This report responds to the Department of Energy`s request that Sandia National Laboratories compare existing technologies against several advanced technologies as they apply to DOE needs to monitor the movement of material, weapons, or personnel for safety and security programs. The authors describe several material control systems, discuss their technologies, suggest possible applications, discuss assets and limitations, and project costs for each system. The following systems are described: WATCH system (Wireless Alarm Transmission of Container Handling); Tag system (an electrostatic proximity sensor); PANTRAK system (Personnel And Material Tracking); VRIS (Vault Remote Inventory System); VSIS (Vault Safety and Inventory System); AIMS (Authenticated Item Monitoring System); EIVS (Experimental Inventory Verification System); Metrox system (canister monitoring system); TCATS (Target Cueing And Tracking System); LGVSS (Light Grid Vault Surveillance System); CSS (Container Safeguards System); SAMMS (Security Alarm and Material Monitoring System); FOIDS (Fiber Optic Intelligence & Detection System); GRADS (Graded Radiation Detection System); and PINPAL (Physical Inventory Pallet).

A Silicon Microvertex Detector (SMD) has been commissioned for the L3 experiment at the Large Electron-Positron colliding-beam accelerator (LEP) at the European Center for Nuclear Physics, (CERN). The SMD is a 72,672 channel, two layer barrel tracker that is comprised of 96 ac-coupled, double-sided silicon detectors. Details of the design and construction are presented.

This project represents a unique research effort to address the commercial sector end-use energy forecasting data needs of the Pacific Gas and Electric Company (PG&E) and the California Energy Commission (CEC). The object of the project was to develop an updated set of commercial sector end-use energy use intensity (EUI) data that has been fully reconciled with measured data. The research was conducted in two stages. First, we developed reconciled electricity end-use EUIs and load shapes for each of the 11 building types in the inland and coastal regions of the PG&E service territory using information collected in 1986. Second, we developed procedures to translate these results into a consistent set of commercial sector forecasting model inputs recognizing the separate modeling conventions used by PG&E and CEC. EUIs have been developed for: II commercial building types; up to 10 end uses; up to 3 fuel types; 2 and 5 subservice territory forecasting regions (as specified by the PG&E and CEC forecasting models, respectively); and up to 2 distinct vintages corresponding to the period prior to and immediately following the adoption of the first generation of California building and equipment standards. For the electricity end uses, 36 sets of daily load …

Preliminary estimates of national benefits from electric utility applications of battery energy storage through the year 2010 are presented along with a discussion of the particular applications studied. The estimates in this report were based on planning information reported to DOE by electric utilities across the United States. Future studies are planned to refine these estimates as more application-specific information becomes available.

Weekly newspaper from Boerne, Texas that includes local, state, and national news along with advertising.

Absolute yields of CO, CO{sub 2}, and H{sub 2}CO formed in reaction of triplet methylene ({tilde X} {sup 3}B{sub 1} {triple_bond} CH{sub 2}) with O{sub 2} were determined using a flash kinetic spectrometer. CH{sub 2} radicals were generated by excimer laser photolysis of ketene and product formation was monitored by time-resolved infrared diode laser absorption. Reaction was carried out in a static gas cell at room temperature at 1--25 torr. Measured product yields were CO, 0.34 {plus_minus} 0.06; CO{sub 2}, 0.40 {plus_minus} 0.08 H{sub 2}CO, 0.16 {plus_minus} 0.04. Rate constants for production of CO and CO{sub 2} were equivalent to the published rate constant for removal of CH{sub 2}. Indirect evidence indicated that yield of OH is 0.30 {plus_minus} 0.05. Ultraviolet spectrum of methyl isothiocyanate (CH{sub 3}NCS {triple_bond} MITC) and quantum yield for dissociation into methyl isocyanide (CH{sub 3}NC) and atomic sulfur at 308 nm, {Phi} 0.98 {plus_minus} 0.24, were measured. MITC is widely used as a fumigant and readily enters the atmosphere during and after application. Results indicate that photodissociation by sunlight is an effective pathway for removal of MITC from atmosphere. A mechanism is proposed to account for the observed formation of methyl isocyanate (CH{sub 3}NCO) as a …

This report evaluates natural spawning of white sturgeon in the Kootenai River before, during and after the 1993 augmented discharge period. To determine how altering the operation of Libby Dam may improve conditions for natural spawning of white sturgeon in the Kootenai River, discharge from Libby Dam (with no power peaking or load following) was increased to produce 20 kcfs ([plus minus] 2 kcfs) discharge at Bonners Ferry, Idaho, for a 14 day period June 2--16. Objectives of this research were to determine if white sturgeon spawned in the Kootenai River during 1993; and collect baseline biological data including timing, location, and habitat requirements of white sturgeon spawning in the Kootenai River in order to formulate and implement future flow regimes as effective recovery measures for white sturgeon. While sampling is not expected to collect a majority of white sturgeon eggs or larvae produced in a river, the fact that over 41,000 hours of sampling (combined gear) collected only 3 white sturgeon eggs and no larvae suggests that spawning conditions during 1993 were inadequate to benefit this population.

