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Small Wind Electric Systems Consumers' Guides
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Living and Working Safely Around High-Voltage Power Lines.
High-voltage transmission lines can be just as safe as the electrical wiring in the homes--or just as dangerous. The crucial factor is ourselves: they must learn to behave safely around them. This booklet is a basic safety guide for those who live and work around power lines. It deals primarily with nuisance shocks due to induced voltages, and with potential electric shock hazards from contact with high-voltage lines. References on possible long-term biological effects of transmission lines are shown. In preparing this booklet, the Bonneville Power Administration has drawn on more than 50 years of experience with high-voltage transmission. BPA operates one of the world`s largest networks of long-distance, high-voltage lines. This system has more than 400 substations and about 15,000 miles of transmission lines, almost 4,400 miles of which are operated at 500,000 volts.
Date:
June 1, 2001
Creator:
United States. Bonneville Power Administration.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
A design methodology for unattended monitoring systems
The authors presented a high-level methodology for the design of unattended monitoring systems, focusing on a system to detect diversion of nuclear materials from a storage facility. The methodology is composed of seven, interrelated analyses: Facility Analysis, Vulnerability Analysis, Threat Assessment, Scenario Assessment, Design Analysis, Conceptual Design, and Performance Assessment. The design of the monitoring system is iteratively improved until it meets a set of pre-established performance criteria. The methodology presented here is based on other, well-established system analysis methodologies and hence they believe it can be adapted to other verification or compliance applications. In order to make this approach more generic, however, there needs to be more work on techniques for establishing evaluation criteria and associated performance metrics. They found that defining general-purpose evaluation criteria for verifying compliance with international agreements was a significant undertaking in itself. They finally focused on diversion of nuclear material in order to simplify the problem so that they could work out an overall approach for the design methodology. However, general guidelines for the development of evaluation criteria are critical for a general-purpose methodology. A poor choice in evaluation criteria could result in a monitoring system design that solves the wrong problem.
Date:
March 1, 2000
Creator:
Smith, James D. & DeLand, Sharon M.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Raman Study of Lead Zirconate Titanate Under Uniaxial Stress
The authors used micro-Raman spectroscopy to monitor the ferroelectric (FE) to antiferroelectric (AFE) phase transition in PZT ceramic bars during the application of uniaxial stress. They designed and constructed a simple loading device, which can apply sufficient uniaxial force to transform reasonably large ceramic bars while being small enough to fit on the mechanical stage of the microscope used for Raman analysis. Raman spectra of individual grains in ceramic PZT bars were obtained as the stress on the bar was increased in increments. At the same time gauges attached to the PZT bar recorded axial and lateral strains induced by the applied stress. The Raman spectra were used to calculate an FE coordinate, which is related to the fraction of FE phase present. The authors present data showing changes in the FE coordinates of individual PZT grains and correlate these changes to stress-strain data, which plot the macroscopic evolution of the FE-to-AFE transformation. Their data indicates that the FE-to-AFE transformation does not occur simultaneously for all PZT grains but that grains react individually to local conditions.
Date:
April 1, 2000
Creator:
Tallant, David R.; Simpson, Regina L.; Grazier, J. Mark; Zeuch, David H.; Olson, Walter R. & Tuttle, Bruce A.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
EMSP project summary (Project ID: 60077): Development of nuclear analysis capabilities for DOE waste management activities
The objective of this project is to develop and demonstrate prototypical analysis capabilities that can be used by nuclear safety analysis practitioners to: (1) demonstrate a more thorough understanding of the underlying physics phenomena that can lead to improved reliability and defensibility of safety evaluations; and (2) optimize operations related to the handling, storage, transportation, and disposal of fissile material and DOE spent fuel. To address these problems, this project has been investigating the implementation of sensitivity and uncertainty methods within existing Monte Carlo codes used for criticality safety analyses. It is also investigating the use of a new deterministic code that allows for specification of arbitrary grids to accurately model geometric details required in a criticality safety analysis. This capability can facilitate improved estimations of the required subcritical margin and potentially enable the use of a broader range of experiments in the validation process. The new arbitrary-grid radiation transport code will also enable detailed geometric modeling valuable for improved accuracy in application to a myriad of other problems related to waste characterization. Application to these problems will also be explored.
