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Ultra-intense, short pulse laser-plasma interactions with applications to the fast ignitor
Due to the advent of chirped pulse amplification (CPA) as an efficient means of creating ultra-high intensity laser light (I > 5{times}10{sup 17} W/cm{sup 2}) in pulses less than a few picoseconds, new ideas for achieving ignition and gain in DT targets with less than 1 megajoule of input energy are currently being pursued. Two types of powerful lasers are employed in this scheme: (1) channeling beams and (2) ignition beams. The current state of laser-plasma interactions relating to this fusion scheme will be discussed. In particular, plasma physics issues in the ultra-intense regime are crucial to the success of this scheme. We compare simulation and experimental results in this highly nonlinear regime.
Date:
April 1, 1995
Creator:
Wilks, S. C.; Kruer, W. L.; Young, P. E.; Hammer, J. & Tabak, M.
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Maintenance Action Work Plan for Waste Area Grouping 1 inactive tanks 3001-B, 3004-B, T-30, and 3013 at Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee. Environmental Restoration Program
This Maintenance Action Work Plan has been prepared to document the activities and procedures for the remediation of four inactive, low-level radioactive tanks at Waste Area Grouping 1, from the Category D list of tanks in the Federal Facility Agreement for the Oak Ridge Reservation (EPA et al. 1994). The four tanks to remediated are tanks 3001-B, 3004-B, T-30, and 3013. Three of the tanks (3001-B, 3004-B, and T-30) will be physically removed from the ground. Because of logistical issues associted with excavation and site access, the fourth tank (3013) will be grouted in place and permanently closed.
Date:
July 1, 1995
Creator:
unknown
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Material and processing issues for the monolithic integration of microelectronics with surface-micromachined polysilicon sensors and actuators
The monolithic integration of micromechanical devices with their controlling electronics offers potential increases in performance as well as decreases in cost for these devices. Analog Devices has demonstrated the commercial viability of this integration by interleaving the micromechanical fabrication steps of an accelerometer with the microelectronic fabrication steps of its controlling electronics. Sandia`s Microelectronics Development Laboratory has integrated the micromechanical and microelectronic processing sequences in a segregated fashion. In this CMOS-first, micromechanics-last approach, conventional aluminum metallization is replaced by tungsten metallization to allow CMOS to withstand subsequent high-temperature processing during the micromechanical fabrication. This approach is a further development of an approach originally developed at UC Berkeley. Specifically, the issues of yield, repeatability, and uniformity of the tungsten/CMOS approach are addressed. Also, material issues related to the development of high-temperature diffusion barriers, adhesion layers, and low-stress films are discussed. Processing and material issues associated with alternative approaches to this integration such as micromechanics- first, CMOS-last or the interleaved process are also discussed.
Date:
August 1, 1995
Creator:
Smith, J.H.; Montague, S. & Sniegowski, J.J.
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Multidimensional DDT modeling of energetic materials
To model the shock-induced behavior of porous or damaged energetic materials, a nonequilibrium mixture theory has been developed and incorporated into the shock physics code, CTH. The foundation for this multiphase model is based on a continuum mixture formulation given by Baer and Nunziato. This multiphase mixture model provides a thermodynamic and mathematically-consistent description of the self-accelerated combustion processes associated with deflagration-to-detonation and delayed detonation behavior which are key modeling issues in safety assessment of energetic systems. An operator-splitting method is used in the implementation of this model, whereby phase diffusion effects are incorporated using a high resolution transport method. Internal state variables, forming the basis for phase interaction quantities, are resolved during the Lagrangian step requiring the use of a stiff matrix-free solver. Benchmark calculations are presented which simulate low-velocity piston impact on a propellant porous bed and experimentally-measured wave features are well replicated with this model. This mixture model introduces micromechanical models for the initiation and growth of reactive multicomponent flow that are key features to describe shock initiation and self-accelerated deflagration-to-detonation combustion behavior. To complement one-dimensional simulation, two-dimensional numerical calculations are presented which indicate wave curvature effects due to the loss of wall confinement. This study is …
Date:
July 1, 1995
Creator:
Baer, M. R.; Hertel, E. S. & Bell, R. L.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Multidimensional DDT modeling of energetic materials
A nonequilibrium continuum mixture model has been incorporated into the CTH shock physics code to describe deflagration-to-detonation transition in granular energetic materials. This approach treats multiple thermodynamic and mechanics fields including the effects of relative material motion, rate-dependent compaction and interphase exchange of mass, momentum and energy. A finite volume description is formulated and internal state variables are solved using an operator-splitting method. Numerical simulations of low-velocity impact on a weakly-confined porous propellant bed are presented which display lateral wall release leading to curved compaction and reaction wave behavior.
