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Institutional research and development, FY 1987
The Institutional Research and Development program at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory fosters exploratory work to advance science and technology, disciplinary research to develop innovative solutions to problems in various scientific fields, and long-term interdisciplinary research in support of defense and energy missions. This annual report describes research funded under this program for FY87. (DWL)
Date:
January 1, 1987
Creator:
Struble, G. L.; Lawler, G. M.; Crawford, R. B.; Kirvel, R. D.; Peck, T. M.; Prono, J. K. et al.
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Development and process evaluation of improved Fischer-Tropsch slurry catalysts
The objective of this contract is to develop a consistent technical data base on the use of iron-based catalysts in Fischer-Tropsch (FT) synthesis reactions. This data base will be developed to allow the unambiguous comparison of the performance of these catalysts with each other and with state-of-the-art iron catalyst compositions. Particular attention will be devoted to generating reproducible kinetic and selectivity data and to developing reproducible improved catalyst compositions.
Date:
January 1, 1987
Creator:
Withers, H.P. (Air Products and Chemicals, Inc., Allentown, PA (United States)); Bukur, D.B. & Rosynek, M.P. (Texas A and M Univ., College Station, TX (United States))
System:
The UNT Digital Library
The performance of the NEC SX-2 and Cray X-MP supercomputers
Since our first article on the Japanese supercomputers appeared in the December 1985 issue of Computer, we have conducted additional benchmarks of the new NEC SX-2 vector processor. We present these new results for the SX-2 and updated timings of the X-MP/48. 5 refs., 1 fig., 6 tabs.
Date:
January 1, 1987
Creator:
Lubeck, O. M.; Moore, J. W. & Mendez, R.
System:
The UNT Digital Library
An analysis of residential energy consumption in a temperate climate
Electrical energy consumption data have been recorded for several hundred submetered residential structures in Middle Tennessee. All houses were constructed with a common energy package.'' Specifically, daily cooling usage data have been collected for 130 houses for the 1985 and 1986 cooling seasons, and monthly heating usage data for 186 houses have been recorded by occupant participation over a seven-year period. Cooling data have been analyzed using an SPSSx multiple regression analysis and results are compared to several cooling models. Heating, base, and total energy usage are also analyzed and regression correlation coefficients are determined as a function of several house parameters.
Date:
June 1, 1987
Creator:
Clark, Y.Y. & Vincent, W.
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Development of mild gasification process
Under a previous contract with Morgantown Energy Technology Center (METC), Department of Energy (DOE) Contract No. AC21-84MC21108, UCC Research Corporation (UCCRC) built and tested a 1500 lb/day Mild Gasification Process Development Unit (MGU). The MGU, as tested under the previous contract, is shown in Figure 1. Testing completed under the previous contract showed that good quality hydrocarbon liquids and good quality char can be produced in the MGU. However, the MGU is not optimized. The primary objectives of the current project are to optimize the MGU and determine the suitability of char for several commercial applications. The program consists of four tasks; Task 1 -- Test Plan; Task 2 -- Optimization of Mild Gasification Process; Task 3 -- Evaluation of Char and Char/Coal Blends as a Boiler/Blast Furnace Fuel; and Task 4 -- Analysis of Data and Preparation of Final Report. Task 1 has been completed while work continued on Task 2.
Date:
November 1, 1987
Creator:
Chu, C.I.C. & Gillespie, B.L.
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Determination of optimum electrolyte composition for molten carbonate fuel cells
The objective of this study is to determine the optimum electrolyte composition for molten carbonate fuel cells. To accomplish this, the contractor will provide: (1) Comprehensive reports of on-going efforts to optimize carbonate composition. (2) A list of characteristics affected by electrolyte composition variations (e.g. ionic conductivity, vapor pressure, melting range, gas solubility, exchange current densities on NiO, corrosion and cathode dissolution effects). (3) Assessment of the overall effects that these characteristics have state-of-the-art cell voltage and lifetime.
