Monthly report from the Reactor Operations Division of the Brookhaven National Laboratory that covers various topics like the different operations conducted, and the amount of energy consumed.

Report issued by the Brookhaven National Laboratory discussing the operation of a hydrogen reservoir. As stated in the introduction, "information is provided on how the reservoir functions and how it can be safely operated. The equipment is described and basic operating procedures are given along with precautionary measures" (p. 1). This report includes tables, illustrations, and photographs.

Report issued by the Brookhaven National Laboratory discussing the formats and procedures used at the ENDF Neutron Cross Section Library. As stated in the introduction, "this report describes the philosophy, data formats, and procedures that have been developed for the Evaluated Nuclear Data File (ENDF)" (p. 1-1). This report includes tables, and illustrations.

Report issued by the Brookhaven National Laboratory discussing costs of power plant operations. As stated in the objective, "the objective of this study was to determine and evaluate operating and maintenance costs for nuclear power plants" (p. 1). This report includes tables, and illustrations.

The absolute yield of the ferrous sulfate oxidation reaction, under the influence of ionizing radiation, has been determined. A polystyrene, parallel plate ionization chamber, filled with argon, nitrogen, or air, was used to measure the energy absorbed per unit volume of the solution through the application of the Bragg-Gray principle. The ionization current was extrapolated to zero chamber spacing. In related experiments the average ionization potential of polystyrene was determined to be 34.3 ev by comparison with argon and nitrogen. The G value obtained in this experiment using the three gases was 15.9 ± 0.5 ions/100 ev, in good agreement with calorimetric and cathode-ray bombardment measurements.

To aid in planning Brookhaven's future program in high-energy physics, we have just completed a summer study on possible experimentation with super-high-energy accelerators and with storage rings. I should like to review a few of our conclusions and to describe an experiment on coasting beams in progress at Brookhaven. First, however, to provide background for this review, I shall present a short history of the past year. During 1962, many proposals were submitted to the United States Government for design or construction of accelerators for energies above 700 Mev. In order to decide which of these proposals should receive support, an advisory panel was set up under the chairmanship of Professor Norman Ramsey of Harvard. Last April this panel submitted its report. During last April the Brookhaven Laboratory received an official authorization to proceed with studies aimed at the recommended storage rings and super-energy accelerator.

Many of the most important properties of the clay minerals are in reality properties of the complex systems clay-water. Since water enters directly into the equilibria between clays and ionic solutions, determination of the water content of the minerals under specified conditions are an obvious necessity in any complete study of these equilibria. A formulation of the thermodynamics involved indicates what information is necessary and how to take it into account. Furthermore, recent results of others indicate that a knowledge of the water adsorption isotherms can profitably be used to help elucidate the structures of the clay minerals.

We have made absolute radiochemical measurements of the yields of Kr-85 and Xe-133 in the thermal neutron fission of U-235, and of Kr-85 in the thermal neutron fission of Pu-239. For Kr-85 in U-235 fission, the mean of eight measurements gives the ratio, X/T, of fission yield to half-life: X/T = 0.0253%/yr; σ = 1.59%; 99-1 error of the mean = 2.41%. For Kr-85 in Pu-239 fission, the mean of three measurements gives X/T = 0.0092%/yr; σ = 4.3%. Here σ is the standard deviation of a single measurement expressed as percent of the mean. If the Kr-85 half-life is 10.8 (±4%) yr, the yields are U-235 fission: X = 0.273% (±5% of X). Pu- 239 fission: X = .0994%. The error estimate in the U-235 yield is an accuracy estimate compounded of estimated accuracies of 3% in the X/T value and 4% in the half life. For Xe-133 in U-235 fission, the mean of five measurements gives the yield: X = 6.62%; σ = 0.095% of X; accuracy = ±3% of X. The accuracy estimates are based on a detailed investigation of the possible sources of error in the fission counting, the chemical procedure, and the beta-counting (gas-phase proportional …

