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Hanford Dose Overview Program. Comparison of AIRDOS-EPA and Hanford Site Dose Codes
Radiation dose commitments for persons in the Hanford environs calculated using AIRDOS-EPA were compared with those calculated using a suite of Hanford codes: FOOD, PABLM, DACRIN, and KRONIC. Dose commitments to the population and to the maximally exposed individual (MI) based on annual releases of eight radionuclides from the N-Reactor, were calculated by these codes. Dose commitments from each pathway to the total body, lung, thyroid, and lower large intestine (LLI) are given for the population and MI, respectively. 11 refs., 25 tabs.
Date:
November 1, 1985
Creator:
Aaberg, R. L. & Napier, B. A.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
New Concepts in Fish Ladder Design, Volume II of IV, Results of Laboratory and Field Research on New Concepts in Weir and Pool Fishways, 1982-1984 Final Project Report.
A comprehensive review of fishway design practice led to new design concepts that had previously been untested. This concept was based on the observation that fish can be stimulated to leap when presented with certain hydraulic conditions. A laboratory test program was conducted to develop this concept into a new fishway configuration. Field testing revealed that components of the new design improved fish passage. Verification of the initial premise that fish can be stimulated to leap needs further study.
Date:
August 1, 1985
Creator:
Aaserude, Robert G. & Orsborn, John F.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Consolidation and compaction as a means to prevent settlement of bentonite/sandy silt mixes for use in waste disposal sites. [Low permeability mixture for caps and lining of waste disposal sites]
The texture of the local Los Alamos tuff is that of a sandy silt with a high hydraulic conductivity. The permeability is dramatically decreased by addition of small amounts of bentonite. The coefficient of consolidation for bentonite/sandy silt ratios decreases inversely proportional with the square of that ratio, whereas the compression index, the swelling index, and the permeability change index increase with increasing bentonite ratio. A strong relationship also exists between the void ratio and the logarithm of the applied stress for any given bentonite ratio. The empirical linear relationship between the void ratio and the logarithm of the applied stress, developed by Taylor, is excellent and enables us to limit the evaluation of conductivity at any void ratio to the measurement of the initial and the desired void ratio, the initial conductivity, and the permeability change index. The decrease in void ratio caused by consolidation or natural compaction of the mixes are scrutinized. Examples of expected settlement and subsidence are calculated based on the known geotechnical characteristics of bentonite/sandy silt mixes. Remedial actions, i.e., means to limit the amount of settlement, are considered. We finally discuss our field experiment, which studies the influence of subsidence on layered systems in …
Date:
January 1, 1985
Creator:
Abeele, W.V.
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Consolidation and shear failure leading to subsidence and settlement. Part I
Subsidence and settlement are phenomena that are much more destructive than generally thought. In shallow land burials they may lead to cracking of the overburden and eventual exposure and escape of waste material. The primary causes are consolidation and cave-ins. Laboratory studies performed at Los Alamos permit us to predict settlement caused by consolidation or natural compaction of the crushed tuff overburden. We have also investigated the shear failure characteristics of crushed tuff that may lead to subsidence. Examples of expected settlement and subsidence are calculated based on the known geotechnical characteristics of crushed tuff. The same thing is done for bontonite/tuff mixes because some field experiments were performed using this additive (bentonite) to reduce the hydraulic conductivity of the crushed tuff. Remedial actions, i.e., means to limit the amount of settlement, are discussed. Finally, we briefly comment on our current field experiment, which studies the influence of subsidence on layered systems in general and on biombarriers in particular.
Date:
November 1, 1985
Creator:
Abeele, W.V.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Subsidence and settlement and their effect on shallow land burial
Subsidence and settlement are phenomena that are much more destructive than generally thought. In shallow land burials they may lead to cracking of the overburden and eventual exposure and escape of waste material. The primary causes are consolidation and cave-ins. Laboratory studies performed at Los Alamos permit us to predict settlement caused by consolidation or natural compaction of the crushed tuff overburden. Examples of expected settlement and subsidence are calculated based on the known geotechnical characteristics of crushed tuff. The same thing is done for bentonite/tuff mixes because some field experiments were performed using this additive (bentonite) to reduce the hydraulic conductivity of the crushed tuff. Remedial actions, i.e., means to limit the amount of settlement, are discussed. Finally, we briefly comment on our current field experiment, which studies the influence of subsidence on layered systems, in general, and on biobarriers, in particular. 16 references, 7 figures, 5 tables.