Date:
January 1, 1987
Creator:
Yuh, C. Y. & Pigeaud, A.
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Bose-Einstein correlations in e/sup +/e/sup -/ collisions
The MARK II detector is used to study the Bose-Einstein correlation between pairs and triplets of charged pions produced in hadronic decays of the J)psi), the ..sqrt..s = 4 to 7 GeV continuum above the J)psi), two photon events at ..sqrt..s = 29 GeV, and e/sup )plus/)e/sup )minus/) annihilation events at ..sqrt..s = 29 GeV as a function of Q/sup 2/, the four-momentum transfer squared. After corrections for Coulomb effects and pion misidentification, we find a nearly full Bose-Einstein enhancement ..cap alpha.. in the J)psi) and the two photon data and about half the maximum value in the other two data sets. The radius parameter )tau)(an average over space and time) given by pion pair analyses lies within a band of +-0.10 fm around 0.73 fm and is the same, within errors, for all four data sets. Pion triplet analyses also give a consistent radius of approx. 0.54 fm. fits to two-dimensional distributions R(q/sub T//sup 2/, q/sub C//sup 2/) of invariant components of Q/sup 2/ = q/sub T//sup 2/ )plus) q/sub C//sup 2/ give )tau)/sub T/ approx. )tau)C approx. )tau), where q/sub T/ is the transverse three-momentum difference calculated with respect to the net pair three-momentum, and q/sub C/ is …
Date:
December 1, 1987
Creator:
Juricic, I.
System:
The UNT Digital Library
LATTICE/hor ellipsis/a beam transport program
LATTICE is a computer program that calculates the first order characteristics of synchrotrons and beam transport systems. The program uses matrix algebra to calculate the propagation of the betatron (Twiss) parameters along a beam line. The program draws on ideas from several older programs, notably Transport and Synch, adds many new ones and incorporates them into an interactive, user-friendly program. LATTICE will calculate the matched functions of a synchrotron lattice and display them in a number of ways, including a high resolution Tektronix graphics display. An optimizer is included to adjust selected element parameters so the beam meets a set of constraints. LATTICE is a first order program, but the effect of sextupoles on the chromaticity of a synchrotron lattice is included, and the optimizer will set the sextupole strengths for zero chromaticity. The program will also calculate the characteristics of beam transport systems. In this mode, the beam parameters, defined at the start of the transport line, are propagated through to the end. LATTICE has two distinct modes: the lattice mode which finds the matched functions of a synchrotron, and the transport mode which propagates a predefined beam through a beam line. However, each mode can be used for …
Date:
June 1, 1987
Creator:
Staples, J.
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Low cost hydrogen/novel membranes technology for hydrogen separation from synthesis gas, Phase 1. [Palladium-silver/poly(etherimide), polysulfone/poly(dimethylsiloxane)/poly(ether-esteramide)composite membranes]
During this quarter, work continued on the development of high-flux palladium-silver membranes for the separation of hydrogen from carbon dioxide. Palladium-silver/poly(etherimide) composite membranes were prepared by a vacuum sputtering technique. The influence of different poly(etherimide) support membranes on the performance of palladium-silver membranes was investigated. All membranes tested showed a hydrogen/carbon dioxide selectivity lower than that of the uncoated poly(etherimide)/poly(dimethylsiloxane) membranes. This is probably due to damage of the skin layer of the asymmetric poly(etherimide) support membranes during the palladium-silver electron bombardment. Polysulfone/poly(dimethylsiloxane)/poly(ether-ester-amide) composite membranes were also prepared. Membrane samples consistently showed a carbon dioxide/hydrogen selectivity of 9 to 10 and a normalized carbon dioxide flux of 2 to 4 {times} 10{sup {minus}4} cm{sup 3} (STP)/cm{sup 2}{center dot}sec{center dot}cmHg. These are extremely good values, superior to any commercially available membranes for this separation. 2 figs., 4 tabs.