Date:
February 1, 2000
Creator:
Parks, C. V.; Rearden, B. T.; DeHart, M. D.; Broadhead, B. L.; Hopper, C. M. & Petrie, L. M.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Performance of Image Intensifiers in Radiographic Systems
Electronic charge-coupled device (CCD) cameras equipped with image intensifiers are increasingly being used for radiographic applications. These systems may be used to replace film recording for static imaging, or at other times CCDs coupled with electro-optical shutters may be used for static or dynamic (explosive) radiography. Image intensifiers provide precise shuttering and signal gain. The authors have developed a set of performance measures to calibrate systems, compare one system to another, and to predict experimental performance. The performance measures discussed in this paper are concerned with image quality parameters that relate to resolution and signal-to-noise ratio.
Date:
January 1, 2000
Creator:
Baker, S. A.
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Final report on LDRD project: A phenomenological model for multicomponent transport with simultaneous electrochemical reactions in concentrated solutions
A phenomenological model was developed for multicomponent transport of charged species with simultaneous electrochemical reactions in concentrated solutions, and was applied to model processes in a thermal battery cell. A new general framework was formulated and implemented in GOMA (a multidimensional, multiphysics, finite-element computer code developed and being enhanced at Sandia) for modeling multidimensional, multicomponent transport of neutral and charged species in concentrated solutions. The new framework utilizes the Stefan-Maxwell equations that describe multicomponent diffusion of interacting species using composition-insensitive binary diffusion coefficients. The new GOMA capability for modeling multicomponent transport of neutral species was verified and validated using the model problem of ternary gaseous diffusion in a Stefan tube. The new GOMA-based thermal battery computer model was verified using an idealized battery cell in which concentration gradients are absent; the full model was verified by comparing with that of Bernardi and Newman (1987) and validated using limited thermal battery discharge-performance data from the open literature (Dunning 1981) and from Sandia (Guidotti 1996). Moreover, a new Liquid Chemkin Software Package was developed, which allows the user to handle manly aspects of liquid-phase kinetics, thermodynamics, and transport (particularly in terms of computing properties). Lastly, a Lattice-Boltzmann-based capability was developed for modeling …
Date:
January 1, 2000
Creator:
Chen, Ken S.; Evans, Gregory H.; Larson, Richard S.; Noble, David R. & Houf, William G.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Program Facilities Newsletter, May 2000.
Monthly newsletter discussing news and activities related to the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Program, articles about weather and atmospheric phenomena, and other related topics.
Date:
June 1, 2000
Creator:
Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Program (U.S.)
Object Type:
Journal/Magazine/Newsletter
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Strength and fatigue of NT551 silicon nitride and NT551 diesel exhaust valves
The content of this report is excerpted from Mark Andrew's Ph.D. Thesis (Andrews, 1999), which was funded by a DOE/OTT High Temperature Materials Laboratory Graduate Fellowship. It involves the characterization of NT551 and valves fabricated with it. The motivations behind using silicon nitride (Si{sub 3}N{sub 4}) as an exhaust valve for a diesel engine are presented in this section. There are several economic factors that have encouraged the design and implementation of ceramic components for internal combustion (IC) engines. The reasons for selecting the diesel engine valve for this are also presented.
Date:
February 1, 2000
Creator:
Andrews, M. J.; Wereszczak, A. A.; Kirkland, T. P. & Breder, K.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Composite wire plasma formation and evolution
The detailed understanding of the formation and evolution of plasma from rapidly heated metallic wires is a long-standing challenge in the field of plasma physics and in exploding wire engineering. This physical process is made even more complicated if the wire material is composed of a number of individual layers. The authors have successfully developed both optical and x-ray backlighting diagnostics. In particular, the x-ray backlighting technique has demonstrated the capability for quantitative determination of the plasma density over a wide range of densities. This diagnostic capability shows that the process of plasma formation is composed of two separate phases: first, current is passed through a cold wire and the wire is heated ohmically, and, second, the heated wire evolves gases that break down and forms a low-density plasma surrounding the wire.