Date:
January 1, 1985
Creator:
Abeele, W.V.
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Status of corrective measures technology for shallow land burial at arid sites
The field research program involving corrective measure technologies for arid shallow land burial sites is described. Soil erosion and infiltration of water into a simulated trench cap with various surface treatments was measured and compared with similar data from agricultural systems across the United States. Report of field testing of biointrusion barriers continues at a closed-out waste disposal site at Los Alamos. Final results of an experiment designed to determine the effects of subsidence on the performance of a cobble-gravel biobarrier system are reported, as well as the results of hydrologic modeling activities involving biobarrier systems. 11 refs., 10 figs.
Date:
January 1, 1985
Creator:
Abeele, Willy V.; Nyhan, John W.; Drennon, Barry J.; Lopez, Edward A.; Herrera, Wilfred J. & Langhorst, Gary J.
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Micelle-derived catalysts for extended Schulz-Flory
Our objective is to develop a catalyst for making gasoline or diesel range fuel selectively from synthesis gas. Our catalyst development approach is to provide a cut-off for the higher end of the hydrocarbon distribution by limiting the size of the active metal particle. We are using a micelle technique for preparing specific size ruthenium particles supported on [gamma]-alumina. Hydrocarbon cut-off was not observed with 40--60 [Angstrom] ruthenium particles on [gamma]-alumina. We could not determine whether smaller ruthenium particles would provide cut-off since they agglomerated during the test, apparently through the formation of ruthenium carbonyl. In order to determine whether ruthenium migration can be eliminated under a new set of testing conditions, we evaluated the effect of H[sub 2]:CO feed gas ratio and the effect of total pressure on ruthenium migration. Ruthenium migration was significantly suppressed but not totally eliminated by increasing the H[sub 2]:CO feed gas ratio from 0.9 to 3.0. At the same H[sub 2]:CO feed gas ratio, lowering the total pressure from 500 psig to 150 psig enhanced ruthenium migration. During the next quarter, the use of high pressure in conjunction with high H[sub 2]:CO feed gas ratio will be evaluated to eliminate ruthenium migration. In case …
Date:
January 1, 1985
Creator:
Abrevaya, H.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Sandia Sodium Purification Loop (SNAPL) description and operations manual
Sandia's Sodium Purification Loop was constructed to purify sodium for fast reactor safety experiments. An oxide impurity of less than 10 parts per million is required by these in-pile experiments. Commercial, reactor grade sodium is purchased in 180 kg drums. The sodium is melted and transferred into the unit. The unit is of a loop design and purification is accomplished by ''cold trapping.'' Sodium purified in this loop has been chemically analysed at one part per million oxygen by weight. 5 refs., 22 figs., 7 tabs.
Date:
August 1, 1985
Creator:
Acton, R. U.; Weatherbee, R. L.; Smith, L. A.; Mastin, F. L. & Nowotny, K. E.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Retrospective analysis of energy use and conservation trends: 1972-1982
The primary objective of the research reported here is to analyze energy use trends for the entire economy and by end-use sector (residential, commercial, and industrial, and transportation). In particular, an examination of energy trends was undertaken for the period 1972 through 1982 to determine the magnitude of ''energy savings'' attributable to: (1) changes in economic activity; (2) efficiency improvements relative to the 1972 stock (including structures and capital equipment); and (3) efficiency improvements relative to 1960 to 1972 trends. In addition to identifying the measures of energy savings described above, the causes of efficiency improvement relative to 1972 are explored. For example, energy savings due to efficiency improvements in the residential sector are explained by such activities as changes in household size, migration, improved shell and appliance efficiencies, and increased wood use. For this research, Pacific Northwest Laboratory (PNL) developed a consistent methodology for analyzing energy use trends by end-use sector. Alternative measures of energy use trends (i.e., alternative base cases) were developed for the purpose of measuring energy savings. The energy use trends were calculated as the product of economic activity levels (number of households in the residential sector, square feet of floor space in the commercial sector, …
Date:
June 1, 1985
Creator:
Adams, R. C.; Belzer, D. B.; Fang, J. M.; Imhoff, K. L.; Lax, D. H.; Moe, R. J. et al.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Retrospective analysis of energy use and conservation trends: 1972-1982. Appendix
This appendix contains the detailed documentation corresponding to the end-use sectoral analyses presented in the main report. The data and methods used to calculate alternative scenarios for estimating energy savings in four economic sectors are provided in this volume. Appendix A contains the detailed documentation for the residential sector analysis. The methodology used to prepare estimates of building energy savings in the commercial sector is provided in Appendix B. Finally, Appendices C and D discuss the data and explain the analytical techniques used to derive estimates of energy savings in the industrial and transportation sectors, respectively. 9 refs., 14 figs., 86 tabs.