Date:
August 1, 1995
Creator:
Baer, M. R.; Hertel, E. S. & Bell, R. L.
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Technical evaluation report for the demonstration of radio frequency soil decontamination at Site S-1
The Air Force`s Armstrong Laboratory at Tyndall Air Force Base, Florida, has supported the research and development of Radio Frequency Soil Decontamination. Radio frequency soil decontamination is essentially a heat-assisted soil vapor extraction process. Site S-1 at Kelly Air Force Base, San Antonio, Texas, was selected for the demonstration of two patented techniques. The site is a former sump that collected spills and surface run-off from a waste petroleum, oils, and lubricants and solvent storage and transfer area. In 1993, a technique developed by the IIT Research Institute using an array of electrodes placed in the soil was demonstrated. In 1994, a technique developed by KAI Technologies, Inc. using a single applicator placed in a vertical borehole was demonstrated. Approximately 120 tons of soil were heated during each demonstration to a temperature of about 150 degrees Celsius.
Date:
April 1, 1995
Creator:
Lyon, Chesley R.; Blanchard, Clifton F. & Whitt, Laura H.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Geomorphology of plutonium in the Northern Rio Grande
Nearly all of the plutonium in the natural environment of the Northern Rio Grande is associated with soils and sediment, and river processes account for most of the mobility of these materials. A composite regional budget for plutonium based on multi-decadal averages for sediment and plutonium movement shows that 90 percent of the plutonium moving into the system is from atmospheric fallout. The remaining 10 percent is from releases at Los Alamos. Annual variation in plutonium flux and storage exceeds 100 percent. The contribution to the plutonium budget from Los Alamos is associated with relatively coarse sediment which often behaves as bedload in the Rio Grande. Infusion of these materials into the main stream were largest in 1951, 1952, 1957, and 1968. Because of the schedule of delivery of plutonium to Los Alamos for experimentation and weapons manufacturing, the latter two years are probably the most important. Although the Los Alamos contribution to the entire plutonium budget was relatively small, in these four critical years it constituted 71--86 percent of the plutonium in bedload immediately downstream from Otowi.
Date:
March 1, 1993
Creator:
Graf, William L.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Light U(1) gauge boson coupled to baryon number
The authors discuss the phenomenology of a light U(1) gauge boson, {gamma}{sub B}, that couples only to baryon number. Gauging baryon number at high energies can prevent dangerous baryon-number violating operators that may be generated by Planck scale physics. However, they assume at low energies that the new U(1) gauge symmetry is spontaneously broken and that the {gamma}{sub B} mass m{sub B} is smaller than m{sub z}. They show for m{sub {Upsilon}} < m{sub B} < m{sub z} that the {gamma}B coupling {alpha}{sub B} can be as large as {approximately} 0.1 without conflicting with the current experimental constraints. The authors argue that {alpha}{sub B} {approximately} 0.1 is large enough to produce visible collider signatures and that evidence for the {gamma}{sub B} could be hidden in existing LEP data. They show that there are realistic models in which mixing between the {gamma}{sub B} and the electroweak gauge bosons occurs only as a radiative effect and does not lead to conflict with precision electroweak measurements. Such mixing may nevertheless provide a leptonic signal for models of this type at an upgraded Tevatron.
