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Classification of hydrostratigraphic units at the Savannah River Site, South Carolina
A detailed synthesis of the hydrologic, geophysical and core data from wells penetrating the updip Mesozoic-Cenozoic Coastal Plain sequence at and near the Savannah River Site (SRS) was conducted to define and classify the hydrostratigraphic units. The purpose of the study was to give the SRS a single unified hydrostratigraphic classification that defines and addresses the hydrogeologic characteristics of the aquifers underlying the site. The characterization, areal distribution and classification of the aquifer and aquifer systems gives SRS the tools to evaluate ground water movement and contaminant transport in a comprehensive regional context. An alpha-numeric nomenclature has been temporarily adopted in this report for classifying the aquifers and aquifer systems at SRS. Formal geographic names for the aquifers and aquifer systems will be proposed in the near future but must be agreed upon and ratified by the South Carolina Hydrostratigraphic Subcommittee which was in part organized for the purpose. The classification utilizes a hierarchy of terms ranked at three levels: Aquifer Systems that transmit ground water regionally; Aquifer Units which are mappable units > 400 square miles in area; and Aquifer Zones that differentiate aquifers internally on the basis of locally significant characteristics.
Date:
December 1, 1990
Creator:
Aadland, R. K. & Bledsoe, H. W.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Classification of hydrostratigraphic units at the Savannah River Site, South Carolina
A detailed synthesis of the hydrologic, geophysical and core data from wells penetrating the updip Mesozoic-Cenozoic Coastal Plain sequence at and near the Savannah River Site (SRS) was conducted to define and classify the hydrostratigraphic units. The purpose of the study was to give the SRS a single unified hydrostratigraphic classification that defines and addresses the hydrogeologic characteristics of the aquifers underlying the site. The characterization, areal distribution and classification of the aquifer and aquifer systems gives SRS the tools to evaluate ground water movement and contaminant transport in a comprehensive regional context. An alpha-numeric nomenclature has been temporarily adopted in this report for classifying the aquifers and aquifer systems at SRS. Formal geographic names for the aquifers and aquifer systems will be proposed in the near future but must be agreed upon and ratified by the South Carolina Hydrostratigraphic Subcommittee which was in part organized for the purpose. The classification utilizes a hierarchy of terms ranked at three levels: Aquifer Systems that transmit ground water regionally; Aquifer Units which are mappable units > 400 square miles in area; and Aquifer Zones that differentiate aquifers internally on the basis of locally significant characteristics.
Date:
December 1, 1990
Creator:
Aadland, R. K. & Bledsoe, H. W.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
New technologies for item monitoring
This report responds to the Department of Energy`s request that Sandia National Laboratories compare existing technologies against several advanced technologies as they apply to DOE needs to monitor the movement of material, weapons, or personnel for safety and security programs. The authors describe several material control systems, discuss their technologies, suggest possible applications, discuss assets and limitations, and project costs for each system. The following systems are described: WATCH system (Wireless Alarm Transmission of Container Handling); Tag system (an electrostatic proximity sensor); PANTRAK system (Personnel And Material Tracking); VRIS (Vault Remote Inventory System); VSIS (Vault Safety and Inventory System); AIMS (Authenticated Item Monitoring System); EIVS (Experimental Inventory Verification System); Metrox system (canister monitoring system); TCATS (Target Cueing And Tracking System); LGVSS (Light Grid Vault Surveillance System); CSS (Container Safeguards System); SAMMS (Security Alarm and Material Monitoring System); FOIDS (Fiber Optic Intelligence & Detection System); GRADS (Graded Radiation Detection System); and PINPAL (Physical Inventory Pallet).