Date:
January 1, 1987
Creator:
unknown
System:
The UNT Digital Library
An analysis of residential energy consumption in a temperate climate
Electrical energy consumption data have been recorded for several hundred submetered residential structures in Middle Tennessee. All houses were constructed with a common energy package.'' Specifically, daily cooling usage data have been collected for 130 houses for the 1985 and 1986 cooling seasons, and monthly heating usage data for 186 houses have been recorded by occupant participation over a seven-year period. Cooling data have been analyzed using an SPSSx multiple regression analysis and results are compared to several cooling models. Heating, base, and total energy usage are also analyzed and regression correlation coefficients are determined as a function of several house parameters.
Date:
June 1, 1987
Creator:
Clark, Y.Y. & Vincent, W.
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Revised Users Manual, Pulverized Coal Gasification or Combustion: 2-Dimensional (87-PCGC-2): Final Report, Volume 2. [87-PCGC-2]
A two-dimensional, steady-state model for describing a variety of reactive and non-reactive flows, including pulverized coal combustion and gasification, is presented. Recent code revisions and additions are described. The model, referred to as 87-PCGC-2, is applicable to cylindrical axi-symmetric systems. Turbulence is accounted for in both the fluid mechanics equations and the combustion scheme. Radiation from gases, walls, and particles is taken into account using either a flux method or discrete ordinates method. The particle phase is modeled in a Lagrangian framework, such that mean paths of particle groups are followed. Several multi-step coal devolatilization schemes are included along with a heterogeneous reaction scheme that allows for both diffusion and chemical reaction. Major gas-phase reactions are modeled assuming local instantaneous equilibrium, and thus the reaction rates are limited by the turbulent rate mixing. A NO/sub x/ finite rate chemistry submodel is included which integrates chemical kinetics and the statistics of the turbulence. The gas phase is described by elliptic partial differential equations that are solved by an iterative line-by-line technique. Under-relaxation is used to achieve numerical stability. The generalized nature of the model allows for calculation of isothermal fluid mechanicsgaseous combustion, droplet combustion, particulate combustion and various mixtures of the …
Date:
December 1, 1987
Creator:
Smith, P. J.; Smoot, L. D. & Brewster, B. S.
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Determination of optimum electrolyte composition for molten carbonate fuel cells
The goal of this program is the development of a molten carbonate fuel cell (MCFC) anode which is more tolerant of sulfur contaminants in the fuel than the current state-of-the-art nickel-based anode structures. This program addresses two different but related aspects of the sulfur contamination problem. The primary aspect is concerned with the development of a sulfur tolerant electrocatalyst for the fuel oxidation reaction. A secondary issue is the development of a sulfur tolerant water-gas-shift reaction catalyst and an investigation of potential steam reforming catalysts which also have some sulfur tolerant capabilities. These two aspects are being addressed as two separate tasks.
Date:
January 1, 1987
Creator:
Yuh, C. Y. & Pigeaud, A.
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Enhanced durability and reactivity for zinc ferrite desulfurization sorbent
AMAX Research Development Center (AMAX R D) has been investigating methods for enhancing the reactivity and durability of the zinc ferrite desulfurization sorbent. Zinc ferrite sorbents are intended for use in desulfurization of hot coal gas in integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC) or molten carbonate fuel cell (MCFC) applications. For the present program, the reactivity of the sorbent may be defined as its sulfur sorption capacity at the breakthrough point and at saturation in a bench-scale, fixed-bed reactor. Durability may be defined as the ability of the sorbent to maintain important physical characteristics such As size, strength, and specific surface area during 10 cycles of sulfidation and oxidation.
Date:
May 18, 1987
Creator:
Jha, M. C.; Baltich, L. K. & Berggren, M. H.