Date:
June 1, 1995
Creator:
Carone, C.D. & Murayama, Hitoshi
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Challenges in the Twentieth Century and Beyond: Computer codes and data
The second half of the twentieth century has seen major changes in computer architecture. In the early fifties to the early seventies, the word ``computes`` demanded reverence, respect and even fear. Computers, then, were almost ``untouchable``. Today, computers have become the mainstreams of communication on the rapidly expanding communication highways. They have become necessities of life. With the computers came the establishment of information centers -- tasked with the dissemination of newly developed computer codes and generated data. The Radiation Shielding Information Center (RSIC) was founded in 1962 as a valuable resource for programs and cross section data concerned with the effects of radiation. Through the years, RSIC has collected computer codes developed for the early machines (IBM 360, DEC PDP-10, CDC 660, UNIVAC 1100), to the more modern and powerful desktops (Pentium based Personal Computers, UNIX workstations like the IBM RISC 6000, DEC Alpha, SUN) and supercomputers (Cray XMP, Cray YMP, Cray C90, IBM SP2).
Date:
December 1, 1995
Creator:
Kirk, B.L.
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Stratigraphic variations and secondary porosity within the Maynardville Limestone in Bear Creek Valley, Y-12 Plant, Oak Ridge, Tennessee
To evaluate groundwater and surface water contamination and migration near the Oak Ridge Y-12 plant, a Comprehensive Groundwater Monitoring Plan was developed. As part of the Maynardville exit pathways monitoring program, monitoring well clusters were ii installed perpendicular to the strike of the Maynardville Limestone, that underlies the southern part of the Y-12 Plant and Bear Creek Valley (BCV). The Maynardville Project is designed to locate potential exit pathways of groundwater, study geochemical characteristics and factors affecting the occurrence and distribution of water-bearing intervals, and provide hydrogeologic information to be used to reduce the potential impacts of contaminants entering the Maynardville Limestone.
Date:
May 1, 1995
Creator:
Goldstrand, P.M.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Network improvement problems
The authors study budget constrained optimal network improvement problems. Such problems aim at finding optimal strategies for improving a network under some cost measure subject to certain budget constraints. As an example, consider the following prototypical problem: Let G = (V, E) be an undirected graph with two cost values L(e) and C(e) associated with each edge e, where L(e) denotes the length of e and C(e) denotes the cost of reducing the length of e by a unit amount. A reduction strategy specifies for each edge e, the amount by which L(e) is to be reduced. For a given budget B, the goal is to find a reduction strategy such that the total cost of reduction is at most B and the minimum cost tree (with respect to some measure M) under the modified L costs is the best over all possible reduction strategies which obey the budget constraint. Typical measures M for a tree are the total weight and the diameter. They provide both hardness and approximation results for the two measures M mentioned above. For the problem of minimizing the total weight of a spacing tree, they provide an algorithm that, for any fixed {gamma},{var_epsilon} > 0, …
Date:
September 1, 1995
Creator:
Krumke, S. O.; Noltemeier, H.; Drangmeister, K. U.; Marathe, M. V. & Ravi, S. S.
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Chemical decomposition of high-level nuclear waste storage/disposal glasses under irradiation. 1997 annual progress report
'The objective of this research is to use the sensitive technique of electron spin resonance (ESR) to look for evidence of radiation-induced chemical decomposition of vitreous forms contemplated for immobilization of plutonium and/or high-level nuclear wastes, to interpret this evidence in terms of existing knowledge of glass structure, and to recommend certain materials for further study by other techniques, particularly electron microscopy and measurements of gas evolution by high-vacuum mass spectroscopy. Previous ESR studies had demonstrated that an effect of y rays on a simple binary potassium silicate glass was to induce superoxide (O{sub 2}{sup -}) and ozonide (O{sub 3}{sup -}) as relatively stable product of long-term irradiation Accordingly, some of the first experiments performed as a part of the present effort involved repeating this work. A glass of composition 44 K{sub 2}O: 56 SiO{sub 2} was prepared from reagent grade K{sub 2}CO3 and SiO{sub 2} powders melted in a Pt crucible in air at 1,200 C for 1.5 hr. A sample irradiated to a dose of 1 MGy (1 MGy = 10{sup 8} rad) indeed yielded the same ESR results as before. To test the notion that the complex oxygen ions detected may be harbingers of radiation-induced phase separation …
Date:
January 1, 1997
Creator:
Griscom, D.L. & Merzbacher, C.I.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
National low-level waste management program radionuclide report series, Volume 14: Americium-241
This report, Volume 14 of the National Low-Level Waste Management Program Radionuclide Report Series, discusses the radiological and chemical characteristics of americium-241 ({sup 241}Am). This report also includes discussions about waste types and forms in which {sup 241}Am can be found and {sup 241}Am behavior in the environment and in the human body.