Date:
December 1, 1993
Creator:
Abbott, J. A. & Waddoups, I. G.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Characterization of surfactants in the presence of oil for steam foam application
The steam foam process has been applied in the oil fields since the late 1970`s. The mechanism of the process, however, is not known fully; particularly the detrimental effects of oil on foam, while known, are still unexplained. Understanding the mechanisms of foam generation, stability, and mobility of foam to improve the development of field level projects has been the focus of the attention of many workers of the oil industry. Extensive laboratory studies have been carried out, mostly without oil but some with oil. This study falls in the later category. A one dimensional sandpack (6 ft X 2.15 in) model is used to investigate the behavior of four anionic sulfonate surfactants of varying chemical structure with steam. The study is performed with an crude oil at residual oil saturation of about 12 percent of the pore volume. The observed pressure drops across the various sections of the pack are used to study the behavior of the surfactant. The tested surfactants vary in chain length, aromatic structure and number of ionic charges. A linear toluene sulfonate produced the highest strength foam in presence of the oil at residual saturations, as compared to the alpha olefin sulfonates. This is in …
Date:
December 1, 1992
Creator:
Abdul-Razzaq & Castanier, L. M.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Characterization of surfactants in the presence of oil for steam foam application
The steam foam process has been applied in the oil fields since the late 1970's. The mechanism of the process, however, is not known fully; particularly the detrimental effects of oil on foam, while known, are still unexplained. Understanding the mechanisms of foam generation, stability, and mobility of foam to improve the development of field level projects has been the focus of the attention of many workers of the oil industry. Extensive laboratory studies have been carried out, mostly without oil but some with oil. This study falls in the later category. A one dimensional sandpack (6 ft X 2.15 in) model is used to investigate the behavior of four anionic sulfonate surfactants of varying chemical structure with steam. The study is performed with an crude oil at residual oil saturation of about 12 percent of the pore volume. The observed pressure drops across the various sections of the pack are used to study the behavior of the surfactant. The tested surfactants vary in chain length, aromatic structure and number of ionic charges. A linear toluene sulfonate produced the highest strength foam in presence of the oil at residual saturations, as compared to the alpha olefin sulfonates. This is in …
Date:
December 1, 1992
Creator:
Abdul-Razzaq & Castanier, L.M.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Design characteristics for facilities which process hazardous particulate
Los Alamos National Laboratory is establishing a research and processing capability for beryllium. The unique properties of beryllium, including light weight, rigidity, thermal conductivity, heat capacity, and nuclear properties make it critical to a number of US defense and aerospace programs. Concomitant with the unique engineering properties are the health hazards associated with processing beryllium in a particulate form and the potential for worker inhalation of aerosolized beryllium. Beryllium has the lowest airborne standard for worker protection compared to all other nonradioactive metals by more than an order of magnitude. This paper describes the design characteristics of the new beryllium facility at Los Alamos as they relate to protection of the workforce. Design characteristics to be reviewed include; facility layout, support systems to minimize aerosol exposure and spread, and detailed review of the ventilation system design for general room air cleanliness and extraction of particulate at the source.
Date:
December 1, 1998
Creator:
Abeln, S.P.; Creek, K. & Salisbury, S.
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Role of C, O and H in III-V nitrides
The light ion impurities C, 0 and H have been implanted or diffused into GaN and related compounds and their effect on the electrical properties of these materials measured by Hall, C-V and SIMS as a function of annealing temperatures from 300--11OO{degree}C. While C in as-grown GaN appears to create an acceptor under MOMBE conditions, implanted C shows no measurable activity. Similarly, implanted 0 does not show any shallow donor activity after annealing at {le}700{degree}C, but can create high resistivity regions (10{sup 6} {Omega}/{open_square}) in GaN, AlInN and InGaN for device isolation when annealed at 500--70O{degree}C. Finally, hydrogen is found to passivate shallow donor and acceptor states in GaN, InN. InAlN and InGaN, with dissociation of the neutral complexes at >450{degree}C. The liberated hydrogen does not leave the nitride films until much higher annealing temperatures (>800{degree}C). Typical reactivation energies are {approximately}2.0 eV for impurity-hydrogen complexes.
Date:
December 1, 1995
Creator:
Abernathy, C. R.; Pearton, S. J.; MacKenzie, J. D.; Lee, J. W.; Vartuli, C. B.; Wilson, R. G. et al.
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Comparison of ICl- and IBr-Based Plasma Chemistries for Inductively Coupled Plasma Etching of GaN, InN and AlN
A parametric study of the etch characteristics of GaN, AIN and InN has been earned out with IC1/Ar and IBr/Ar chemistries in an Inductively Coupled Plasma discharge. The etch rates of InN and AIN were relatively independent of plasma composition, while GaN showed increased etch rates with interhalogen concentration. Etch rates for all materials increased with increasing rf chuck power, indicating that higher ion bombardment energies are more efficient in enhancing sputter resorption of etch products. The etch rates increased for source powers up to 500 W and remained relatively thereafter for all materials, while GaN and InN showed maximum etch rates with increasing pressure. The etched GaN showed extremely smooth surfaces, which were somewhat better with IBr/Ar than with IC1/Ar. Maximum selectivities of- 14 for InN over GaN and >25 for InN over AIN were obtained with both chemistries.
