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Demonstration of Nêpo appeasement rituals

Mr. Karma Wangdi demonstrates the Bon ritual ceremonies used to appease Nêpo, a local ghost or spirit who steals the life force of humans. The name Nêpo is Dakpa for 'guest'. He can be appeased by raising prayer flags using mugwort and offering wine. Also present were Gajay and Wangdi's grandchildren.
Date: June 19, 2022
Creator: Tshewang, Tashi
System: The UNT Digital Library

Conversation and demonstration of Nêpo appeasement rituals

After a casual conversation, Mr. Karma Wangdi demonstrates the Bon ritual ceremonies used to appease Nêpo, a local ghost or spirit who steals the life force of humans. He appeases Nêpo, asking him to divert life's obstacles.
Date: June 19, 2022
Creator: Tshewang, Tashi
System: The UNT Digital Library

Description of Tshong Tshongma appeasement rituals

Mr. Karma Wangdi describes the Bon ritual ceremonies used to appease Tshong Tshongma, the most sacred mountain in Eastern Bhutan. It is accessible only for four months per year due to local customs and myths. At over 4000m, Tshong Tshongma is a very important deity, especially to the people in its vicinity. They appease Tshong Tshongma before making offerings to the other local deities by raising three flags, burning three units of incense, and offering wine. When someone is seriously ill near Tshong Tshongma, they may offer an ox.
Date: June 19, 2022
Creator: Tshewang, Tashi
System: The UNT Digital Library

Performance of the Arpo dance ritual, part 8

'Arpo' is a generic term for the naked dance ritual practiced in Chema village, Trashiyangtse, Bhutan. Mr. Karma Wangdi is well-known for his efforts to sustain these rituals in Chema village. In this recording, he is concluding the dance with praise to the father, mother, son, and daughter, as well as the feast, the auspicious day, and to the people gathered for the dance ritual.
Date: June 19, 2022
Creator: Tshewang, Tashi
System: The UNT Digital Library

Performance of the Arpo dance ritual, part 11

'Arpo' is a generic term for the naked dance ritual practiced in Chema village, Trashiyangtse, Bhutan. Mr. Karma Wangdi is well-known for his efforts to sustain these rituals in Chema village. In this recording, he is sings about the mythical king Ling, known as Gäser Gyelpo. Ling is travelling eastward to Hör, a mythical demonic kingdom.
Date: June 19, 2022
Creator: Tshewang, Tashi
System: The UNT Digital Library

Performance of the Arpo dance ritual, part 5

'Arpo' is a generic term for the naked dance ritual practiced in Chema village, Trashiyangtse, Bhutan. Mr. Karma Wangdi is well-known for his efforts to sustain these rituals in Chema village. In this recording, he is asking the divine being again to fulfill his wishes: "May I have the best of everything?" The stanza is repeated before and after the sword dance.
Date: June 19, 2022
Creator: Tshewang, Tashi
System: The UNT Digital Library

Performance of the Arpo dance ritual, part 4

'Arpo' is a generic term for the naked dance ritual practiced in Chema village, Trashiyangtse, Bhutan. Mr. Karma Wangdi is well-known for his efforts to sustain these rituals in Chema village. In this recording, he is asking the divine being to fulfill his wishes: "May I have the best of everything?"
Date: June 19, 2022
Creator: Tshewang, Tashi
System: The UNT Digital Library

Performance of the Arpo dance ritual, part 9

'Arpo' is a generic term for the naked dance ritual practiced in Chema village, Trashiyangtse, Bhutan. Mr. Karma Wangdi is well-known for his efforts to sustain these rituals in Chema village. In this recording, he describes the warriors, male and female, who accompanied king Gäser Gyelpo. This recording was done in the early hours of the day during a light rainfall.
Date: June 19, 2022
Creator: Tshewang, Tashi
System: The UNT Digital Library

Performance of the Arpo dance ritual, part 1

'Arpo' is a generic term for the naked dance ritual practiced in Chema village, Trashiyangtse, Bhutan. Mr. Karma Wangdi is well-known for his efforts to sustain these rituals in Chema village. In this recording, he performs the first stanza of naked dance which describes the origin of Arpo.
Date: June 19, 2022
Creator: Tshewang, Tashi
System: The UNT Digital Library

Performance of the Arpo dance ritual, part 7

'Arpo' is a generic term for the naked dance ritual practiced in Chema village, Trashiyangtse, Bhutan. Mr. Karma Wangdi is well-known for his efforts to sustain these rituals in Chema village. In this recording, the seventh stage of the dance ritual, each dancer is introduced to the audience as the son of a warrior, Gämo, Lhamo (protector deity of Tibet and Bhutan), Sangda Rabgay of Lingkhar, and their journey toward the eastern direction towards Hör.
Date: June 19, 2022
Creator: Tshewang, Tashi
System: The UNT Digital Library

Performance of the Arpo dance ritual, part 6

'Arpo' is a generic term for the naked dance ritual practiced in Chema village, Trashiyangtse, Bhutan. Mr. Karma Wangdi is well-known for his efforts to sustain these rituals in Chema village. In this recording, he is introducing the mythical king Khesar Gyelpo to the demonic king of Hör. He also asking the guardian king of Tshona to join.
Date: June 19, 2022
Creator: Tshewang, Tashi
System: The UNT Digital Library

