Technical report covering the functions of the Oak Ridge reactor, difficulties encountered with cartridge failures in the Oak Ridge reactor, and possible solutions including the incorporation of leak detection systems into the design of the reactor.

The desired neutron spectrum for the High Flux Beam Reactor under construction at BNL requires use of U-Al fuel elements with more then 30 wt% U235 in the meat. The operating cycle of this reactor requires a minimum burn-up of 20%, and preferably 40% of the uranium in the element.

One of the major, as well as first, decisions which must be taken on a large chamber is to decide on the direction of the magnetic field, i.e., vertical or horizontal. Either alternative has advantages and disadvantages ad it is the intention of this note to discuss these features.

Mammalian bone marrow contains a considerable number of small lymphoid cells (small lymphocytes and small lymphocyte-like cells). The total number of these cells (50,000 to 500,000 per mm3) depends on species, age and other factors. The origin, function and fate of these cells remain obscure in many respects. In particular, it has not been shown beyond doubt, if and to what extent small lymphoid cells enter the bone marrow via the blood stream or if their origin is in part or entirely within the bone marrow. In addition it has not been clearly shown whether or not these cells may function as multipotential hemopoietic stem cells. Results obtained from experiments with irradiated parabiotic animals and animals given regional fractioned doses of X-irradiation, and transplantation of leukocytes from peripheral blood into lethally irradiated recipients afford indirect evidence that peripheral blood of mice and rats may contain stem cells capable of DNA synthesis and division.

The vacuum system for the bubble chamber must evacuate rapidly a volume of approximately 500 cubic feet and eliminate the outgassing of a surface area of approximately 50,000 square inches. The backstreaming of oil from the diffusion pump must be kept to an absolute minimum to prevent oil films forming on the window. The vacuum system must also provide the protection against liquid nitrogen and hydrogen/leaks to prevent pressure buildup.

Speed limits of decimal counting schemes based on binary-to-decimal conversion are considered. A simple "1-2-4-8" decimal logic is described, which is inherently as fast as the basic bistable. A decade for counting in 100-200 Mc/sec range, based on this logic and the tunnel diode-transistor bistable, is presented.

The blue-green algae, classed as primitive monerans, represent the lowest level of organization known to possess a higher plant type of photosynthesis. The role in photosynthesis of the phycocyanin in these organisms is particularly interesting from the point of view of ultrastructural biochemistry. It has been shown repeatedly that despite the primacy normally assigned to chlorophyll, the light absorbed by phycocyanin is used more efficiently for photosynthesis (equated with photosynthetic oxygen evolution). This property is all the more intriguing since Hill activity is very labile in these organisms; the loss being correlated with the release of phycocyanin. Then too, it has been observed that fluorescence at about 685 mμ, attributed to chlorophyll, is proportionately greater for wavelengths absorbed by phycocyanin. French and Young attributed the differential to inactive absorption by carotenoids in the "Soret" region of chlorophyll, but Duysens concluded that the magnitude of the difference observed by him was too great to be explained by screening. Duysens proposed the existence of two pools of chlorophyll of about equal size; one containing fluorescent, photosynthetically active chlorophyll in proximity to phycocyanin, the other nonfluorescent, photosynthetically inactive and remote from phycocyanin.

It has been well established that even small doses of radiation will shorten life expectancy of animals, and that in general the causes of death are the same for the irradiated as for the normal animals. When x or γ rays are compared with neutrons in their ability to shorten the life span, some interesting differences appear. All available data from different laboratories on the shortening of the life span by x or γ on the one hand and neutrons on the other, have been compared. In spite of the obvious difficulties in comparing such data, if one expresses dose in terms of the LD 50/30 dose required for acute survival, one can pool the data from other laboratories and plot them on a single graph without excessive error. Results of such a compilation for single acute exposures are shown for x or γ rays in Figure 1 and for neutrons in Figure 2.

The Brookhaven proton synchrotron (Cosmotron) is capable of accelerating protons to energies as high as 3.0 BeV. The biologic effects of particle bombardment at these energies have not been investigated but are of considerable radiobiologic interest. In addition, particle beams have long been discussed with regard to their potential usefulness in medical therapy, and actual clinical applications have been made, although at lower particle energies. Recent rapid advances in space technology have raised serious questions regarding the dosimetry of cosmic and solar radiations, the spectra of which contain energies in excess of those which have been investigated experimentally. For all of these reasons, we have recently begun a study of the effects of protons at 2.0-2.2 BeV, using the external beam of the Cosmotron.

It has been previously reported that within twenty days following bombardment of mice 10 MeV protons (as well as with 20 MeV deuterons and 40 MeV alpha particles) that atypical epithelial hyperplasia developed without underlying recognizable vascular or collagen alterations as predisposing factors. The source of these monoenergetic accelerator-produced heavy ionizing particles was the 60-inch cyclotron of the Brookhaven National Laboratory. The technique employed utilized a variable-thickness filter in the beam in order to deliver multiple Bragg peaks in depth in the path of the charged particles in the tissue being irradiated. In this way a cylinder of skin was bombarded with essentially uniform ionization limited to a depth of 1-2 mm. In some instances the epidermal lesions resulting from an exposure of 2000 to 5000 rad resembled the type of lesion considered in the skin of man to be carcinoma in situ. The eventual fate of such lesions then constituted a question of importance in the possible relationship atypical hyperplasia in the pathogenesis of carcinoma in situ and of invasive carcinoma in skin. It is with this problem that the currently reported study is concerned.