In wet sectioning of celloidin embedded tissue it is necessary to maintain a layer of alcohol on the knife and on the surface of the block. The alcohol acts as a lubricant and also prevents drying of the block. The application of alcohol may be done by hand or mechanically. To apply the alcohol by hand while operating the microtome slows down the cutting operation, unless the operator is ambidextrous. In addition, stopping and starting the knife to apply alcohol results in an extensive wasting of tissue due to half-sections and sections of uneven thickness. Unless the knife can be kept moving smoothly at a constant rate the result will be sections of non-uniform thickness regardless of the setting on the microtome.

The purpose of this paper is to describe the application of a magnetic time of flight mass spectrometer to analytical problems. This new spectrometer has a number of advantageous features. It has a linear mass scale and heavy masses are easily resolved. The whole mass spectrum can be observed continuously on an oscilloscope and changes in its composition are seen instantaneously. The voltage of the ionizing electron beam can be varied continuously while viewing the spectrum, giving additional information about characteristic break-up patterns of complex molecules.

There has been considerable recent interest in the development of spin representations which are operations upon analytical functions. The familiar Pauli spin matrix representation, has been sufficient for the solutions of most problems involving nonrelativistic electron spin, but it is to be hoped that, for some problems, an "analytic" representation could be found which has greater physical significance. The new representations that have been presented all hae spin functions of two or more variables.

One of the materials most extensively studied with the dry state ionizing particle approach described in the preceding papers has been T-1 bacteriophage. It was one of the earliest materials subjected to cyclotron bombardment in the Yale biophysics group (Pollard and Forro, 1951) and a number of workers associated with the group have from time to time returned to it (Pollard and Jane Setlow, 1954). One reason is that investigation of various functional properties of a single material is relatively easy for bacteriophage, and among the T-series coliphages T-1 is the most easily handled dry. Another reason is that the bacteriophage work, as represented to a large extent by T-1, does not fit the one primary ionization - one inactivation conclusion stated in the preceding paper by Dr. R. B. Setlow for many other materials. T-1 is one of the exceptions and we have kept coming back to it to see more clearly why is is exceptional.

A method has been developed for the determination of cyanide in the presence of dilute ferrocyanide, in the concentration ratio Ferrocyanide/Cyanide = 100 - 200. The method consists essentially of adding ferric sulfate in concentrated H2SO4 to the solution containing cyanide in the presence of ferrocyanide and sparging the solution with air. The HCN is collected in dilute KOH and the resulting KCN solution then analyzed according to the method of Childe and Ball and Lecoq. While the accuracy of the method is only slightly better than ±10 percent, it does provide a means of determining micro-molar quantities of cyanide in the presence of ferro cyanide for which the test was developed.

The high incidence of drought conditions in recent years has caused considerable concern among agriculturalists in eastern Long Island. A convenient method of computing soil moisture on a daily basis has therefore been sought in order to provide a quantitative estimate of present and past conditions.

A computer program which optimizes the locations and strengths of magnets in a beam transport system has been written for the IBM 704 and 7090 computers Programs have been previously written which trace a ray through a system of magnets and determine its focusing properties When using such a program, one examines the characteristics of the emergent beam and then varies the parameters of the system manually to optimize it In the program which will now be described, the computer itself performs the examination and varies the parameters.

For momentum measurements in bubble chambers a magnetic field has to e provided. The following discussion summarizes approximate calculations to determine the necessary amounts of copper and iron for our projected 80" liquid hydrogen bubble chamber magnet. Without any refinements, the accuracy of momentum measurements is proportional to the square of the track length and therefore to the square of the linear dimension of the chamber. If the scale factor for the size of the chamber is λ, [equation not transcribed].

