COOLBALL is an IBM 650 machine program designed to calculate local gas and ball temperatures, gas flow, and pressure loses as induced by non-uniform power generation and voidage within an axial flow Pebble Bed Reactor core. This code has been used extensively to study the thermal characteristics of Pebble Bed Reactor cores in support of a broad program for the development of the PBR concept.

In 1947 Bauer, and later independently Huntley (1948), pointed out that the helium content of iron meteorites as measured by Paneth and coworkers could be accounted for by the accumulation through cosmic-ray production rather then the decay of uranium and thorium. Bauer (1947) also predicted that the meteroitic helium should contain a significant proportion of He3. I was realized that by studying the effects of cosmic radiation on meteorites much could be learned about the history of meteorite and cosmic radiation. Chemical and instrumental techniques have been developed for the isolation, purification, and measurement of cosmic-ray-induced C14 in both stone and iron meteorites. The isolation of carbon from the silicate materials is done by fusion in an oxidizing flux in a vacuum system. From the iron meteorites the carbon is recovered by the decomposition of the metal in nitric acid in a closed system.

"This report is the third quarterly report under Contract AT(30-1)-2528 for the decontamination and recovery of precious metals from contaminated scrap. The results described in [2nd quarterly report] and expanded in this report confirm the statement that the method achieves not only the desired decontamination but also produces a product of high purity. In addition the relative simplicity of the method makes it particularly adaptable to large scale manipulation."

"This is the second quarterly report under Contract AT(30-1)-2528 for the decontamination and recovery of precious metals from contaminated scrap. the emphasis on the analytical chemical techniques and methods was continued during this report period."

"The laboratory experiments and field testing which were carried out in the development of a homogeneous gas labeling device are described. Detailed drawings of the injector and its most critical components are included. Recommendations are made for a production model of the device along with estimated costs of construction."

"A generalized discontinuous solution was found for the adiabatic two- fluid equations in the steady state: it covers the case of strong shocks and enables a complete account to be made of the steady state solutions of these equations. By considering a piston problem using numerical methods, time dependent solutions of the equations were also found; these rapidly steepened and converged to the discontinuous steady state solutions whenever these existed."

"lsotope dilution techniques are described for the assay of chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides and organic phosphorus pesticides in foods. Results are given for the determination of tetranitro-DDT-dianilide, dianilide of tetranitro- DDE, dieldrin, systox, and derivatives of these compounds. "

"An investigation was made into the various processes for the fixation of mixed fission products as solids in order to determine the extent they could be utilized as heat sources for thermoelectric generators. Generators of up to ten watts can be designed and built with state-of-art'' thermoelectric materials and mixed fission products soon to be available from the ldaho Falls calcination pilot plant. Mixed fission products from other processes and plants to be on stream'' in this decade will be capable of fueling practical generators into the kilowatt range using thermoelectric materials available in the same time period. A survey was made on current research and development efforts on waste fixation processes. Studies showed that a wide range of power densities (from 0.002 to 0.2 watts per cubic centimeter) will be available from calcined fission product wasted. An experimental program for the consolidation of low density, Idaho Chemical Processing Plant alumina type wastes is reviewed. Preliminary results indicated that densification factors of three to four are readily obtainable for such wastes."

"Progress is reported on Phase II of a program for the development of a mixed fission product fueled thermoelectric generator. Materials studies are described in which bonded assemblies of bismuth telluride were life tested up to 3000 hours at 350 to 400 deg F hot junction temperature. Data were too inconsistent to define any satisfactory long-life bonding process. Further work is needed to eliminate the process variables. Insulation studies aimed at determining the thermal conductivity of various insulations with different fill gases under reduced pressures are described. Opacified aerogel powder appears to be very promising as an insulation medium for a diffuse heat source. A full- scale simulated test generator aimed at proving out the concept of a diffuse heat source for power generation is described. Progress on the construction of this electrically heated generator and its thermoelectric power converter is related.

"The limitation of the speed and memory of calculating machines places an upper bound on the number of meshpoints that may be used in a finite difference calculation. This means that in problems involving many independent variables (and for present-day machines, three is many) the mesh employed is necessarily coarse. Therefore in order to get reasonably accurate final results one must employ highly accurate difference approximations. The purpose of this paper is to set up and analyze such difference schemes for solving the initial value problem for first order symmetric hyperbolic systems of partial differential equations in two space variable."

"In this paper we solve for the diffracted wave which results when a weak hydromegnetic shock impinges on a rigid perfectly conducting half plans."

The self-diffusivities of Co60 and Ni63 in cobalt--nickel solid solutions exhibit a greater activation energy below the Curie temperature (T/sub c/) than above. Values of DELTA Q = Q (ferromagnetic) -- Q (paramagnetic) are approximately equal to RT/sub c/. This observation is interpreted to indicate that the increment in activation energy arises from an increase in the formation energy of a vacancy in the ferromagnetic lattice, with the additional binding energy arising from the interaction of a spin with the Weiss field."