Date:
September 1, 1995
Creator:
Winberg, M. R. & Garcia, R. S.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Integral Fast Reactor Program annual progress report, FY 1994
This report summarizes highlights of the technical progress made in the Integral Fast Reactor (IFR) Program in FY 1994. Technical accomplishments are presented in the following areas of the IFR technology development activities: metal fuel performance; pyroprocess development; safety experiments and analyses; core design development; fuel cycle demonstration; and LMR technology R&D.
Date:
December 1, 1994
Creator:
Chang, Y. I.; Walters, L. C.; Laidler, J. J.; Pedersen, D. R.; Wade, D. C. & Lineberry, J. J.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Design and construction of deinococcus radiodurans for biodegradation of organic toxins at radioactive DOE waste sites. 1998 annual progress report
'A 1992 survey of DOE waste sites indicates that about 32% of soils and 45% of groundwaters at these sites contain radionuclides and metals plus an organic toxin class. The most commonly reported combinations of these hazardous compounds being radionuclides and metals (e.g., U, Pu, Cs, Pb, Cr, As) plus chlorinated hydrocarbons (e.g., trichloroethylene), fuel hydrocarbons (e.g., toluene), or polychlorinated biphenyls (e.g., Arochlor 1248). These wastes are some of the most hazardous pollutants and pose an increasing risk to human health as they leach into the environment. The objective of this research is to develop novel organisms, that are highly resistant to radiation and the toxic effects of metals and radionuclides, for in-situ bioremediation of organic toxins. Few organisms exist that are able to remediate such environmental organic pollutants, and among those that can, the bacteria belonging to the genus Pseudomonas are the most characterized. Unfortunately, these bacteria are very radiation sensitive. For example, Pseudomonas spp. is even more sensitive than Escherichia coli and, thus, is not suitable as a bioremediation host in environments subjected to radiation. By contrast, D. radiodurans, a natural soil bacterium, is the most radiation resistant organism yet discovered; it is several thousand times more resistant …
Date:
June 1, 1998
Creator:
Daly, M. J.; Wackett, L. P. & Minton, K. W.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Diphoton production in p{bar p} collisions at {radical}s = 1.8 TeV
We present measurements of the inclusive {gamma}{gamma} cross section (as a function of invariant mass and photon {epsilon}{sub {tau}}), in p{bar p} collisions at {radical}s = 1.8 TeV, made using the D0 detector at the Fermilab Tevatron collider. The next is leading order (NLO) QCD prediction is found to be in good agreement with the data. The effects of invariant mass and diphoton balance cuts, which test the next-to-leading order contributions to the cross section, are investigated. We also compare the distribution of {kappa}{sub {tau}} between samples of diphotons and highly electromagnetic jets, and find that the NLO QCD prediction models the shape of the {gamma}{gamma} {kappa}{sub {tau}} distribution quite well.
Date:
July 1, 1995
Creator:
Abachi, S.
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Automatic history matching of geothermal field performance
We have developed inverse modeling capabilities for the multiphase multicomponent numerical simulator TOUGH2 to facilitate automatic history matching, and parameter estimation based on data obtained during exploitation of Geothermal fields. The ITOUGH2 code allows one to estimate TOUGH2 input parameters based on any type of observation for which a corresponding TOUGH2 output can be calculated. Furthermore, a detailed residual and error analysis is performed, and the uncertainty of model predictions can be evaluated. This paper focuses on the solution of the inverse; problem, i.e. the determination of model-related parameters by automatically calibrating a conceptual model of the Geothermal system against data obtained during field operation. We first describe the modeling, approach used to simulate fluid and heat flow in fractured-porous media. The inverse problem is then formulated, followed by a brief discussion of the optimization algorithm. A sample problem is given to demonstrate the application of the method to Geothermal reservoir data.