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Active layer hydrology for Imnavait Creek, Toolik, Alaska
The hydrology of the active layer of a watershed is described. In the annual hydrologic cycle, snowmelt is the most significant event at Imnavait Creek located near Toolik Lake, Alaska. Precipitation that has accumulated for more than 6 months on the surface melts in a relatively short period of 7 to 10 days once sustained melting occurs. Significant runoff events are few. Convective storms covering relatively small areas on the North Slope of Alaska can produce significant small-scale events in a small watershed scale,but these events are rapidly attenuated outside the basin. Data collection began in August 1984. We have continuously monitored the hydrologic, the meteorologic, and the soil's physical conditions. Information was collected through implementation of four snowmelt runoff plots and measurements of essential microclimate parameters. Soil moisture and temperature profiles were measured adjacent to each snowmelt runoff plot, and heat flux is collected adjacent to one of these plots. Meteorological parameters were measured locally. The water content of the snowpack prior to snowmelt was measured throughout the watershed and measured daily adjacent to each plot during snowmelt. The stream draining the basin was measured regularly during the spring melt event to provide information on watershed runoff rates and …
Date:
April 1, 1987
Creator:
Hinzman, L.D. & Kane, D.L.
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Enhanced durability and reactivity for zinc ferrite desulfurization sorbent
AMAX Research Development Center (AMAX R D) has been investigating methods for enhancing the reactivity and durability of the zinc ferrite desulfurization sorbent. Zinc ferrite sorbents are intended for use in desulfurization of hot coal gas in integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC) or molten carbonate fuel cell (MCFC) applications. For the present program, the reactivity of the sorbent may be defined as its sulfur sorption capacity at the breakthrough point and at saturation in a bench-scale, fixed-bed reactor. Durability may be defined as the ability of the sorbent to maintain important physical characteristics such As size, strength, and specific surface area during 10 cycles of sulfidation and oxidation.
Date:
August 28, 1987
Creator:
Jha, Mahesh C.; Baltich, Linda K. & Berggren, Mark H.
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Demonstration projects for coalbed methane and Devonian shale gas: Final report. [None]
In 1979, the US Department of Energy provided the American Public Gas Association (APGA) with a grant to demonstrate the feasibility of bringing unconventional gas such as methane produced from coalbeds or Devonian Shale directly into publicly owned utility system distribution lines. In conjunction with this grant, a seven-year program was initiated where a total of sixteen wells were drilled for the purpose of providing this untapped resource to communities who distribute natural gas. While coalbed degasification ahead of coal mining was already a reality in several parts of the country, the APGA demonstration program was aimed at actual consumer use of the gas. Emphasis was therefore placed on degasification of coals with high methane gas content and on utilization of conventional oil field techniques. 13 figs.
Date:
April 1, 1987
Creator:
Verrips, A.M. & Gustavson, J.B.
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Analysis of Radiation Doses from Operation of Postulated Commercial Spent Fuel Transportation Systems
This report contains a system study of estimated radiation doses to the public and workers resulting from the transport of spent fuel from commercial nuclear power reactors to a geologic repository. The report contains a detailed breakdown of activities and a description of time/distance/dose-rate estimates for each activity within the system. Collective doses are estimated for each of the major activities at the reactor site, in transit, and at the repository receiving facility. Annual individual doses to the maximally exposed individuals or groups of individuals are also estimated. A total of 17 alternatives and subalternatives to the postulated reference transportation system are identified, conceptualized, and their dose-reduction potentials and costs estimated. Resulting ratios of ..delta..cost/..delta..collective system dose for each alternative relative to the postulated reference transportation system are given. Most of the alternatives evaluated are estimated to provide both cost and dose reductions. Major reductions in transportation system dose and cost are estimated to result from using higher-capacity rail and truck casks, and particularly when replacing legalweight truck casks with ''advanced design'' overweight truck casks. The greatest annual dose reduction to the highest exposed individual workers (i.e., at the repository) is estimated to be achieved by using remote handling equipment …
Date:
November 1, 1987
Creator:
Schneider, K. J.; Hostick, C. J.; Ross, W. A.; Peterson, R. W.; Smith, R. I.; Stiles, D. L. et al.