The paucity of pre-meiotic mutations in maize has prompted a cytogenetic analysis of one which occurred at the R locus. Cytogenetic tests of a spontaneous pre-meiotic R --> r mutation indicate that it is an autonomous mutation for the R locus. No evidence was found for a factor, other than the R locus, as a causal agent for the mutation. The mutant behaves as a stable r allele. No evidence was found for chromosomal alteration, pollen or transmission sterility. Thus, within the limits of the tests made, it must be called a point mutation.

In our continuing study of (K- + p) interactions at 2.24 Bev/c in the Brookhaven National Laboratory 20" Hydrogen Bubble Chamber, we have accumulated approximately 332 Ξ- → Λ + π- decays and 34 Ξ°→Λ + π° decays. The cascade hyperons were produced in the following reactions: [reactions not transcribed].

During the early planning for experiments to be carried out at the Brookhaven AGS, it was decided that the beam-transport equipment should be kept to a minimum number of types, yet with sufficient flexibility that a wide variety of beams could be made up from the modules selected. This policy has been followed during the intervening years, with additions being made only in the total numbers of these modules and, as yet, no further types being fabricated. The types and their performance will be summarized herein.

Previous analyses of the behavior of tracers in three-compartment systems are incomplete, are scattered throughout the literature and are expressed in a confusing variety of notations. This article purports to unify the previous contributions and further to develop the application of the mathematical basis involved in the interpretation of experimental data, with emphasis on the relationship between the behavior of tracers and the exchange rates of their carriers in steady-state systems.

In order to determine the diffusivity of a medium, it is sometimes desirable or necessary to devise a test which will not alter the physical properties of the medium. It is the purpose of this paper to discuss one such test for an isotropic medium which is homogeneous in one direction.

Dr. Sherlock's recent paper on the vertical variation of wind velocity and gusts seems an improved approach to the difficult task of deriving design parameters for tall buildings from the wind data that are generally available. The most serious criticism of the work is that it was based largely on data obtained at only one location, and one may therefore question whether it is representative. The fact that very few wind data of the proper type and quality are available exonerates the author, but the basic question of general applicability remains.

Groups of Habrobracon during postembryonic development were exposed to X-rays in the presence of oxygen, carbon dioxide, nitrogen and hydrogen. The effects on development to adulthood were observed. Pupae exposed to 100 per cent oxygen (without X-radiation) were arrested in their development. Diploid female pupae were more resistant to X-rays and more sensitive to oxygen than were comparable haploid male pupae. Groups of Habrobracon irradiated during the larva-in-cocoon stage in the presence of nitrogen or carbon dioxide were about three times as radioresistant as comparable groups X-rayed in air or oxygen. The amount of protection from X-radiation by nitrogen was the same for oxygen-sensitive and oxygen resistant stages. There does not appear to be a clear relationship between oxygen poisoning and X-radiation damage. Groups of Habrobracon during the larva-in-cocoon stage were more radioresistant when X-rayed in the presence of hydrogen than in the presence of nitrogen or carbon dioxide than when X-rayed in hydrogen. These experiments show that the radiosensitivity of Habrobracon can be modified by the presence of hydrogen.

Most studies of the effect of radiation upon plant development utilized external sources of irradiation. Where radioactive isotopes were used these were primarily applied in metabolic or cytological studies. The effects of these isotopes are similar to those produced by external irradiation, modified by such phenomena as specific localization, timing of irradiation, modified by such phenomena as specific localization, timing of irradiation, etc. The advent of tritium as a means of irradiation over very restricted areas has opened a new possibility in radiobiology. Many substances have been tagged with tritium and its application has been manifold (1). Tritiated thymidine has found special favor in studies where the labeling of DNA was the prime aim. It also serves as a means of specifically irradiating regions where DNA is being formed (2). Wimber (3) was the first to examine in detail the effect of tritiated thymidine on the development of the plant have not yet been studied. The purpose these experiments was to study the effect of nuclear irradiation on the formation and differentiation of the root of Zea mays.