Date:
June 1, 1985
Creator:
Adams, R. C.; Belzer, D. B.; Fang, J. M.; Imhoff, K. L.; Lax, D. H.; Moe, R. J. et al.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Status of the ORNL Aerosol Release and Transport Project
The behavior of aerosols assumed to be characteristic of those generated during light water reactor (LWR) accident sequences and released into containment is being studied. Recent activities in the ORNL Aerosol Release and Transport Project include studies of (1) the thermal hydraulic conditions existing during Nuclear Safety Pilot Plant (NSPP) aerosol tests in steam-air environments, (2) the thermal output and aerosol mass generation rates for plasma torch aerosol generators, and (3) the influence of humidity on the shape of agglomerated aerosols of various materials. A new Aerosol-Moisture Interaction Test (AMIT) facility was prepared at the NSPP site to accommodate the aerosol shape studies; several tests with Fe/sub 2/O/sub 3/ aerosol have been conducted. In addition to the above activities a special study was conducted to determine the suitability of the technique of aerosol production by plasma torch under the operating conditions of future tests of the LWR Aerosol Containment Experiments (LACE) at the Hanford Engineering Development Laboratory. 3 refs., 2 figs., 7 tabs.
Date:
January 1, 1985
Creator:
Adams, R. E.
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Behavior of Aerosols in a Steam-Air Environment
The behavior of aerosols assumed to be characteristic of those generated during light water reactor (LWR) accident sequences and released into containment is being studied in the Nuclear Safety Pilot Plant (NSPP) which is located at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL). The program plan for the NSPP aerosol project provides for the study of the behavior, within containment, of simulated LWR accident aerosols emanating from fuel, reactor core structural materials, and from concrete-molten core materials interactions. The aerodynamic behavior of each of these aerosols was studied individually to establish its characteristics; current experiments involve mixtures of these aerosols to establish their interaction and collective behavior within containment. Tests have been conducted with U/sub 3/O/sub 8/ aerosols, Fe/sub 2/O/sub 3/ aerosols, and concrete aerosols in an environment of either dry air (relative humidity (RH) less than 20%) or steam-air (relative humidity (RH) approximately 100%) with aerosol mass concentration being the primary experimental variable.
Date:
January 1, 1985
Creator:
Adams, R. E.; Tobias, M. L. & Longest, A. W.
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Theory, design, and operation of liquid metal fast breeder reactors, including operational health physics
A comprehensive evaluation was conducted of the radiation protection practices and programs at prototype LMFBRs with long operational experience. Installations evaluated were the Fast Flux Test Facility (FFTF), Richland, Washington; Experimental Breeder Reactor II (EBR-II), Idaho Falls, Idaho; Prototype Fast Reactor (PFR) Dounreay, Scotland; Phenix, Marcoule, France; and Kompakte Natriumgekuhlte Kernreak Toranlange (KNK II), Karlsruhe, Federal Republic of Germany. The evaluation included external and internal exposure control, respiratory protection procedures, radiation surveillance practices, radioactive waste management, and engineering controls for confining radiation contamination. The theory, design, and operating experience at LMFBRs is described. Aspects of LMFBR health physics different from the LWR experience in the United States are identified. Suggestions are made for modifications to the NRC Standard Review Plan based on the differences.
