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The demand-side management program development process: A utility perspective (open access)

The demand-side management program development process: A utility perspective

This report describes an aspect of DSM that has received little attention, namely, how utilities develop DSM programs. The selection of utilities to study purposely was biased in favor of those with reputations for being experienced DSM program developers so as to optimize the chances to obtain detailed information. The DSM planning process is affected by organizational factors and external influences: (1) the location of the demand-side planning department within the utility; (2) the demand-side planning group's functional responsibilities; (3) upper management participation in the DSM program development process; and (4) the organizational relationship between (or, separation of) supply-side and demand-side planning. Organizational factors reflect utilities' views of DSM programs and thus can affect the adoption of a technology- or customer-oriented approach. Despite repeated claims of the uniqueness of the demand- side planning process and its resistance to standardization, two general approaches to program development were discerned, namely technology- or customer-orientation. Although utilities consider customer related and technological factors in their DSM program development process, utilities can be differentiated by their emphasis on one or the other approach. 25 refs.
Date: March 1, 1992
Creator: Wolfe, A.K. (Oak Ridge National Lab., TN (United States)) & Yourstone, N.E. (Yourstone (Evelin), Albuquerque, NM (United States))
System: The UNT Digital Library
Costs and benefits of automotive fuel economy improvement: A partial analysis (open access)

Costs and benefits of automotive fuel economy improvement: A partial analysis

This paper is an exercise in estimating the costs and benefits of technology-based fuel economy improvements for automobiles and light trucks. Benefits quantified include vehicle cots, fuel savings, consumer's surplus effects, the effect of reduced weight on vehicle safety, impacts on emissions of CO{sub 2} and criteria pollutants, world oil market and energy security benefits, and the transfer of wealth from US consumes to oil producers. A vehicle stock model is used to capture sales, scrappage, and vehicle use effects under three fuel price scenarios. Three alternative fuel economy levels for 2001 are considered, ranging from 32.9 to 36.5 MPG for cars and 24.2 to 27.5 MPG for light trucks. Fuel economy improvements of this size are probably cost-effective. The size of the benefit, and whether there is a benefit, strongly depends on the financial costs of fuel economy improvement and judgments about the values of energy security, emissions, safety, etc. Three sets of values for eight parameters are used to define the sensitivity of costs and benefits to key assumptions. The net present social value (1989$) of costs and benefits ranges from a cost of $11 billion to a benefit of $286 billion. The critical parameters being the discount …
Date: March 1, 1992
Creator: Greene, D.L. (Oak Ridge National Lab., TN (United States)) & Duleep, K.G. (Energy and Environmental Analysis, Inc., Arlington, VA (United States))
System: The UNT Digital Library
(NLUF user-application of a high-density gas laser target to the physics x-ray lasers and coronal plasmas) (open access)

(NLUF user-application of a high-density gas laser target to the physics x-ray lasers and coronal plasmas)

None
Date: March 13, 1992
Creator: unknown
System: The UNT Digital Library
Lecture notes for criticality safety (open access)

Lecture notes for criticality safety

These lecture notes for criticality safety are prepared for the training of Department of Energy supervisory, project management, and administrative staff. Technical training and basic mathematics are assumed. The notes are designed for a two-day course, taught by two lecturers. Video tapes may be used at the options of the instructors. The notes provide all the materials that are necessary but outside reading will assist in the fullest understanding. The course begins with a nuclear physics overview. The reader is led from the macroscopic world into the microscopic world of atoms and the elementary particles that constitute atoms. The particles, their masses and sizes and properties associated with radioactive decay and fission are introduced along with Einstein's mass-energy equivalence. Radioactive decay, nuclear reactions, radiation penetration, shielding and health-effects are discussed to understand protection in case of a criticality accident. Fission, the fission products, particles and energy released are presented to appreciate the dangers of criticality. Nuclear cross sections are introduced to understand the effectiveness of slow neutrons to produce fission. Chain reactors are presented as an economy; effective use of the neutrons from fission leads to more fission resulting in a power reactor or a criticality excursion. The six-factor formula …
Date: March 1, 1992
Creator: Fullwood, R.
System: The UNT Digital Library
(Environmental investigation of ground water contamination at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio) (open access)