Date:
January 1, 2000
Creator:
Spielman, Rick B.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
High Shock, High Frequency Characteristics of a Mechanical Isolator for a Piezoresistive Accelerometer, the ENDEVCO 7270AM6*
A mechanical isolator has been developed for a piezoresistive accelerometer. The purpose of the isolator is to mitigate high frequency shocks before they reach the accelerometer because the high frequency shocks may cause the accelerometer to resonate. Since the accelerometer is undamped, it often breaks when it resonates. The mechanical isolator was developed in response to impact test requirements for a variety of structures at Sandia National Laboratories (SNL). An Extended Technical Assistance Program (ETAP) with the accelerometer manufacturer has resulted in a commercial mechanically isolated accelerometer that is available to the general public, the ENDEVCO 7270AM6*, for three shock acceleration ranges of 6,000 g, 20,000 g, and 60,000 g. The in-axis response shown in this report has acceptable frequency domain performance from DC to 10 kHz and 10(XO)over a temperature range of {minus}65 F to +185 F. Comparisons with other isolated accelerometers show that the ENDEVCO 7270AM6 has ten times the bandwidth of any other commercial isolator. ENDEVCO 7270AM6 cross-axis response is shown in this report.
Date:
July 1, 2000
Creator:
Bateman, Vesta I.; Brown, Frederick A. & Nusser, Michael A.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Forensic imaging tools for law enforcement
Conventional methods of gathering forensic evidence at crime scenes are encumbered by difficulties that limit local law enforcement efforts to apprehend offenders and bring them to justice. Working with a local law-enforcement agency, Sandia National Laboratories has developed a prototype multispectral imaging system that can speed up the investigative search task and provide additional and more accurate evidence. The system, called the Criminalistics Light-imaging Unit (CLU), has demonstrated the capabilities of locating fluorescing evidence at crime scenes under normal lighting conditions and of imaging other types of evidence, such as untreated fingerprints, by direct white-light reflectance. CLU employs state of the art technology that provides for viewing and recording of the entire search process on videotape. This report describes the work performed by Sandia to design, build, evaluate, and commercialize CLU.
Date:
January 1, 2000
Creator:
Smithpeter, Colin L.; Sandison, David R. & Vargo, Timothy D.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
A video distribution and analog monitoring system for the Jefferson Lab FEL
The Jefferson Lab Infrared Free Electron Laser (IRFEL) has used the 200MHq 16 x 16 buffered crosspoint switch, AD81 16 to implement video and analog distribution. These switches are configured as 64 inputs x 16 outputs packaged into a rack mount chassis, which is used for both the video and analog systems. These systems are controlled through EPICS. This paper describes how the 256 point matrix is implemented to support the electron beam diagnostics for the FEL as well as support for the user lab video demands. A switcher chassis is also connected to three digital oscilloscopes to provide an Analog Monitoring System (AMS). The scopes are in turn connected to the video switcher using a VGA to video adapter. The analog signals can then be viewed on any color monitor connected to the video system. The video switcher feeds a 16 channel 1:4 video distribution amplifier and to a ''video-to-fiber'' transmitter. All of the 128 video and 128 analog channels are available locally in the FEL building and remotely at the CEBAF main control center.