Date:
October 1, 1985
Creator:
Adams, S. R.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Late biological effects from internal and external exposure
Information on late biological effects of radiation was obtained from the long-term medical followup of a small population of Marshallese accidentally exposed to radioactive fallout from a thermonuclear test in 1954. Endocrine data are compatible with a sequence of nonstochastic radiation effects. The ingestion of radioisotopes of iodine produced clinical thyroid hypofunction in children, biochemical evidence of thyroid dysfunction in some adults, thyroid adenomatous module formation, and, as a possible indirect effect of thyroid damage, at least two cases of pituitary adenoma. In contrast, the only evidence of a stochastic effect has been a real increase in thyroid cancers among the more highly exposed people of Rongelap, none of whom have evidence of residual disease. While three nonthyroidal cancers which are known to be inducible in humans by external irradiation have been documented in the exposed population, three similar cancers have occurred in an unexposed comparison population of Marshallese. Nonstochastic effects of radiation exposure may be common but subtle. In the Marshallese experience the morbidity of delayed nonstochastic effects far exceeds that of the stochastic. 20 refs., 5 figs., 1 tab.
Date:
January 1, 1985
Creator:
Adams, W.H.
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Plans for Implementing the Columbia River Basin Fish and Wildlife Program in Fiscal Year 1986.
The Fish and Wildlife Program is an effort to enhance, protect, and mitigate losses of those fish and wildlife which have been affected by the development, operation, and management of hydroelectric facilities in the Columbia River Basin. The implementation plan is organized to address the action items assigned to BPA in Section 1500 of the Council's Fish and Wildlife Program (1984). These action items generally relate to one or more specific measures in the Program. The following information is listed for each project: budget summary, projects, obligation plan, and work plan and milestones.
Date:
October 1, 1985
Creator:
Administration, United States. Bonneville Power
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Dynamics of random spin systems
We present inelastic neutron scattering experiments on three prototypical random magnets. For the dilute, insulating antiferromagnet Rb/sub 2/Co/sub c/Mg/sub 1-c/F/sub 4/, the randomness has purely geometrical consequences, and the anomalous dynamical behavior which we observe for c close to the magnetic percolation threshold is due to the fractal nature of percolating networks. Comparison of inelastic and quasielastic scattering data demonstrate the dynamical nature of the spin glass transition in amorphous, metallic MnSi. Finally, we show the coexistence of spin waves and static spin fluctuations near the crossover from ferromagnetic to spin glass behaviors in amorphous (Fe/sub x/Mn/sub 1-x/)/sub 75/P/sub 16/B/sub 6/Al/sub 3/.
Date:
January 1, 1985
Creator:
Aeppli, G.
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Spin dynamics on percolating networks
We have used inelastic neutron scattering to measure the order parameter relaxation rate GAMMA in the dilute, two-dimensional Ising antiferromagnet Rb/sub 2/CoMg/sub 1-c/F/sub 4/ with c very close to the magnetic percolation threshold. Where kappa is the inverse magnetic correlation length, GAMMA approx. kappa/sup z/ with z = 2.4/sub -0.1//sup +0.2/. Our results are discussed in terms of current ideas about spin relaxation on fractals. 13 refs., 1 fig.
Date:
January 1, 1985
Creator:
Aeppli, G.; Guggenheim, H. & Uemura, Y.J.
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library
18t Resistive Magnet Development. Conceptual Design Second Annual Report
This report documents the work performed on a normal conducting magnet during fiscal year 1985. Emphasis, during the study, was on refinement of the structural design and optimization of the coil current density distribution for either maximum field generation or minimum power consumption. The results have shown that one can generate a 4.4 tesla field using 6.14 megawatts or 3.1 tesla at 1.43 megawatts. The structural design has been modified to stiffen the outer turn of the conductor. The modification was confirmed to be structurally adequate by both analysis and test. 37 figs., 21 tabs.
Date:
October 1, 1985
Creator:
Agarwal, K. L.; Burgeson, J. E.; Gurol, H.; Mancuso, A. & Michels, P. H.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Spectroscopic studies of carbon disulfide at high pressure
The authors have identified the pressure for the onset of CS/sub 2/ chemistry at ambient temperature and have correlated it with the several other indicators of increasing electronic interaction. They further explained the rather small shift of v/sub 1/ and v/sub 3/ with pressure as due to compensating effects of intermolecular repulsion and electronic ground-state mixing. Their measurement of the uv absorption edge with pressure matches that measured in an isothermal ramp shock and they have been able to estimate the temperature of a step shock at 2.4 GPa as well. There are further indications of various molecular and polymer species present as a result of their infrared work and the relative amounts of these species are affected by the temperature, pressure, and physical state of the CS/sub 2/. 14 refs., 6 figs.