Date:
August 1, 1995
Creator:
Finsterle, S. & Pruess, K>
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Efficient separations and processing crosscutting program: Develop and test sorbents
This report summarizes work performed during FY 1995 under the task {open_quotes}Develop and Test Sorbents,{close_quotes} the purpose of which is to develop high-capacity, selective solid extractants to recover cesium, strontium, and technetium from nuclear wastes. This work is being done for the Efficient Separations and Processing Crosscutting Program (ESP), operated by the U.S. Department of Energy`s Office of Environmental Management`s Office of Technology Development. The task is under the direction of staff at Pacific Northwest Laboratory (PNL) with key participation from industrial and university staff at 3M, St. Paul, Minnesota; IBC Advanced Technologies, Inc., American Forks, Utah; AlliedSignal, Inc., Des Plaines, Illinois, and Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas. 3M and IBC are responsible for ligand and membrane technology development; AlliedSignal and Texas A&M are developing sodium titanate powders; and PNL is testing the materials developed by the industry/university team members. Major accomplishments for FY 1995 are summarized in this report.
Date:
September 1, 1995
Creator:
Bray, L.A.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Using trees to remediate groundwaters contaminated with chlorinated hydrocarbons. 1998 annual progress report
'Industrial practices in the past have resulted in contamination of groundwater with chlorinated hydrocarbons (CHCs) at many DOE sites, such as Hanford and Savannah River. Such contamination is a major problem because existing groundwater remediation technologies are expensive and difficult. An inexpensive method for groundwater remediation is greatly needed. Trees could be used to remediate CHC polluted groundwater at minimal cost (phytoremediation). Before phytoremediation can be extensively applied, the authors must determine the range of compounds that are attacked, the effects of metabolic products on the plants and the environment, and the effect of transpiration and concentration of CHC on uptake and metabolism. They will test the ability of hybrid poplar to take up and transform the chlorinated methanes, ethanes and ethylenes. The rate of uptake and transformation by poplar of TCE as a function of concentration in the soil, transpiration rate and illumination level will be determined. Methods will be developed to permit rapid testing of plants from contaminated sites for species able to oxidize and sequester chlorinated compounds. They will identify the nature of the bound residues of TCE metabolism in poplar. They will identify the mechanisms involved in CHC oxidation in poplar and use genetic manipulations to …
Date:
June 1, 1998
Creator:
Strand, S.E. & Gordon, M.P.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
An overview of fast multipole methods
A number of physics problems may be cast in terms of Hilbert-Schmidt integral equations. In many cases, the integrals tend to be zero over a large portion of the domain of interest. All of the information is contained in compact regions of the domain which renders their use very attractive from the standpoint of efficient numerical computation. Discrete representation of these integrals leads to a system of N elements which have pair-wise interactions with one another. A direct solution technique requires computational effort which is O(N{sup 2}). Fast multipole methods (FMM) have been widely used in recent years to obtain solutions to these problems requiring a computational effort of only O(Nln N) or O(N). In this paper we present an overview of several variations of the fast multipole method along with examples of its use in solving a variety of physical problems.
Date:
November 1, 1995
Creator:
Strickland, J.H. & Baty, R.S.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Solid Waste Operations Complex W-113, Detail Design Report (Title II). Volume 2: Solid waste retrieval facilities -- Phase 1, detail design drawings
The Solid Waste Retrieval Facility--Phase 1 (Project W113) will provide the infrastructure and the facility required to retrieve from Trench 04, Burial ground 4C, contact handled (CH) drums and boxes at a rate that supports all retrieved TRU waste batching, treatment, storage, and disposal plans. This includes (1) operations related equipment and facilities, viz., a weather enclosure for the trench, retrieval equipment, weighing, venting, obtaining gas samples, overpacking, NDE, NDA, shipment of waste and (2) operations support related facilities, viz., a general office building, a retrieval staff change facility, and infrastructure upgrades such as supply and routing of water, sewer, electrical power, fire protection, roads, and telecommunication. Title I design for the operations related equipment and facilities was performed by Raytheon/BNFL, and that for the operations support related facilities including infrastructure upgrade was performed by KEH. These two scopes were combined into an integrated W113 Title II scope that was performed by Raytheon/BNFL. Volume 2 provides the complete set of the Detail Design drawings along with a listing of the drawings. Once approved by WHC, these drawings will be issued and baselined for the Title 3 construction effort.