Performance of the Arpo dance ritual, part 10

'Arpo' is a generic term for the naked dance ritual practiced in Chema village, Trashiyangtse, Bhutan. Mr. Karma Wangdi is well-known for his efforts to sustain these rituals in Chema village. In this recording, the dancers praise the assembly of the monk at the monastery for their service and the serpent world for granting jewels.
Date: June 19, 2022
Creator: Tshewang, Tashi
System: The UNT Digital Library

Performance of the Arpo dance ritual, part 3

'Arpo' is a generic term for the naked dance ritual practiced in Chema village, Trashiyangtse, Bhutan. Mr. Karma Wangdi is well-known for his efforts to sustain these rituals in Chema village. In this recording, he is invoking the deities and asking them to be his guidance.
Date: June 19, 2022
Creator: Tshewang, Tashi
System: The UNT Digital Library

Performance of the Arpo dance ritual, part 2

'Arpo' is a generic term for the naked dance ritual practiced in Chema village, Trashiyangtse, Bhutan. Mr. Karma Wangdi is well-known for his efforts to sustain these rituals in Chema village. In this recording, he explains to the audience the lyrics: "if you don’t know who I am, join the monkhood, ask the serpent king, ask the thunder and lightening." He describes that, with each stanza, the dancers will wave their sword to show the might of the mythical king of Tibet.
Date: unknown
Creator: unknown
System: The UNT Digital Library

Performance of the Arpo dance ritual, part 12

'Arpo' is a generic term for the naked dance ritual practiced in Chema village, Trashiyangtse, Bhutan. Mr. Karma Wangdi is well-known for his efforts to sustain these rituals in Chema village. In this recording, he describes how the mythical king of Ling, originally from Lhasa, got married to Shäcang Dema of the Ling.
Date: June 19, 2022
Creator: Tshewang, Tashi
System: The UNT Digital Library

Description of stomach pain causes and remedies

Mr. Tshering describes how to cure stomach pain caused by malicious spirits. He uses astrological methods to determine if the patient needs modern medical services or needs to appease the spirits to address the pain. Mr. Tshering is originally from Rolam village, and stayed in Thragom village after his second marriage. This recording was made in the evening after the day's work.
Date: July 14, 2022
Creator: Tshewang, Tashi
System: The UNT Digital Library

Description of fever and body ache causes and remedies

Mr. Tshering describes how he performs divination using the rosary to locate where a person has lost their soul, and who has taken the soul. The count of every rosary indicates different directions, people, things, and events that may cause heavy fever and body ache. Mr. Tshering is originally from Rolam village, and stayed in Thragom village after his second marriage.
Date: July 14, 2022
Creator: Tshewang, Tashi
System: The UNT Digital Library

Description of Mamo Zomsa prediction

Mr. Tshering describes the practice Mamo Zomsa (gathering all ghosts) which uses astrology and a rosary to determine the cause of a sickness. The rosary indicates the astrological predictions with different numbers: 3 for sickness caused by the union of Mamo and his family, or 5 for those caused by the Mamo family and servants.
Date: July 14, 2022
Creator: Tshewang, Tashi
System: The UNT Digital Library

Description of appeasement rituals for spirits and ghosts

Mr. Tshering describes how to appease spirits and ghosts with wine, water, and smoke. He uses the count of the rosary to determine remedies for sickness. During the process, he recites the Buddha mantra.
Date: July 14, 2022
Creator: Tshewang, Tashi
System: The UNT Digital Library

Description of healing rituals for serious patients

Mr. Tshering describes how to cure a serious patient using various rituals including preparing an elaborate feast, offering jewelry, and dressing as ransom to get back the soul of the patient.
Date: July 14, 2022
Creator: Tshewang, Tashi
System: The UNT Digital Library

Description of healing rituals and remedies

Mr. Tshering introduces himself and explains how long he has been performing rituals, the cause of various diseases, and remedies for stomach aches. He also talks about his marriage life and resettlement.
Date: July 14, 2022
Creator: Tshewang, Tashi
System: The UNT Digital Library

Demonstration of astrological prediction and ritual

Mr. Karma Wangdi demonstrates astrology prediction and a ritual to heal from poisoning.
Date: June 18, 2022
Creator: Tshewang, Tashi
System: The UNT Digital Library

Description and demonstration of astrological prediction

Mr. Karma Wangdi demonstrates astrology prediction on Gajay using rice, water, incense, and a rosary. When he dips rice into the water, if there is any spirit harming the patient, then the rice will be scattered at the edges of the bowl. If cursed, the rice will stand upward. He concludes that no spirits are harming Gajay; however, he recommends Gajay to offer appeasement wine to the local deity.
Date: June 18, 2022
Creator: Tshewang, Tashi
System: The UNT Digital Library

Description and demonstration of Mamo appeasement rituals

Bonism is a traditional form of worship involving rituals related to healing and the earth. Some Bon rituals are performed only by certain individuals (Bonpos). In this recording, Bonpo Karma Wangdi demonstrates a ritual appeasement of Mamo (also known as Lamringbu). His wife and extended family are present because they have not seen this ritual performed for the last 15 years. Mr. Wangdi is the last known Bonpo in Chema village in the Trashi Yangste District of Bhutan. He also belongs to the first generation of Dakpa speakers who started speaking Tshangla in their childhood.
Date: June 18, 2022
Creator: Tshewang, Tashi
System: The UNT Digital Library