The AMTEX Partnership is a research and development collaboration between the US Department of Energy (DOE), the DOE`s multiprogram laboratories, universities, and the integrated textile industry. The integrated industry includes fibers, textiles, apparel, and other fabricated products. The goal of AMTEX is to strengthen the competitiveness of this vital industry and thereby preserve and create new jobs. AMTEX is a role model for government, industry and universities working together to achieve a specified goal. Under the oversight of the Laboratory Technology Transfer Program in DOE`s Office of Energy Research, the multiprogram laboratories, universities and industry are pursuing a broad, industry-driven research agenda. It combines the research and development capabilities of industry and universities with the unique expertise and facilities of the DOE laboratory system.

Past decontamination and solvent recovery activities at the Idaho Chemical Processing Plant (ICPP) have resulted in the accumulation of 1.5 million gallons of radioactively contaminated sodium-bearing liquid waste. Future decontamination activities at the ICPP could result in the production of 5 million gallons or more of sodium-bearing waste using current decontamination techniques. Chemical decontamination flushes have provided a satisfactory level of decontamination. However, this method generates large amounts of sodium-bearing secondary waste. Steam jet cleaning has also been used with a great deal of success but cannot be used on concrete or soft materials. With the curtailment of reprocessing at the ICPP, the focus of decontamination is shifting from maintenance for continued operation of the facilities to decommissioning. Treatment of sodium-bearing waste is a particularly difficult problem due to the high content of alkali metals in the sodium-bearing liquid waste. It requires a very large volume of cold chemical additive for calcination. In addition, the sodium content of the sodium-bearing waste exceeds the limit that can be incorporated into vitrified waste without the addition of glass-forming compounds (primarily silicon) to produce an acceptable immobilized waste form. The primary initiatives of the Decontamination Development Program is the development of methods to …

Cold Smoke is a dense white smoke produced by the reaction of titanium tetrachloride and aqueous ammonia aerosols. Early studies on the toxicity of this nonpyrotechnically generated smoke indicated that the smoke itself is essentially non-toxic (i.e. exhibits to systemic toxicity or organ damage due to exposure) under normal deployment conditions. The purpose of this evaluation was to review and summarize the recent literature data available on the toxicity of Cold Smoke, its chemical constituents, and its starting materials.

Ortho-Chlorobenzylidene Malononitrile (CS) is one of a number of riot control agents referred to as tear gas, although it is in fact a particulate suspension. The toxicity of this material has been studied in various detail. The purpose of this study was to review and summarize the literature data available on the toxicity of CS.

Photograph used for a story in the Daily Oklahoman newspaper. Caption: "Bill Raisey of The Christmas Tree Farm in Purcell prepares to cut one of the 600 Christmas trees he expects to sell this year."

This review examines the effects of ion implantation on the physical properties of silicate glasses, the compositional modifications that can be brought about, and the use of metal implants to form colloidal nanosize particles for increasing the nonlinear refractive index.

The author describes a 12-channel VMEbus-based pulse-height analysis board that was designed for use in a high-rate, multidetector, gamma-ray imaging system. This module was designed to minimize dead-time losses and to allow all key parameters to be software controlled. Gamma-ray detectors are connected directly to this module, eliminating the need for additional electronics.

Minimizing signal errors and losses in high-rate gamma-ray imaging systems places demands on the signal-processing and data acquisition electronics. We will describe the data acquisition system developed for the resonance absorption project and techniques used to minimize dead-time and data losses. The data acquisition system acquires pulse-height spectra from an array of gamma-ray detectors and is made available to multiple processors by using the VMEbus standard to provide concurrent data analysis. A SUN workstation is used to develop the application software and also provides the user interface. We have developed a pulse-height-analysis board that has been optimized for low dead time. By incorporating an independent, high-speed signal channel for each detector, we are able to improve performance over multiplexed techniques.

This paper describes the high-level architecture of two parallel global climate models: an atmospheric model based on the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL) SKYHI model, and an ocean model descended from the Bryan-Cox-Semtner ocean general circulation model. These parallel models are being developed as part of a long-term research collaboration between Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) and the GFDL. The goal of this collaboration is to develop parallel global climate models which are modular in structure, portable across a wide variety of machine architectures and programming paradigms, and provide an appropriate starting point for a fully coupled model. Several design considerations have emerged as central to achieving these goals. These include the expression of the models in terms of mathematical primitives such as stencil operators, to facilitate performance optimization on different computational platforms; the isolation of communication from computation to allow flexible implementation of a single code under message-passing or data parallel programming paradigms; and judicious memory management to achieve modularity without memory explosion costs.