Date:
September 1, 1995
Creator:
unknown
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
The Effect of Shock Stress and Field Strength on Shock-Induced Depoling of Normally Poled PZT 95/5
Shock-induced depoling of the ferroelectric ceramic PZT 95/5 is utilized in a number of pulsed power devices. Several experimental and theoretical efforts are in progress in order to improve numerical simulations of these devices. In this study we have examined the shock response of normally poled PZT 95/5 under uniaxial strain conditions. On each experiment the current produced in an external circuit and the transmitted waveform at a window interface were recorded. The peak electrical field generated within the PZT sample was varied through the choice of external circuit resistance. Shock pressures were varied from 0.6 to 4.6 GPa, and peak electrical fields were varied from 0.2 to 37 kV/cm. For a 2.4 GPa shock and the lowest peak field, a nearly constant current governed simply by the remanent polarization and the shock velocity was recorded. Both decreasing the shock pressure and increasing the electrical field resulted in reduced current generation, indicating a retardation of the depoling kinetics.
Date:
September 1, 1999
Creator:
CHHABILDAS,LALIT C.; FURNISH,MICHAEL D.; MONTGOMERY,STEPHEN T. & SETCHELL,ROBERT E.
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library
PVUSA procurement, acceptance, and rating practices for photovoltaic power plants
This report is one in a series of PVUSA reports on PVUSA experiences and lessons learned at the demonstration sites in Davis and Kerman, California, and from participating utility host sites. During the course of approximately 7 years (1988--1994), 10 PV systems have been installed ranging from 20 kW to 500 kW. Six 20-kW emerging module technology arrays, five on universal project-provided structures and one turnkey concentrator, and four turnkey utility-scale systems (200 to 500 kW) were installed. PVUSA took a very proactive approach in the procurement of these systems. In the absence of established procurement documents, the project team developed a comprehensive set of technical and commercial documents. These have been updated with each successive procurement. Working closely with vendors after the award in a two-way exchange provided designs better suited for utility applications. This report discusses the PVUSA procurement process through testing and acceptance, and rating of PV turnkey systems. Special emphasis is placed on the acceptance testing and rating methodology which completes the procurement process by verifying that PV systems meet contract requirements. Lessons learned and recommendations are provided based on PVUSA experience.
Date:
September 1, 1995
Creator:
Dows, R. N. & Gough, E. J.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Laboratory directed research and development FY98 annual report
In 1984, Congress and the Department of Energy (DOE) established the Laboratory Directed Research and Development (LDRD) Program to enable the director of a national laboratory to foster and expedite innovative research and development (R and D) in mission areas. The Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) continually examines these mission areas through strategic planning and shapes the LDRD Program to meet its long-term vision. The goal of the LDRD Program is to spur development of new scientific and technical capabilities that enable LLNL to respond to the challenges within its evolving mission areas. In addition, the LDRD Program provides LLNL with the flexibility to nurture and enrich essential scientific and technical competencies and enables the Laboratory to attract the most qualified scientists and engineers. The FY98 LDRD portfolio described in this annual report has been carefully structured to continue the tradition of vigorously supporting DOE and LLNL strategic vision and evolving mission areas. The projects selected for LDRD funding undergo stringent review and selection processes, which emphasize strategic relevance and require technical peer reviews of proposals by external and internal experts. These FY98 projects emphasize the Laboratory's national security needs: stewardship of the U.S. nuclear weapons stockpile, responsibility for the …
Date:
May 1, 1999
Creator:
Al-Ayat, R & Holzrichter, J
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library