Date:
December 1, 1998
Creator:
Abernathy, C.R.; Cho, H.; Donovan, S.M.; Hahn, Y.B.; Han, J.; Hays, D.C. et al.
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library
A novel approach to highly dispersing catalytic materials in coal for gasification. Final technical report, September 1989--November 1992
The objectives of this project were to investigate the effects of coal surface charge on the uptake of aqueous soluble metal catalysts from solution and to determine the influence of the interfacial interaction on char reactivity. Another goal is to assess the potential of using potassium carbonate, potassium acetate or their mixtures as catalysts for char gasification. The lower cost and the high catalytic activity of the latter compound will produce economic benefits by reducing the amount of potassium carbonate required for efficient char reactivities on a commercial scale. To minimize the interference of the coals` inherent inorganic materials with the added calcium or potassium, the gasification studies were restricted to the demineralized coals. In a manner similar to the effect of pH on the surface electrochemistry of the coals, the reactivities of the calcium- or potassium-loaded chars in bon dioxide at 800{degree}C were dependent upon the pH at which the catalysts were ion-exchanged onto the coals. For the calcium-containing chars, the reactivities increased in the order: pH 6 > pH 10 > pH 1. In contrast, the variation of the gasification rates with potassium loading pH was: pH 6 {approximately} pH 10 {much_gt} pH 1. However, simultaneous adsorption of …
Date:
December 1, 1992
Creator:
Abotsi, G. M. K. & Bota, K. B.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Characterization plan for Hanford spent nuclear fuel
Reprocessing of spent nuclear fuel (SNF) at the Hanford Site Plutonium-Uranium Extraction Plant (PUREX) was terminated in 1972. Since that time a significant quantity of N Reactor and Single-Pass Reactor SNF has been stored in the 100 Area K-East (KE) and K-West (KW) reactor basins. Approximately 80% of all US Department of Energy (DOE)-owned SNF resides at Hanford, the largest portion of which is in the water-filled KE and KW reactor basins. The basins were not designed for long-term storage of the SNF and it has become a priority to move the SNF to a more suitable location. As part of the project plan, SNF inventories will be chemically and physically characterized to provide information that will be used to resolve safety and technical issues for development of an environmentally benign and efficient extended interim storage and final disposition strategy for this defense production-reactor SNF.
Date:
December 1, 1994
Creator:
Abrefah, J.; Thornton, T. A.; Thomas, L. E.; Berting, F. M. & Marschman, S. C.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Preconditioned gradient methods for sparse linear systems for very `large structural` problems
This paper deals with background and practical experience with preconditioned gradient methods for sparse linear systems for `very large` structural problems. The conjugate gradient method with diagonal preconditioning (CG/D) is demonstrated to substantially increase the size of structural problems that can be analyzed, significantly reduce computer storage requirements, and cut computing cost; thus allowing for much more detailed modeling and increased engineering efficiency. For one case for a structural system with 396,087 unknowns, the conjugate gradient method with diagonal preconditioning is demonstrated to be a factor of sixty faster than the direct method. For certain problems, however, the number of iterations required by the CG/D method is excessive and improved methods are needed. A stand-alone iterative solver research computer program was developed to evaluate the merits of various matrix preconditioners. A matrix preconditoner based on a shifted incomplete Cholesky factorization algorithm was demonstrated to be superior to other choices. The stand-alone program incorporates an effective data management strategy which utilizes disk and solid state auxiliary computer storage devices to make it possible to efficiently solve excessively large structural problems on state-of-the-art vector and parallel computers. The background of gradient methods, algorithms for their implementation, and practical experience in their applications …
Date:
December 1, 1995
Creator:
Abu-Shumays, I.K.; Hutula, D.N.; Haan, J.J. & Myers, G.T.