A program has begun embodying a study of the diffusion rates of krypton and xenon into unirradiated UO2 and UC at temperatures between 1000°C and 2500°C.The experimental technique is described in some detail, involving exposure of UO2 and UC samples to a Kr85 atmosphere at various temperatures, removal of surface-adsorbed krypton, dissolution of the sample, collection and ion chamber measurement of the diffused Kr, and calculation of diffusion coefficients from these data.

"The diffusivities of Fe, Co, and Al in otherwise pure Au were determined by a residual activity technique. It was found that the frequency factors and activation energies of the transition elements into Au are normal relative to the values for Au self-diffusion, and suggest that lattice diffusion is operative, in contrast to the corresponding situation for the diffusion of these elements in Al. This difference in behavior is explained in terms of the marked difference in solid solubilities in the two series."

This program was established to develop new information concerning the mechanism of diffusion of fission gases (krypton and xenon) through UO2 and UC. The work was to concentrated on measurements of diffusion rates in unirradiated materials in the temperature range of 1000°C to above 2000°C, these determinations being important to the projected use of refractory fuel materials in high-temperature, high-burnup reactors.

"Mixed Fission Products (MFP) for use as a heat source for thermoelectric generators will become increasingly available in the coming years. The Atomic Energy Commission sponsored program on solidification of nuclear wastes is now entering the hot-bench scale test phase. During this phase approximately 5000 thermal watts of two year old MFP could be produced monthly. Two different types of hot calcination pilot plants are planned for installation at the Hanford National Laboratories in the 1964 to 1966 time period. Each of these plants should be able to produce 160,000 thermal watts of two year MFP and 16,000 thermal watts of ten year MFP on a monthly basis. A full scale plant for a 15,000 Mw(e) nuclear economy is estimated to produce four to five times as much MFP as either of the pilot plants. Costs will be dependent upon AEC policy in effect at the time the plant is operating."

"The one-dimensional propagation of disturbances in an inviscid conducting fluid of finite magnetic Reynolds number is investigated. The basic equations are not hyperbolic but nevertheless the slow wave has a domain of dependence determined by the sound velocity."

"Adlam and Allen and Davis, Lust, and Schluter have studied nonlinear plane-waves, propagating normal to the magnetic field, in a cold plasma. One solution of particular interest is a solitary wave, or single pulse. We present a method for solving the analogous problem for a plasma with finite temperature, in the limiting case where the amplitude of the wave is small and where, consequently, the width of the waver is very large."

"In 1935, Yukawa proposed that a field must exist, analogous to the electromagnetic field but different in nature, which is responsible for the attraction between a proton and a neutron in a nucleus. He was led to the prediction of the existence of particles, quanta of this field, with mass intermediate between that of the electron and proton. In 1947, using photographic plates, the Bristol group led by Powell confirmed the existence of these particles, meons."

"The factors of atomic size, ion core potential, and charge, which contribute to the increment in electrical resistivity produced by solutes in metallic solutions, were separated and experimentally evaluated in liquid sodium. The results are expressed in a semi-empirical relationship which defines the increment in resistivity of a monovalent solution as the sum of the fractional difference in atomic volume of solute and solvent and the difference in atomic number of Na and the solutes Li, K, Cs, Rb, Ag, and Au."

"We compute the equilibrium configuration of a collision-free plasma contained in an axially symmetric magnetic field. The plasma is characterized by a non-scalar pressure tensor which is obtained from a microscopic distribution function in a form suggested b the guiding center approximation. The solution is calculated in the limit where the ratio of the width to the length of the plasma region and the ratio of the gas to the magnetic pressure are both small. Boundary values at the midplane as well as the shape of the plasma appear as arbitrary parameters in the solution. We give the solution to a corresponding scalar pressure problem for comparison."

"Electron emission during the adsorption of a monolayer of oxygen on a clean'' tungsten surface is reported. This emission is attributed to the excitation of conduction band electrons during adsorption, probably as the result of Auger transitions to the chemisorbed state. Calculations based on this model of chemisorption agree qualitatively with the experimental yield."

"Contact conductances for three semi-smooth and rough stainless steel contacts involving six steels are determined. The procedure and equipment used are fully described, and the results are given. Graphs display thermal conductance and conductivity versus pressure and temperature."

"This report describes two experiments performed in an effort to supply evidence for the universality of the V-A theory in weak interactions and for the law of conservation of leptons. In this first part the production rate of B to the 12th by the absorption of negative mu mesons in carbon was measured. From the amplitudes of the muon decay curve and the boron decay curve the rate was calculated to be (5.8 plus or minus 1.3) x 10 to the 3rd sec -1, in agreement with the hypothesis of a universal V_A theory. In the second part an attempt was made to measure the helicity of negative mu mesons by stopping longitudinally polarized muons in a carbon target and observing the electron asymmetry in the β-decay of the spin-1 B to the 12th. The results of this part were inconclusive, a consequence attributed to a short boron thermal relaxation time."