(Environmental investigation of ground water contamination at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio)

An environmental investigation of ground water conditions has been undertaken at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base (WPAFB), Ohio to obtain data to assist in the evaluation of a potential removal action to prevent, to the extent practicable, migration of the contaminated ground water across Base boundaries. Field investigations were limited to the central section of the southwestern boundary of Area C and the Springfield Pike boundary of Area B. Further, the study was limited to a maximum depth of 150 feet below grade. Three primary activities of the field investigation were: (1) installation of 22 monitoring wells, (2) collection and analysis of ground water from 71 locations, (3) measurement of ground water elevations at 69 locations. Volatile organic compounds including trichloroethylene, perchloroethylene, and/or vinyl chloride were detected in concentrations exceeding Maximum Contaminant Levels (MCL) at three locations within the Area C investigation area. Ground water at the Springfield Pike boundary of Area B occurs in two primary units, separated by a thicker-than-expected clay layers. One well within Area B was determined to exceed the MCL for trichloroethylene.
Date: March 1, 1992
Creator: unknown
System: The UNT Digital Library
Research and development of methods and tools for achieving and maintaining consensus processes in the face of change within and among government oversight agencies: Volume 1 (open access)

Research and development of methods and tools for achieving and maintaining consensus processes in the face of change within and among government oversight agencies: Volume 1

This progress report summarizes our research activities under our consensus grant. In year four of the grant, we continued to capitalize on and benefit from historical events which drove our early emphasis on group process studies. Following our work on various procedures for bringing together groups such as the State and Tribal Government Working Group and the Stakeholders' Forum (both of which provide input to the Five-Year Waste Plan), we continue to observe these groups and collect data. We also began a configuration study involving the complex modeling of DOE's Office of Environmental Restoration and Waste Management (EM). Related to group process studies is the issue of the information requirements for individuals making decisions in consensus groups. Our information studies examined the requirements for decision-related information, frameworks for such information, and the effectiveness of information portrayed for decision making. However, we were able not only to continue studying consensus groups in action and related information issues, but also to focus considerable attention on the fundamental side of our research. The fundamental or basic research conducted in year four included: (1) expanding our literature database; (2) beginning the writing of the literature review summary document and the consensus guide; (3) developing …
Date: March 1, 1992
Creator: unknown
System: The UNT Digital Library
Investigation of Celotex trademark charring depths in the DT-18 shipping container (open access)

Investigation of Celotex trademark charring depths in the DT-18 shipping container

Celotex {trademark}, the insulating material used between the outer and inner containers of the DT-18 shipping package, undergoes decomposition, combustion, or both when heated to temperatures exceeding 150{degrees}C. Several DT-18 packages that had previously undergone hypothetical thermal accident testing were opened and Celotex {trademark} charring depths ranging from {1/2} to 1 {1/2} in. were recorded. The majority of char depth data taken was between 3/4 and 1 {1/4} in. One-dimensional HEATING 7.1 models of the DT-18 package were developed. HEATING predicts charring depths of 1 to 1 1/8 in., which are in good agreement with measured values. Both experimental and analytical data indicate that charring is fairly uniform over the DT-18 package. 7 refs.
Date: March 1, 1992
Creator: Anderson, J.C.
System: The UNT Digital Library
Development of improved cathodes for solid oxide fuel cells (open access)