Date:
May 1, 2000
Creator:
Jordan, Kevin; Evans, Richard; Grippo, Al & Hill, Richard
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Proceedings of 1999 U.S./Japan Workshop (99FT-05) On High Heat Flux Components and Plasma Surface Interactions for Next Fusion Devices
The 1999 US-Japan Workshop on High Heat Flux Components and Plasma Surface Interactions in Next Step Fusion Devices was held at the St. Francis Hotel in Santa Fe, New Mexico, on November 1-4, 1999. There were 42 presentations as well as discussion on technical issues and planning for future collaborations. The participants included 22 researchers from Japan and the United States as well as seven researchers from Europe and Russia. There have been important changes in the programs in both the US and Japan in the areas of plasma surface interactions and plasma facing components. The US has moved away from a strong focus on the ITER Project and has introduced new programs on use of liquid surfaces for plasma facing components, and operation of NSTX has begun. In Japan, the Large Helical Device began operation. This is the first large world-class confinement device operating in a magnetic configuration different than a tokamak. In selecting the presentations for this workshop, the organizers sought a balance between research in laboratory facilities or confinement devices related to plasma surface interactions and experimental research in the development of plasma facing components. In discussions about the workshop itself, the participants affirmed their preference for …
Date:
June 1, 2000
Creator:
NYGREN,RICHARD E. & STAVROS,DIANA T.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Orthogonal tensor decompositions
The authors explore the orthogonal decomposition of tensors (also known as multi-dimensional arrays or n-way arrays) using two different definitions of orthogonality. They present numerous examples to illustrate the difficulties in understanding such decompositions. They conclude with a counterexample to a tensor extension of the Eckart-Young SVD approximation theorem by Leibovici and Sabatier [Linear Algebra Appl. 269(1998):307--329].
Date:
March 1, 2000
Creator:
Kolda, Tamara G.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Characterization Report Building A-1 at the U.S. Department of Energy Nevada Operations Office North Las Vegas Facility
None
Date:
February 1, 2000
Creator:
Shotton, M. D.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Invariant patterns in crystal lattices: Implications for protein folding algorithms
Crystal lattices are infinite periodic graphs that occur naturally in a variety of geometries and which are of fundamental importance in polymer science. Discrete models of protein folding use crystal lattices to define the space of protein conformations. Because various crystal lattices provide discretizations of the same physical phenomenon, it is reasonable to expect that there will exist invariants across lattices related to fundamental properties of the protein folding process. This paper considers whether performance-guaranteed approximability is such an invariant for HP lattice models. The authors define a master approximation algorithm that has provable performance guarantees provided that a specific sublattice exists within a given lattice. They describe a broad class of crystal lattices that are approximable, which further suggests that approximability is a general property of HP lattice models.
Date:
June 1, 2000
Creator:
Hart, William E. & Istrail, Sorin
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Landfill cover revegetation using organic amendments and cobble mulch in the arid southwest
Cobble mulch and composted biosolids, greenwaste, and dairy manure were added to arid soil in an attempt to improve plant establishment and production, minimize erosion, increase evapotranspiration, and reduce leaching. Twenty-four plots (10 x 10 m) were established in a completely randomized block design (8 treatments, 3 plots per treatment). Treatments included (1) non-irrigated control, (2) irrigated control, (3) non-irrigated greenwaste compost (2.5 yd{sup 3} per plot), (4) irrigated greenwaste compost (5 yd{sup 3} per plot), (5) non-irrigated biosolids compost (2.5 yd{sup 3} per plot), (6) irrigated biosolids compost (5 yd{sup 3} per plot), (7) cobble-mulch, and (8) non-irrigated dairy manure compost (2.5 yd{sup 3} per plot). Soil samples were collected from each plot for laboratory analyses to assess organic matter contents, macro-nutrient levels and trace metal contents, and nitrogen mineralization potential. All plots were seeded similarly with approximately equal portions of cool and warm season native grasses. The organic composts (greenwaste, biosolids, dairy manure) added to the soils substantially increased soil organic matter and plant nutrients including total nitrogen and phosphorus. However, the results of a laboratory study of the soils' nitrogen mineralization potential after the application of the various composts showed that the soil nitrogen-supplying capability decreased to …
Date:
February 1, 2000
Creator:
Aguilar, Richard; Dwyer, Stephen F.; Reavis, Bruce A.; Newman, Gretchen Carr & Loftin, Samuel R.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Asymmetric quarks in the proton
Asymmetries in the quark momentum distributions in the proton reveal fundamental aspects of strong interaction physics. Differences between {anti u} and {anti d} quarks in the proton sea provide insight into the dynamics of the pion cloud around the nucleon and the nature of chiral symmetry breaking. Polarized flavor asymmetries allow the effects of pion clouds to be disentangled from those of antisymmetrization. Asymmetries between s and {anti s} quark distributions in the nucleon are also predicted from the chiral properties of QCD.