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Plasma Separation Process: Betacell (BCELL) code: User's manual. [Bipolar barrier junction]
The emergence of clearly defined applications for (small or large) amounts of long-life and reliable power sources has given the design and production of betavoltaic systems a new life. Moreover, because of the availability of the plasma separation program, (PSP) at TRW, it is now possible to separate the most desirable radioisotopes for betacell power generating devices. A computer code, named BCELL, has been developed to model the betavoltaic concept by utilizing the available up-to-date source/cell parameters. In this program, attempts have been made to determine the betacell energy device maximum efficiency, degradation due to the emitting source radiation and source/cell lifetime power reduction processes. Additionally, comparison is made between the Schottky and PN junction devices for betacell battery design purposes. Certain computer code runs have been made to determine the JV distribution function and the upper limit of the betacell generated power for specified energy sources. A Ni beta emitting radioisotope was used for the energy source and certain semiconductors were used for the converter subsystem of the betacell system. Some results for a Promethium source are also given here for comparison. 16 refs.
Date:
November 13, 1987
Creator:
Taherzadeh, M.
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Stimulation model for lenticular sands: Volume 2, Users manual
This User's Manual contains information for four fracture/proppant models. TUPROP1 contains a Geertsma and de Klerk type fracture model. The section of the program utilizing the proppant fracture geometry data from the pseudo three-dimensional highly elongated fracture model is called TUPROPC. The analogous proppant section of the program that was modified to accept fracture shape data from SA3DFRAC is called TUPROPS. TUPROPS also includes fracture closure. Finally there is the penny fracture and its proppant model, PENNPROP. In the first three chapters, the proppant sections are based on the same theory for determining the proppant distribution but have modifications to support variable height fractures and modifications to accept fracture geometry from three different fracture models. Thus, information about each proppant model in the User's Manual builds on information supplied in the previous chapter. The exception to the development of combined treatment models is the penny fracture and its proppant model. In this case, a completely new proppant model was developed. A description of how to use the combined treatment model for the penny fracture is contained in Chapter 4. 2 refs.
Date:
July 1, 1987
Creator:
Rybicki, E.F.; Luiskutty, C.T.; Sutrick, J.S.; Palmer, I.D.; Shah, G.H. & Tomutsa, L.
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Kinetics of coal pyrolysis and devolatilization
The objective of these experimental and modeling studies is to develop an improved understanding of the kinetics of coal devolatilization which is relevant to suspension firing of powdered coal. These fundamental kinetic studies address several topics related to pulverized coal combustion and include both homogeneous and heterogeneous reactions. The principal topics include: (1) the pyrolysis and devolatilization of coal; and (2) the formation of char. Research activities include small-scale experimentation, interpretation of experimental results in terms of mechanistic understanding and the development and validation of kinetic models of fundamental processes. This report consists of two contributions. The first is from MIT entitled Intra-Particle Heat Transfer Effects in Coal Pyrolysis''. While this modeling study bears some similarity to the Ohio State work, it is proposed as the starting point for a more complete model which will include other boundary conditions as well as mass transfer effects. The second contribution is a report from UTRC entitled Effect of Heat Transfer on Tar and Light Gases From Coal Pyrolysis''. This work documents some of the changes in the chemical composition of the products of pyrolysis when the mode or rate of heat transfer is varied. 28 refs., 17 figs., 3 tabs.