Development of improved cathodes for solid oxide fuel cells

The University of Missouri-Rolla conducted a 17 month research program focused on the development and evaluation of improved cathode materials for solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC). The objectives of this program were: (1) the development of cathode materials of improved stability in reducing environments; and (2) the development of cathode materials with improved electrical conductivity. The program was successful in identifying some potential candidate materials: Air sinterable (La,Ca)(Cr,Co)O{sub 3} compositions were developed and found to be more stable than La{sub .8}Sr{sub .2}MnO{sub 3} towards reduction. Their conductivity at 1000{degrees}C ranged between 30 to 60 S/cm. Compositions within the (Y,Ca)(Cr,Co,Mn)O{sub 3} system were developed and found to have higher electrical conductivity than La{sub .8}Sr{sub .2}MnO{sub 3} and preliminary results suggest that their stability towards reduction is superior.
Date: March 1, 1991
Creator: Anderson, H.U.
System: The UNT Digital Library
A survey of air flow models for multizone structures (open access)

A survey of air flow models for multizone structures

Air flow models are used to simulate the rates of incoming and outgoing air flows for a building with known leakage under given weather and shielding conditions. Additional information about the flow paths and air-mass flows inside the building can only by using multizone air flow models. In order to obtain more information on multizone air flow models, a literature review was performed in 1984. A second literature review and a questionnaire survey performed in 1989, revealed the existence of 50 multizone air flow models, all developed since 1966, two of which are still under development. All these programs use similar flow equations for crack flow but differ in the versatility to describe the full range of flow phenomena and the algorithm provided for solving the set of nonlinear equations. This literature review was found that newer models are able to describe and simulate the ventilation systems and interrelation of mechanical and natural ventilation. 27 refs., 2 figs., 1 tab.
Date: March 1, 1991
Creator: Feustel, H.E. & Dieris, J.
System: The UNT Digital Library
(Environmental investigation of ground water contamination at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio) (open access)

(Environmental investigation of ground water contamination at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio)

This report contains information related to the sampling and chemical analysis of ground water at the Wright-Patterson Air Force Base. It is part of a field investigation of ground water contamination.
Date: March 1, 1992
Creator: unknown
System: The UNT Digital Library
Automatic lighting controls demonstration (open access)

Automatic lighting controls demonstration

The purpose of this work was to demonstrate, in a real building situation, the energy and peak demand reduction capabilities of an electronically ballasted lighting control system that can utilize all types of control strategies to efficiently manage lighting. The project has demonstrated that a state-of-the-art electronically ballasted dimmable lighting system can reduce energy and lighting demand by as least 50% using various combinations of control strategies. By reducing light levels over circulation areas (tuning) and reducing after hours light levels to accommodate the less stringent lighting demands of the cleaning crew (scheduling), lighting energy consumption on weekdays was reduced an average of 54% relative to the initial condition. 10 refs., 14 figs., 3 tabs.
Date: March 1, 1990
Creator: Rubinstein, F. & Verderber, R.
System: The UNT Digital Library
Optimizing procedures for a human genome repository (open access)

Optimizing procedures for a human genome repository

Large numbers of clones will be generated during the Human Genome Project. As each is characterized, subsets will be identified which are useful to the scientific community at large. These subsets are most readily distributed through public repositories. The American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) is experienced in repository operation, but before this project had no history in managing clones and associated information in large batches instead of individually. This project permitted the ATCC to develop several procedures for automating and thus reducing the cost of characterizing, preserving, and maintaining information about clones.
Date: March 1, 1991
Creator: Nierman, W.C.
System: The UNT Digital Library
Finite element analysis of the SDC barrel and endcap calorimeters (open access)

Finite element analysis of the SDC barrel and endcap calorimeters

In designing the SCD barrel and endcap calorimeters, the inter-module connecting forces must be known in order to determine the required size and number of connecting links between modules, and in order to understand how individual modules will be affected by these forces when assembled to form a full barrel and endcap. The connecting forces were found by analyzing three-dimensional Finite Element Models of both the barrel and endcap. This paper is divided into two parts, the first part will describe in detail the results of the barrel analysis and the second part will describe the results obtained from the endcap analysis. A similar approach was used in constructing the models for both analysis.
Date: March 11, 1992
Creator: Guarino, V.; Hill, N. & Nasiakta, J.
System: The UNT Digital Library
A method to estimate the concentration of elements in smoke from burning vegetation growing in contaminated soil (open access)