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Healing of lithographically introduced flaws in glass and glass containing ceramics
The morphological evolution of cylindrical pores or ``channels`` and crack-like cavities in glass and glass-containing ceramics at elevated temperatures was studied. The systems studied were: Coming 7056 alkali borosilicate glass, soda-lime glass (microscope slides), a commercially available 96% Al{sub 2}O{sub 3}with {approx}5--10% intergranular glass, 96% Al{sub 2}O{sub 3} bonded to sapphire, and a model sapphire/glass/sapphire system fabricated by diffusion bonding etched and unetched pieces of sapphire onto which 30--50 nm of SiO{sub 2} had been sputter deposited. These systems span a broad range of glass contents, and permit observation of healing behavior with varying glass content. The results were compared with analytical models and results of similar studies in completely crystalline systems.
Date:
December 1, 1992
Creator:
Ackler, H. D.
Object Type:
Thesis or Dissertation
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Healing of lithographically introduced flaws in glass and glass containing ceramics
The morphological evolution of cylindrical pores or channels'' and crack-like cavities in glass and glass-containing ceramics at elevated temperatures was studied. The systems studied were: Coming 7056 alkali borosilicate glass, soda-lime glass (microscope slides), a commercially available 96% Al[sub 2]O[sub 3]with [approx]5--10% intergranular glass, 96% Al[sub 2]O[sub 3] bonded to sapphire, and a model sapphire/glass/sapphire system fabricated by diffusion bonding etched and unetched pieces of sapphire onto which 30--50 nm of SiO[sub 2] had been sputter deposited. These systems span a broad range of glass contents, and permit observation of healing behavior with varying glass content. The results were compared with analytical models and results of similar studies in completely crystalline systems.
Date:
December 1, 1992
Creator:
Ackler, H. D.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
The design and construction of a double-sided Silicon Microvertex Detector for the L3 experiment at CERN
A Silicon Microvertex Detector (SMD) has been commissioned for the L3 experiment at the Large Electron-Positron colliding-beam accelerator (LEP) at the European Center for Nuclear Physics, (CERN). The SMD is a 72,672 channel, two layer barrel tracker that is comprised of 96 ac-coupled, double-sided silicon detectors. Details of the design and construction are presented.
Date:
December 1, 1993
Creator:
Adam, A.; Ahlen, S.; Marin, A.; Zhou, B.; Ambrosi, G.; Babucci, E. et al.
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library
High efficiency shale oil recovery. First quarter report, January 1, 1992--March 31, 1992
The overall project objective is to demonstrate the high efficiency of the Adams Counter-Current shale oil recovery process. The efficiency will first be demonstrated at bench-scale, in the current phase, after which the demonstration will be extended to the operation of a small pilot plant. Thus the immediate project objective is to obtain data on oil shale retorting operations in a small batch rotary kiln that will be representative of operations in the proposed continuous process pilot plant. Although a batch oil shale sample will be sealed in the batch kiln from the start until the end of the run, the process conditions for the batch will be the same as the conditions that an element of oil shale would encounter in a large continuous process kiln. For example, similar conditions of heat-up rate (20 deg F/min during the pyrolysis), oxidation of the residue and cool-down will prevail for the element in both systems. This batch kiln is a unit constructed in a 1987 Phase I SBIR tar sand retorting project. The kiln worked fairly well in that project; however, the need for certain modifications was observed. These modifications are now underway to simplify the operation and make the data …
Date:
December 1, 1992
Creator:
Adams, D. C.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Steam generator secondary pH during a steam generator tube rupture
The Nuclear Regulatory Commission requires utilizes to determine the response of a pressurized water reactor to a steam generator tube rupture (SGTR) as part of the safety analysis for the plant. The SGTR analysis includes assumptions regarding the partitioning of iodine between liquid and vapor in steam generator secondary. Experimental studies have determined that the partitioning of iodine in water is very sensitive to the pH. Based on this experimental evidence, the NRC requested the INEL to perform an analytical assessment of secondary coolant system (SCS) pH during an SGTR. Design basis thermal and hydraulic calculations were used together with industry standard chemistry guidelines to determine the SCS chemical concentrations during an SGTR. These were used as input to the Facility for Analysis of Chemical Thermodynamics computer system to calculate the equilibrium pH in the SCS at various discrete time during an SGTR. The results of this analysis indicate that the SCS pH decreases from the initial value of 8.8 to approximately 6.5 by the end of the transient, independent of PWR design.
