, and the transverse momentum of top quarks in t{bar t} events are presented.

The authors have directly measured the stress evolution during metal organic chemical vapor deposition of AlGaN/GaN heterostructures on sapphire. In situ stress measurements were correlated with ex situ microstructural analysis to directly determine a critical thickness for cracking and the subsequent relaxation kinetics of tensile-strained Al{sub x}Ga{sub 1{minus}x}N on GaN. Cracks appear to initiate the formation of misfit dislocations at the AlGaN/GaN interface, which account for the majority of the strain relaxation.

The problem of bird interference with radar performance is as old as radar itself; however, the problem specific to wind profiler operation has not drawn the attention of researchers until the last 5 or 6 years. Since then, the problem has been addressed in many publications and several ways to solve it have been indicated. Recent advances in radar hardware and software made the last generation of profilers much more immune to bird contamination. However, many older profilers are still in use; errors in averaged (hourly) winds due to bird interference may be as high as 15 m/s. The objective of the present study is to develop a practical method to derive mean winds from averaged spectral data of a 915-MHz wind profiler under the condition of bird contamination.

Argonne National Laboratory (ANL) and the University of Cincinnati (UC) have been developing a new class of ultrasensitive noble gas detectors that are based upon the ANL discovery that corn oil has a high affinity for heavy noble gas absorption at room temperature, but releases the noble gases with warming or by other low-energy-input means. Environmental applications for this new class of fluid-based detectors include ultrahigh sensitivity radioxenon detectors for Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty Surveillance, improved fission gas detectors for enhanced environmental surveillance in the vicinity of DOE, DOD, and NRC-licensed facilities, and improved integrating Rn detectors for earthquake prediction. The purpose of the present paper is to present the results of theoretical and experimental investigations into the solubility phenomena of heavy noble gases (Rn, Xe, and Kr) in triglyceride oils. It is the authors' intention that the findings presented herein may be used to guide future selection, development, and refinement of vegetable and other hydrocarbon oils to bring further enhancements to noble gas detection efficiencies.