A method to estimate the concentration of elements in smoke from burning vegetation growing in contaminated soil

The Savannah River Site has areas where soil is contaminated with metals and/or radionuclides. Many of these areas are surrounded by native vegetation which is growing adjacent to the area and where the roots have penetrated into the contaminated soil of the area. In some cases vegetation has actually invaded the contaminated area. Even though the volume of contaminated vegetation is small, there are problems associated with its disposal. Vegetation decomposes quickly after burial and the volume of buried vegetation can decrease. The voids left can lead to subsidence and possible failure of the clay cap constructed over hazardous and/or radioactive waste burial grounds. An alternative to burying the wood is to burn it and bury the ash. However, burning will introduce the contamination in the vegetation into the air where there is potential for inhalation of the contaminants. A procedure is described to assess the hazard associated with inhalation of contamination from burning of vegetation growing in contaminated soil. The procedure is applied to evaluation of the consequence of burning vegetation grown adjacent to and in the SRL Seepage Basins. The results indicate that burning the vegetation during the day could introduce a level of contaminants to the atmosphere …
Date: March 4, 1991
Creator: Murphy, C. E. Jr.
System: The UNT Digital Library
Molecular biological enhancement of coal biodesulfurization. [Rhodococcus] (open access)

Molecular biological enhancement of coal biodesulfurization. [Rhodococcus]

The objective of this project is to produce one or more microorganisms capable of removing the organic and inorganic sulfur in coal. The original specific technical objectives of the project were to: Clone and characterize the genes encoding the enzymes of the 4S'' pathway (sulfoxide/sulfone/sulfonate/sulfate) for release of organic sulfur from coal; Return multiple copies of genes to the original host to enhance the biodesulfurization activity of that organism; Transfer this pathway into a fast-growing chemolithotrophic bacterium; Conduct a batch-mode optimization/analysis of scale-up variables.
Date: March 15, 1990
Creator: Litchfield, J. H.; Fry, I.; Wyza, R. E.; Palmer, D. T.; Zupancic, T. J. & Conkle, H. N.
System: The UNT Digital Library
Evaluation of management options for disposal of salt and trace element laden agricultural drainage water from the Fallon Indian Reservation, Fallon, Nevada (open access)

Evaluation of management options for disposal of salt and trace element laden agricultural drainage water from the Fallon Indian Reservation, Fallon, Nevada

This is the final report describing work performed on the Fallon Indian Reservation by the Earth Sciences Division at Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory during FY90. These investigations were initiated at the request of the United States Bureau of Reclamation in response to recent concerns regarding disposal of agriculture drainage water from the Reservation. The Reservation is transected by numerous irrigation and drainage canals, including the TJ Drain. Recent investigations by the US Fish and Wildlife Service have demonstrated that water in the TJ Drain is toxic to several aquatic indicator organisms, including bluegills, fathead minnows and daphnids. This information, coupled with recent die-offs of fish and birds, has lead to concern about continued discharge of TJ Drain water into local surface waters. In late 1990, plans for closing the TJ Drain and providing for alternative drainage were initiated. We aim to provide information for assessing options fro disposal of agricultural drainage water from the Reservation. In particular, our studies focuses on irrigation and drainage of lands currently serviced by the TJ Drain. Options for continued irrigation and drainage of the Reservation fall broadly into two categories: options that provide an alternative to drain water disposal into the SWMA; and options that …
Date: March 1, 1991
Creator: Tokunaga, Tetsu & Benson, S.
System: The UNT Digital Library
Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory FY 1992 Site Development Plan (open access)

Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory FY 1992 Site Development Plan

The Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory 1992 Site Development Plan (SDP) provides analysis and policy guidance for the effective use and orderly development of land and facilities at the LBL main site. The SDP directly supports LBL's role as a multiprogram national laboratory operated by the University of California for the DOE. It is a concise policy document, prepared in compliance with DOE Order 4320.1B and based on revisions to the 1991 Technical Site Information (TSI). It also serves as the current DOE framework for the implementation of the 1987 Long Range Development Plan (LRDP) approved by the Regents of the University of California. The SDP is updated annually, with periodic major revisions consistent with DOE policy and approved plans of the Regents. The specific purposed of the SDP are to: Summarize the mission and community setting of the Laboratory; describe program trends and projections and future resource requirements; describe site planning goals and future facilities and land uses; and describe site planning issues and potential solutions. The SDP concisely expresses the policies for future development based on planning concepts, the anticipated needs of research programs, and site potential and constraints. The 1992 TSI document and other planning data provide detailed support …
Date: March 1, 1992
Creator: unknown
System: The UNT Digital Library
Rocky Mountain 1 Underground Coal Gasification Project (open access)

Rocky Mountain 1 Underground Coal Gasification Project

The Rocky Mountain 1 Underground Coal Gasification Test or Burn was conducted from approximately mid-November, 1987 through February, 1988. After the burn the project began proceeding with the following overall tasks: venting, flushing and cooling of the cavities; subsurface or groundwater cleanup; post-burn coring and drilling; groundwater monitoring, and site restoration/reclamation. By the beginning of 1991 field activities associated with venting, flushing and cooling of the cavities and post-burn coring and drilling had been completed. However, data analysis continued including the University of North Dakota analyzing drilling and coring data, and the US Department of Energy (DOE)/EG G developing a chronological listing of project events.
Date: March 1, 1992
Creator: unknown
System: The UNT Digital Library
Work plan to assess treatment of trench water from Waste Area Grouping 6 at Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee (open access)

Work plan to assess treatment of trench water from Waste Area Grouping 6 at Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee

Water from a selected waste disposal trench in Waste Area Grouping (WAG) 6 will be used to conduct a pilot-scale treatment assessment. The experiment will be designed to demonstrate whether adding WAG 6 trench water to the wastewater treatment facilities at Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) will change the regulatory status of the solid wastes produced by these facilities. Laboratory-scale treatability tests conducted in 1990 showed that the existing ORNL wastewater treatment facilities could successfully treat the WAG 6 trench water to meet discharge requirements, but the tests did not address the regulatory status of the solid wastes produced by the treatment processes. A longer-term, larger-scale test will be performed to determine if these solid wastes will become hazardous as defined by the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act when WAG 6 trench water is mixed with the existing process wastewater. These data are needed to determine the feasibility of adding the WAG 6 trench water to the treatment facilities.
Date: March 1, 1992
Creator: Taylor, P.A.
System: The UNT Digital Library
Surveillance of 18 Hz and 60 Hz components of ground motion at the APS site (open access)

Surveillance of 18 Hz and 60 Hz components of ground motion at the APS site

The objectives of this study are to determine the location and source of the 18- and 60-Hz vibration and to eliminate or reduce its amplitude in the APS Facility. To accomplish this it is necessary to know the time of occurrence and then, to utilize triangulation methods to identify the location of the source. It its time sequence is known, it may be possible to correlate it with the operation of some equipment at or near the site. Therefore, a major effort was made to obtain the time sequence and is the basis of this note.
Date: March 1, 1990
Creator: Jendrzejczyk, J.A.; Wambsganss, M.W. & Smith, R.K.
System: The UNT Digital Library
Possible explosive compounds in the Savannah River Site waste tank farm facilities (open access)

Possible explosive compounds in the Savannah River Site waste tank farm facilities