Date:
December 1, 1991
Creator:
Adams, J. P. & Peterson, E. S.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Steam generator secondary pH during a steam generator tube rupture
The Nuclear Regulatory Commission requires utilizes to determine the response of a pressurized water reactor to a steam generator tube rupture (SGTR) as part of the safety analysis for the plant. The SGTR analysis includes assumptions regarding the partitioning of iodine between liquid and vapor in steam generator secondary. Experimental studies have determined that the partitioning of iodine in water is very sensitive to the pH. Based on this experimental evidence, the NRC requested the INEL to perform an analytical assessment of secondary coolant system (SCS) pH during an SGTR. Design basis thermal and hydraulic calculations were used together with industry standard chemistry guidelines to determine the SCS chemical concentrations during an SGTR. These were used as input to the Facility for Analysis of Chemical Thermodynamics computer system to calculate the equilibrium pH in the SCS at various discrete time during an SGTR. The results of this analysis indicate that the SCS pH decreases from the initial value of 8.8 to approximately 6.5 by the end of the transient, independent of PWR design.
Date:
December 1, 1991
Creator:
Adams, J. P. & Peterson, E. S.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Monitoring Stresses on the Pv-4 Isostatic Press From 1960 to 1997
The PV-4 isostatic press has a very large working volume (98 ft{sup 3}) that was designed for routine operations at internal pressures up to 30 ksi and is, therefore, a unique and valuable component of the U.S. DOE Y-12 manufacturing capability. More than 13,000 pressing operations have been conducted since initiation of operations in September 1960. The pressure vessel portion consists of three concentric cylinders of high-strength steel with the outer two cylinders shrink-fitted on the imermost cylinder to minimize tensile stresses on the inner surface of the vessel. The third, outermost cylinder consists of two sections; each section is one-half the length of the pressure vessel. The vessel is contained within a large frame which is made of T-1 steel. In 1982 and 1983 precision strain gauges were mounted at selected locations on the frame and the outer surface of the pressure vessel to monitor the operating stresses. Where possible, locations of the gauges mounted in 1982 and 1983 were at or near the same locations as the strain gauges mounted in 1960 to monitor stresses on the frame and vessel during preoperational testing and design verification of the press. This report presents the information obtained with these strain …
Date:
December 1, 1998
Creator:
Adamski, R. E.; Frazier, J. L.; Horak, J. A.; Howard, D. C. & Kelley, D. K.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
The dynamic inelastic response of delaminated plates
A generalized theory for laminated plates with delaminations is used to consider the influence of inelastic deformations on the dynamic behavior of composite plates with delaminations. The laminate model is based on a generalized displacement formulation implemented at the layer level. The delamination behavior can be modeled using any general interfacial fracture law: however, for the current work a linear model is employed. The interfacial displacement jumps are expressed in an internally consistent fashion in terms of the fundamental unknown interfacial tractions. The current theory imposes no restrictions on the size, location, distribution, or direction of growth of the delaminations. The proposed theory is used to consider the inelastic, dynamic response of delaminated plates in cylindrical bending subjected to a ramp and hold type of loading. The individual layers in the current study are assumed to be either titanium or aluminum. The inelastic response of both materials is modeled using the unified viscoplastic theory of Bodner and Partom. It is shown that the presence of both inelastic behavior and delamination can have a significant influence on the plate response. In particular it is shown that these mechanisms are strongly interactive. This result emphasizes the need to consider both mechanisms simultaneously.
Date:
December 1, 1996
Creator:
Addessio, F.L. & Williams, T.O.