Date:
June 1, 2000
Creator:
Melnitchouk, W.
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Blast furnace granulated coal injection system demonstration project: A DOE assessment
None
Date:
June 1, 2000
Creator:
unknown
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Materials compatibility testing for a pilot-scale oxide reduction system
None
Date:
June 1, 2000
Creator:
Totemeier, T. C. & Herrmann, S. D.
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Agile dry etching of compound semiconductors for science-based manufacturing using in-situ process control
In-situ optical diagnostics and ion beam diagnostics for plasma-etch and reactive-ion-beam etch (RIBE) tools have been developed and implemented on etch tools in the Compound Semiconductor Research Laboratory (CSRL). The optical diagnostics provide real-time end-point detection during plasma etching of complex thin-film layered structures that require precision etching to stop on a particular layer in the structure. The Monoetch real-time display and analysis program developed with this LDRD displays raw and filtered reflectance signals that enable an etch system operator to stop an etch at the desired depth within the desired layer. The ion beam diagnostics developed with this LDRD will permit routine analysis of critical ion-beam profile characteristics that determine etch uniformity and reproducibility on the RIBE tool.
Date:
February 1, 2000
Creator:
Ashby, Carol I.; Vawter, Gregory A.; Breiland, William G.; Bruskas, Larry A.; Woodworth, Joseph R. & Hebner, Gregory A.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
The design, fabrication, and testing of WETF high-quality, long-term-storage, secondary containment vessels
Los Alamos National Laboratory's Weapons Engineering Tritium Facility (WETF) requires secondary containment vessels to store primary tritium containment vessels. The primary containment vessel provides the first boundary for tritium containment. The primary containment vessel is stored within a secondary containment vessel that provides the secondary boundary for tritium containment. WETF requires high-quality, long-term-storage, secondary tritium containment vessels that fit within a Mound-designed calorimeter. In order to qualify the WETF high-quality, long-term-storage, secondary containment vessels for use at WETF, steps have been taken to ensure the appropriate design, adequate testing, quality in fabrication, and acceptable documentation.
Date:
March 1, 2000
Creator:
Fisher, Kane J.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Stress Intensity Factor Plasticity Correction for Flaws in Stress Concentration Regions
Plasticity corrections to elastically computed stress intensity factors are often included in brittle fracture evaluation procedures. These corrections are based on the existence of a plastic zone in the vicinity of the crack tip. Such a plastic zone correction is included in the flaw evaluation procedure of Appendix A to Section XI of the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code. Plasticity effects from the results of elastic and elastic-plastic explicit flaw finite element analyses are examined for various size cracks emanating from the root of a notch in a panel and for cracks located at fillet fadii. The results of these caluclations provide conditions under which the crack-tip plastic zone correction based on the Irwin plastic zone size overestimates the plasticity effect for crack-like flaws embedded in stress concentration regions in which the elastically computed stress exceeds the yield strength of the material. A failure assessment diagram (FAD) curve is employed to graphically c haracterize the effect of plasticity on the crack driving force. The Option 1 FAD curve of the Level 3 advanced fracture assessment procedure of British Standard PD 6493:1991, adjusted for stress concentration effects by a term that is a function of the applied load and the …
Date:
February 1, 2000
Creator:
Friedman, E. & Wilson, W.K.
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Radionuclide Concentrations in Honey Bees from Area G at TA-54 during 1999
Honey bees were collected from two colonies located at Los Alamos National Laboratory's Area G, Technical Area 54, and from one control (background) colony located near Jemez Springs, NM. Samples were analyzed for various radionuclides. Area G sample results from both colonies were higher than the upper (95%) level background concentration for {sup 3}H. Sample results from one colony were higher than the upper (95%) level background concentration for total uranium, while sample results from the other colony were higher than the upper (95%) level background concentration for {sup 90}Sr.
Date:
June 1, 2000
Creator:
Haarmann, T. K. & Fresquez, P. R.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library