Based on a comparison of the known constituents in high-level nuclear waste stored at the Savannah River Site (SRS) and explosive compounds reported in the literature, only two classes of explosive compounds (metal NO{sub x} compounds and organic compounds) were identified as requiring further work to determine if they exist in the waste, and if so, in what quantities. Of the fourteen classes of explosive compounds identified as conceivably being present in tank farm operations, nine classes (metal fulminates, metal azides, halogen compounds, metal-amine complexes, nitrate/oxalate mixtures, metal oxalates, metal oxohalogenates, metal cyanides/cyanates, and peroxides) are not a hazard because these classes of compounds cannot be formed or accumulated in sufficient quantity, or they are not reactive at the conditions which exist in the tank farm facilities. Three of the classes (flammable gases, metal nitrides, and ammonia compounds and derivatives) are known to have the potential to build up to concentrations at which an observable reaction might occur. Controls have been in place for some time to limit the formation or control the concentration of these classes of compounds. A comprehensive list of conceivable explosive compounds is provided in Appendix 3.
Date: March 15, 1992
Creator: Hobbs, D. T.
System: The UNT Digital Library
Ideal ballooning stability near an equilibrium magnetic island (open access)

Ideal ballooning stability near an equilibrium magnetic island

The stability properties of ideal ballooning modes on toroidal flux surfaces near a quasistatic magnetic island is examined. On these surfaces, magnetic field-line trajectories tend to bunch on that part of the magnetic surface closet to the X-point of the magnetic island. Because of this preferential bunching, the stabilizing effect of field-line bending due to magnetic shear can be reduced. Eigenfunctions localized in helical angle near the X-point and in poloidal angle on the bad curvature side of the tokamak are more susceptible to ballooning instability than are modes in corresponding equilibria without the magnetic island. For a slowly growing island, a growing number of flux surfaces located near the separatrix become ballooning unstable. Secondary ballooning instabilities may play a part in the crash phase of sawteeth or macroscopic island dynamics.
Date: March 1, 1992
Creator: Hegna, C. C. & Callen, J. D.
System: The UNT Digital Library
Research and development of methods/utilities and rules for managing cooperation for performance improvement in government offices (open access)

Research and development of methods/utilities and rules for managing cooperation for performance improvement in government offices

On September 1, 1991, Defense Programs (DP) within the US Department of Energy entered into a research grant with Management Systems Laboratories (MSL) of Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University (Virginia Tech), to study Tools, Methods, and Rules for Managing Cooperation for Performance Improvement. Continuous performance improvement is a gradual, systematic process. The idea is to do a little better each day by knowing where you are, where you want to be, what you have to do to get there, whether or not you have done it, and how to resolve problems doing it. And, although many management decisions are made along direct lines of authority, much of the work of an organization can be achieved only through cooperation (people sharing information and coordinating effort). Therefore, continuous performance improvement requires working cooperatively to do a little better each day. We are researching the most effective configuration of tools working through what we believe is a closed set of nine methods. These methods are: setting expectations, charting, defining indicators and standards, collecting and logging data, converting data to information, organizing and presenting information, reviewing status and progress, self-management, and appraising. We believe that these methods form a closed set because they …
Date: March 1, 1992
Creator: unknown
System: The UNT Digital Library
UHM/HNEI EV test and evaluation program (open access)

UHM/HNEI EV test and evaluation program

The electric vehicle (EV) program of the Hawaii Natural Energy Institute (HNEI) focuses primarily on the field testing of promising EV/traction batteries. The intent is to utilize typical driving cycles to develop information that verifies or refutes what is obtained in the laboratory. Three different types of battery were assigned by the US DOE for testing in this program: Sonnenschein Dryfit 6V-160, Exide GC-5, Trojan T-145. We added the following battery to the test program: ALCO2200. HNEI's existing EVs were utilized as test beds. The following EVs were chosen in our program: Converted Ford Escort station wagon, Converted Ford Escort two-door sedan, Converted Ford Escort two-door sedan, Converted Dodge van (typically daily driving distances, 10--30 miles). Capacity testing is a very effective way of monitoring the status of battery modules. Based on capacity tests, corrective action such as battery replacement, additional charging, adjusting terminal connections, etc., may be taken to maintain good performance. About 15,500 miles and 600 cycles have been accumulated on the Sonnenschein Dryfit 6V-160 battery pack. Five of its 18 modules have been changed. Based on DOE's standard, the battery has reached the end of its useful life. Nevertheless, the battery pack is still operational and its …
Date: March 1, 1992
Creator: unknown
System: The UNT Digital Library