Many workers have recently attempted to evaluate the P-wave strength function from a measurement of average capture cross sections or average total cross sections in the kiloelectron volt region. The primary interest of these measurements has been to determine the strength of the spin-orbit potential in the optical model. In view of the interest in determining the size of the spin-orbit coupling and in view of the considerable disagreement group has undertaken to measure the average total neutron cross sections from 10 to 100 keV in the region of the P-wave giant resonance. The following elements were studied: Nb, Mo, Rh, Ag, Cd, and In. The wok was carried out at the BNL-AECL fast chopper facility at Chalk River, using an 88-meter flight path and a nominal resolution of 15 nsec/meter.

Montgomery and Chandrasekhar and Hulm suggested models for predicting Im and Hm of high-field superconducting solenoids. Montgomery's model for predicting the degradation effect of superconducting solenoids leads to a unique coil quenching characteristics if geometrically similar solenoids are considered. Experiments do not verify these predicted results. Chandrasekhar and Hulm's model leads to one unique coil quenching characteristic for all solenoids with identical wire type and turn distance; coils with identical load factor should display identical values im and Hm. An analysis of the surface currents in an ideal superconducting infinitely long solenoid demonstrated possible forms of shielding currents. Experiments with Pb coils with and without NbZr and compensation agree with results expected from this analysis, but contradict Chandrasekhar and Hulm's model. Measurements of individual turn resistances show behavior of a soft superconductor solenoid in the intermediate state.

Technical report. From Abstract : "A step phenomenon in the nuclidic mass excess surface associated with magic numbers N, Z = 8 and 20 is shown to exist, whereas only breaks occur at higher magic numbers. Excited states are included which reveals possible smooth trends within Shell-Model subshells."

From Introduction : "This analysis partitions the electron density and the electronic pair density of the molecule into components corresponding promoted atomic states, to quasiclassical coulombic interactions of these promoted states, and to interactions resulting from the sharing of electrons between atoms."

From Abstract : "The mass spectrum of leucine-dn, prepared by the reaction of pyridoxal with excess leucine in D2O medium, has been established using the crucible source techniques. ... The reaction can be used for the selective α, β-deuteration of amino acids other than leucine.

From Introduction : "In this paper we describe a choice of normal elliptic integrals which appears to be very well suited for use in integral tables as well as for numerical work."

From report: "In a series of paper (1-3) Sheppard has analyzed the vibrational spectra of simple alkyl halides. During the course of an investigation of the spectra of similar alkyl thiocyanates certain anomalies appeared in the assignments of the CC stretching and methyl rocking vibrations in isopropyl and tert.-butyl halides."

Recent studies suggest that the primary action of insulin is on the permeability of cell membranes. This idea may account for the effects of the hormone in broken cell preparations as well as in tissue preparations with intact cells if the concept of the cell membrane is broadened to include endoplasmic reticular extensions and the membranes of subcellular organelles. Following on the initial demonstration that insulin was bound to muscle and the elucidation of the structure of insulin, evidence was presented that this binding involves a sulfur-sulfur linkage between hormone and target tissue. In the present work, skeletal muscle cell ghosts were prepared for use in studying the chemical nature of the attachment of insulin to a relatively pure cell membrane preparation.

Technical report. From Introduction : "For more than a century, methods employed in preparing calcium were based largely on electrowinning and the most successful were based on [Sir Humphrey] Davy's process. ... In general, the metal was of adequate quality for the industrial applications of the time, and although by 1940 some strides had been made in the purification of calcium, interests in the better grades of the metal were limited essentially to experimental work of academic concern."

The angle by which a magnet deflects the trajectory of a particle in the x-z plane is proportional to the integral [integral not transcribed] taken over the trajectory wherever B≠0. Alternating gradient focusing is achieved by designing magnets so that I=I(x) varies linearly with x over a suitable x interval. Usually this is done by shaping the poles to give a linear variation of By with x while keeping the length of the magnet constant for different x. Certain advantaged may be gained by varying the effective length of the magnet with x and keeping By constant so that the integral varies properly with x. Figure 1 shows several such poles for which the trajectory length, and hence the integral (1), varies approximately from 2/3 to 4/3 of the mean value.

Technique used in deriving values of the linac ball tuner settings to produce various fields is discussed briefly, and tables showing ball tuner change numbers and values used in making up the ball tuner change numbers are given.

Technical report outlining preliminary work on a new technique of isotopic dilution analysis useful in the measurement of the radiogenic argon content of rocks or mineral samples in age determination.

Report describes a few experiments designed to test the analysis of some systems where chemical energy can be converted to electric energy. From Abstract: "If a chemocouple is defined as an isothermal closed circuit, composed of two or more homogeneous ionic aqueous phases separated by two or more barriers of different sets of ionic transport numbers, we find that a spontaneous electric current flows in the closed circuit."

Abstract: "The purpose of this investigation is to determine the extent to which zirconium exhibits delayed failure (static fatigue) as caused by a combination of absorbed hydrogen and applied stress. Both notched and unnotched specimens of unalloyed zirconium and Zircaloy-2 are being initially hydrogenated to 200 ppm by means of a modified Sieverts apparatus, and delayed failure studies are proceeding at room-temperature. Thus far only preliminary data on unnotched, unalloyed zirconium are available; at the 200 ppm hydrogen level, this material appears to be relatively insensitive to delayed failure at room-temperature."