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Removal of trichloroethylene contamination from the subsurface: A comparative evaluation of different remediation strategies by means of numerical simulation
Volatile organic compounds such as petroleum hydrocarbons and halogenated hydrocarbon solvents are common contaminants of the subsurface environment. Although immiscible with water, many of these organics have large enough aqueous phase solubilities to significantly degrade the quality of groundwater with which they come in contact. In addition, many of these substances exhibit high vapor pressures, causing them to partition strongly into the gas phase in their surroundings. Because of these properties, a volatile organic compound (VOC), once introduced into the subsurface may be transported as a solute, a vapor, or as a constituent in a non- aqueous phase liquid (NAPL). This implies that at some sits, an adequate description of the migration of these contaminants in the subsurface would necessarily involve three phases, -- gas, aqueous and NAPL. For example, to design an effective aquifer remediation scheme for a site where NAPL is present, it would be wrong to focus solely on the aqueous phase while ignoring either the gas phase or the NAPL phase. In the present work, we use a simulator developed by Falta et al. (1990a), known as STMVOC,'' which models true three-phase flow in which NAPL, gas and aqueous phases can move in response to pressure, …
Date:
December 1, 1990
Creator:
Adenekan, A.E.; Pruess, K. & Falta, R.W.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Technical Support Section annual work plan for FY 1998
The Technical Support Section (TSS) of the Instrumentation and Controls (I and C) Division of Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) provides technical services such as fabrication, modification, installation, calibration, operation, repair, and preventive maintenance of instruments and other related equipment. Because the activities and priorities of TSS must be adapted to the technical support needs of ORNL, the TSS Annual Work Plan is derived from, and is driven directly by, current trends in the budgets and activities of each ORNL division for which TSS provides support. Trends that will affect TSS planning during this period are reductions in the staffing levels of some R and D programs because of attrition or budget cuts. TSS does not have an annual budget to cover operating expenses incurred in providing instrument maintenance support to ORNL. Each year, TSS collects information concerning the projected funding levels of programs and facilities it supports. TSS workforce and resource projections are based on the information obtained and are weighted depending on the percentage of support provided to that division or program. Each year, TSS sets the standard hourly charge rate for the following fiscal year. The Long-Range Work Plan is based on estimates of the affects of …
Date:
December 1, 1997
Creator:
Adkisson, B. P.; Allison, K. L.; Effler, R. P.; Hess, R. A.; Keeble, T. A.; Odom, S. M. et al.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Photo- and Electroproduction of J{sup PC} = 1 {sup {-+}} exotics
The authors estimate the kinematic dependence of the exclusive photo- and electroproduction of J{sup PC} = 1{sup {-+}} exotic mesons due to {pi} exchange. They show that the kinematic dependence is largely independent of the exotic meson form factor, which is explicitly derived for a 1{sup {-+}} isovector hybrid meson in the flux-tube model of Isgur and Paton. The relevance to experiments currently planned at Jefferson Lab is indicated.
Date:
December 1, 1997
Creator:
Afanasev, Andrei & Page, Philip R.
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Relativistic charge form factor of the deuteron
Relativistic integral representation in terms of experimental neutron-proton scattering phase shifts alone is used to compute the charge form factor of the deuteron G{sub Cd}(Q{sup 2}). The results of numerical calculations of {vert_bar}G{sub Cd}(Q{sup 2}){vert_bar} are presented in the interval of the four-momentum transfers squared 0 {<=} Q{sup 2} {<=} 35 fm{sup {minus}2}. Zero and the prominent secondary maximum in {vert_bar}G{sub Cd}(Q{sup 2}){vert_bar} are the direct consequences of the change of sign in the experimental {sup 3}S{sub 1} - phase shifts. Till the point Q{sup 2} {approx_equal} 20 fm{sup {minus}2} the total relativistic correction to {vert_bar}G{sub Cd}(Q{sup 2}){vert_bar} is positive and reaches the maximal value of 25% at Q{sup 2} {approx_equal} 14 fm{sup {minus}2}.
Date:
December 1, 1997
Creator:
Afanasev, Andrei V.; Afanasev, V.D. & Trubnikov, S.V.
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Chemical composition profiles during alkaline flooding at different temperatures and extended residence times
The objective of this work was to investigate whether or not caustic sweeps the major portion of the reservoir efficiently during an alkaline flood process. It was also the objective of this work to study the state of final equilibrium during a caustic flood through determination of the pH and chemical composition profiles along the porous medium. For this purpose, a long porous medium which provided extended residence times was required. It was necessary to set up the porous medium such that the changes in the pH and chemical composition of the solution could be monitored. Four Berea sandstone cores (8 in. length and1 in. diameter) placed in series provided the desired length and the opportunity for sampling in-between cores. This enabled establishment of pH and chemical composition profiles. The experiments were run at, temperatures up.to 180{degrees}C, and the flow rates varied from 4.8 to 0.2 ft/day. The samples were analyzed for pH and for Si and Al concentrations.The results show that caustic consumption is insignificant for temperatures up to 100{degrees}C. Above 100{degrees}C consumption increases and is accompanied by a significant decrease in pH. The sharp decline in pH also coincides with a sharp decline in concentration of silica in …
Date:
December 1, 1992
Creator:
Aflaki, R. & Handy, L. L.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library