Date:
January 1, 1985
Creator:
Agnew, S.F.; Swanson, B.I. & Eckhart, D.G.
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Fast electric dipole transitions in Ra-Ac nuclei
Lifetime of levels in /sup 225/Ra, /sup 225/Ac, and /sup 227/Ac have been measured by delayed coincidence techniques and these have been used to determine the E1 gamma-ray transition probabilities. The reduced E1 transition probabilities. The reduced E1 transition probabilities in /sup 225/Ra and /sup 225/Ac are about two orders of magnitude larger than the values in mid-actinide nuclei. On the other hand, the E1 rate in /sup 227/Ac is similar to those measured in heavier actinides. Previous studies suggest the presence of octupole deformation in all the three nuclei. The present investigation indicates that fast E1 transitions occur for nuclei with octupole deformation. However, the studies also show that there is no one-to-one correspondence between E1 rate and octupole deformation. 13 refs., 4 figs.
Date:
January 1, 1985
Creator:
Ahmad, I.
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Nuclide migration through a planar fissure with matrix diffusion
This report presents the first results of a new analytical study of the hydrological transport of a radioactive contaminant through a planar fracture in porous rock. The purpose is to predict the space-time dependent concentration of the contaminant in the groundwater, as affected by advective transport within the fracture and by molecular diffusion of the contaminant into and out of pores that intersect the fracture surfaces.
Date:
April 1, 1985
Creator:
Ahn, J.; Chambre, P. L. & Pigford, T. H.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Radionuclide migration through fractured rock: Effects of multiple fractures and two-member decay chains
This report presents the results of an analytical study of the hydrological transport of a radioactive contaminant through fractured, porous rock. The purpose is to evaluate the time-, and space-dependent concentration of the contaminant in the ground-water in the fractures and in the rock pores. We propose a simplified analytical method that superposes two single-fracture solutions for the concentration in the rock matrix with a system of parallel fractures. The exact solutions require multiple integrals and summation of an infinite series, which converges slowly because of its oscillating nature. The convergence of the series becomes slower for strongly-sorbing media, large spacing of two fractures, and early times. In summary, we made extension to the theory of radionuclide penetration into multiply fractured rock, and provided solutions for a two-member decay chain. 9 refs., 10 figs., 1 tab.
Date:
September 1, 1985
Creator:
Ahn, J.; Chambre, P. L. & Pigford, T. H.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Radiation-induced alkali formation and its effect on the corrosion of Grade-12 titanium in rock salt nuclear waste repositories
Natural rock salt was gamma irradiated at a dose rate of 8 x 10/sup 6/ rad/h for times up to 1338 h. Subsequent dissolution in water produced high pH solutions. The corrosion properties of ASTM Grade-12 titanium were evaluated in simulated alkaline rock salt brines. The uniform corrosion rates were enhanced compared to those for neutral solutions, but crevice corrosion rates were retarded because of difficulties in obtaining high acidity in the crevice region. Hydrogen uptake was enhanced because of the chemical dissolution of the oxide layer. Upon hydrogenation, tensile samples showed slow-strain-rate embrittlement. Stress corrosion cracking, however, was not detected in the alkaline brines. 23 references, 8 figures, 6 tables.
Date:
January 1, 1985
Creator:
Ahn, T. M. & Panno, S. V.
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Brief Report on a New Limit on the Strength of Mixing Between nu/sub. mu. /. -->. nu/sub e/
Measurements have been made of the reactions nu/sub e/n ..-->.. e/sup -/p and nu/sub ..mu../n ..-->.. ..mu../sup -/p in a detector located 96 meters from the A.G.S. neutrino source. A direct measurement is made of the energy dependent flux ratio for the two neutrino species. After comparison to calculated energy dependence of this same ratio, an improved new limit of sin/sup 2/2..cap alpha.. < 3.4 x 10/sup -3/ (90% CL) at large ..delta..m/sup 2/ is obtained. Possible systematic errors are estimated to be less than 20%. 5 refs., 5 figs.
Date:
January 1, 1985
Creator:
Ahrens, L. A.; Aronson, S. H.; Connolly, P. L.; Gibbard, B. G.; Murtagh, M. J.; Murtagh, S. et al.
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library