In common with other elemental actinides, metallic uranium exists in several allotropic forms, differing from one another by complex but subtle atomic rearrangements. This article reviews progress in understanding the successive phase transformations from the perspective of soft-mode instabilities.

The technology required for fast wave current drive (FWCD) systems is discussed. Experiments are underway on DIII-D, JET, and elsewhere. Antennas for FWCD draw heavily upon the experience gained in the design of ICRF heating systems with the additional requirement of launching a directional wave spectrum. Through collaborations with DIII-D, JET, and Tore Supra rapid progress is being made in the demonstration of the physics and technology of FWCD needed for TPX and ITER.

Significant progress has been made in the fabrication of Bi-2223 high-{Tc}, high-critical-current-density (J{sub c}) superconductor tapes that are attractive for electrical power and high-field magnet applications. Long lengths ({approx}100 m) of Ag-clad Bi-2223 tapes with high J{sub c} were fabricated by powder-in-tube technique and used to make compact and robust pancake coils by wind-and-react method. Three to five layers of tapes were co-wound with an insulation and heat treated to produce pancake coils. These coils were then stacked in series to make test magnets. The coils and magnets were characterized at temperatures of liquid nitrogen (77 K), pumped liquid nitrogen (64 K), liquid neon (27 K), and liquid helium (4.2 K). Recently, we assembled a magnet containing ten pancake coils ({approx}480 m of tape) that generated magnetic fields as high as 2.6, 1.8, 0.53, and 0.36 T at 4.2, 27, 64, and 77 K, respectively. These results show promise toward practical utilization of high-{Tc} materials. Lengths of superconductor, 30--100 m long, are now being made, and 70-m lengths have been measured to carry 23 A (corresponding to J{sub c} {approx} 1.5 {times} 10{sup 4} A/cm{sup 2}) at 77 K. Progress in the prototype manufacturing of long lengths of Bi-2223 conductor …

This report discusses stepped-thermal-anneal tritium-release measurements at 573 up to 1173 K which have been performed on irradiated Be test materials, fabricated and irradiated to meet conditions relevant to the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER). A combined diffusion/desorption model for tritium release allows determination of diffusion coefficients and desorption-rate constants in the mixed-mechanism regime where both diffusion and surface desorption appear to be rate-limiting. The effective tritium diffusivities (m{sup 2}/s) for these materials, and also from new data analysis of previously reported fully dense material, were found to be: 81% TD Be:1.7 {times} 10{sup {minus}11} exp({minus}3.5 kJ/mol/RT); 99% TD Be:1.6 {times} 10{sup {minus}10} exp({minus}9.5 kJ/mol/RT); 100% TD Be: 1.4 {times} 10{sup {minus}10} exp({minus}11.5 kJ/mol/RT). Tritium release data for both the 81% TD and the 99% TD sample were matched reasonably well by the diffusion/desorption model. The model provides evidence for a changing mechanism over both temperature and density, but indicates that diffusion is the primary mechanism with a small and changing contribution from surface desorption.

Changes in the Earth`s climate could significantly affect regional and global concentrations of trace species that are criteria pollutants regulated by the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). The policy community also needs to know how changes in global natural and anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases, particulate aerosols, and aerosol precursors will affect the distribution and concentration of these pollutants. This report maps out one path for obtaining this information.

Particle bed reactors (PBRs) are being developed for both space power and propulsion applications. These reactors operate with exhaust gas temperatures of 2500 to 3000 K and fuel temperatures hundreds of degrees higher. One fuel design for these reactors consists of uranium carbide encapsulated in either carbon or graphite. This fuel kernel must be protected from the coolant gas, usually H{sub 2}, both to prevent attack of the kernel and to limit fission product release. Refractory carbide coatings have been proposed for this purpose. The typical coating process used for this is a chemical vapor deposition. Testing of other components have indicated the superiority of refractory carbide coatings applied using a chemical vapor reaction (CVR) process, however technology to apply these coatings to large numbers of fuel particles with diameters on the order of 500 pm were not readily available. A process to deposit these CVR coatings on surrogate fuel consisting of graphite particles is described. Several types of coatings have been applied to the graphite substrate: NbC in various thicknesses and a bilayer coating consisting of NbC and TaC with a intermediate layer of pyrolytic graphite. These coated particles have been characterized prior to test; results are presented.

In this review talk I summarize theoretical expectations for properties of hybrid mesons and baryons, and discuss the prospects for identifying these states experimentally.

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