Date:
January 1, 1987
Creator:
unknown
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Use of transportable storage casks in the nuclear waste management system: Appendices
A study was performed to determine the viability of the use of transportable storage casks (TSCs), and other metal casks that are designed primarily for storage but which might be used to ship their stored contents to DOE on a one-time use basis (referred to in this study as storage only casks, or SOCs), in the combined utility/DOE spent fuel management system. The viability of the use of TSCs and SOCs was assessed in terms of the costs and savings involved in their use, the sensitivity of these costs and savings to changes in the capacity and cost of fabrication of the casks, the impacts of variation in cask design features on cost and radiation exposure of personnel, and their prospective use in connection with the transport of defense high level wastes. Estimates were developed of the costs of acquiring and handling of TSCs and SOCs at reactor sites. For comparison purposes, similar costs were developed for the use of concrete storage casks at reactor sites. Estimates of the savings involved to the DOE system as a result of receiving spent fuel in TSCs or SOCs were separately developed. These costs are developed and presented in Volume 2, Appendices A …
Date:
December 1, 1987
Creator:
unknown
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Measurements of ICRF (ion cyclotron range of frequencies) loading with a ridged waveguide coupler on PLT
An ICRF ridged waveguide coupler has been installed on PLT for measurements of plasma loading. The coupler was partially filled with TiO/sub 2/ dielectric in order to sufficiently lower the cutoff frequency and utilized a tapered ridge for improved matching. Vacuum field measurements indicated a single propagating mode in the coupler and emphasized the importance of considering the fringing fields at the mouth of the waveguide. Low power experiments were carried out at 72.6 and 95.0 MHz without any external impedance matching network. Plasma loading increased rapidly as the face of the coupler approached the plasma, and, at fixed position, increased with line-averaged plasma density. At the lower frequency, the reflection coefficient exhibited a minimum (<8%) at a particular coupler position. At both frequencies, measurements indicated efficient power coupling to the plasma. Magnetic probe signals showed evidence of dense eigenmodes suggesting excitation of the fast wave. 24 refs., 13 figs.
Date:
November 1, 1987
Creator:
Greene, G. J.; Wilson, J. R.; Colestock, P. L.; Fortgang, C. M.; Hosea, J. C.; Hwang, D. Q. et al.
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Interim economic and demographic profile, Benton and Franklin Counties, Washington: Working draft
This report is organized into five sections. Section 2 summarizes the methods used to compile and analyze the data presented in the report. It includes a discussion of the Qualilty Assurance context within which the data were collected, analyzed, and stored; a definition of the variables and time period included in the profile; description of the secondary and primary data collection, compilation, and analysis procedures used in preparing the report; and a summary of the database management system that will be used to store and provide access to the data presented in the the report. Section 3 contains the profile information, organized by topic. A combination of tables, figures, and text are used to describe the economic and demographic conditions in Benton and Franklin counties. Section 4 summarizes outstanding technical issues and data requirements, and Section 5 provides a bibliography of the documents and personal communications from which the data in this report were obtained. 27 refs., 4 figs., 17 tabs.
Date:
November 1, 1987
Creator:
Clark, D.C.
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Estimating properties of unsaturated fractured formations from injection and falloff tests
A new technique for calculating hydraulic properties of unsaturated fractured formations is proposed as an alternative to the common approach involving steady-state analysis of multi-rate gas injection tests. This method is based on graphical analysis of unsteady-state pressure-time data from an injection-falloff test sequence. Both gas and water injection testing are considered. Flow in a horizontal fracture of limited lateral extent, bounded above and below by an impermeable matrix, and intersected by a cylindrical borehole is described by two analytical models developed in this study. The first model corresponds to the early-time infinite acting radial flow period, and the second to the late-time linear flow period. Interpretive equations are derived for computing fracture conductivity and volumetric aperture from early-time pressure data, and fracture width from late-time pressure data. Effects of fracture inclination and gravity are studied numerically and found to be practically negligible for gas as well as water injection. Two simulated injection-falloff tests are analyzed using the suggested procedure. Results are found to be in good agreement with simulator input values. 13 refs., 14 figs., 4 tabs.
Date:
December 1, 1987
Creator:
Mishra, S.; Bodvarsson, G.S. & Attanayake, M.P.
System:
The UNT Digital Library