The results of a conceptual design study using computer simulations to determine the physical and economic performance of combined photovoltaic/thermal collector heat-pump solar systems for a single-family residence are presented. Economic analyses are based upon projected costs for a 1986 system installation. The results show that PV/T collector systems can be economically competitive for a cold climate residence, that systems employing on-site electrical storage batteries are not economically competitive with utility-interactive systems, and that an ambient-air-source heat-pump system has a lower life-cycle cost than a solar-source heat-pump system.

Techniques and equipment are described which are used for video recordings of the single- and two-phase fluid flow tests conducted with the PKL Spool Piece Measurement System designed by Lawrence Livermore Laboratory and EG and G Inc. The instrumented spool piece provides valuable information on what would happen in pressurized water reactor emergency coolant loops should an accident or rupture result in loss of fluid. The complete closed-circuit television video system, including rod lens, light supply, and associated spool mounting fixtures, is discussed in detail. Photographic examples of test flows taken during actual spool piece system operation are shown.

A Demonstration Reaction Clarifier - Gravity Filtration System with a 1600 GPM throughput capability was in operation at the joint DOE-SDG and E-MAGMA test facility located in the Salton Sea Geothermal Field, southern California, during the summer of 1979. The system, which was designed to condition spent effluent from a 10 MWe-size geothermal power plant, removes supersaturated dissolved species and residual suspended solids from brine prior to subsurface brine disposal via injection wells. The post-processing chemical stability of conditioned effluents was established by means of anaerobic incubation tests at 90/sup 0/C. The effect of residual dissolved polymer, that might be used for the purpose of scale control in upstream power plant components on the efficiency of reaction clarification, was also evaluated. Membrane filtration and core tests were used to assess the injectability of processed brine. It was found that the clarifier-filter operational procedures and system design permitted oxygenation of the brine by air intrusion. This resulted in partial stabilization of dissolved silica and precipitation of oxides of iron. As a consequence, conditioned brine injectability was poor. However, elimination of the air intrusion problem would result in a substantial improvement in brine quality. Residual amounts of dissolved polyaminoethylene (20 ppm, by …

The results of analyses of the airborne gamma radiation and total magnetic field survey flown for the region identified as the Socorro National Topographic Map NI13-4 is presented in this report. The airborne data gathered are reduced by ground computer facilities to yield profile plots of the basic uranium, thorium and potassium equivalent gamma radiation intensities, ratios of these intensities, aircraft altitude above the earth's surface, total gamma ray and earth's magnetic field intensity, correlated as a function of geologic units. The distribution of data within each geologic unit, for all surveyed map lines and tie lines, has been calculated and is included. Two sets of profiled data for each line are included, with one set displaying the above-cited data. The second set includes only flight line magnetic field, temperature, pressure, altitude data plus magnetic field data as measured at a base station. A general description of the area, including descriptions of the various geologic units and the corresponding airborne data, is included.

"The results of analyses of the airborne gamma radiation and total magnetic field survey flown for the region identified as the Socorro National Topographic Map NI13-4 is presented in this report"--Abstract.

TERA's estimates of capital requirements to transport natural gas, crude oil, petroleum products, and coal in the US by 1990 are presented. It is a continuation of a 1978 study (EAPA 5:3946) to perform a similar analysis on 1979 scenarios. Scenarios B, C, and D from the EIA's Mid-range Energy Forecasting Systems, as used in the 1979 Annual Report to Congress (ARC), were provided as a basis for the analysis and represent three alternative futures. Summaries of transportation investment requirements through 1990 are given for Scenarios B, C, and D. Total investment requirements for the three models (pipelines, railroads, waterways) and the three energy commodities (coal, petroleum, petroleum products, natural gas) are estimated to range between $35.3 and $42.7 billion by 1990 depending on the scenario.

This study was performed to estimate the cost of decontaminating and decommissioning Z-Plant. All of the buildings in the Z-Plant exclusion area except Building 2736-Z, the plutonium storage vault, are included in the study. The study also excludes all underground facilities within the exclusion area which are not contained within a building and all Z-Plant related facilities outside the perimeter fence. The contamination in Z-Plant is primarily /sup 239/Pu which has a half-life of 24,360 years. Because of the long half-life of /sup 239/Pu, it is not practical to consider the isolation of the facility to await reduction of the contamination level by natural decay. Therefore, this study analyzes the costs, risk and benefit of decontaminating Z-Plant to four different levels of residual contamination. The three principle criteria used in the analysis are cost, the risk of offsite dose to the public, and the occupational exposure to onsite personnel.

The research and analysis program at Vitro Labs. in support of the appliance certification and enforcement program provides Vitro's recommended approach to appliance certification and enforcement (C/E). The approach established the C/E program framework, general criteria, and procedures for assuring a specified level of energy-efficiency performance for 13 categories of consumer products (furnaces, humidifiers, dehumidifiers, dishwashers, television, clothes washers, freezers, air conditioners, stoves, refrigerators, water heaters). Section 2 summarizes the recommended approach. Section 3 contains detailed evaluations and comparisons for four independent alternative approaches considered (minimal government intevention, strong certification control, strong enforcement audit, and mixed certification/enforcement). The fifth C/E approach (strong remedy/deterrent) involves the remedies available to the government should non-compliance be discovered and could affect the choice among the approaches, but this approach has not been evaluated. Section 4 summarizes the analysis methodology used to select the recommended approach. Additional information is provided in 6 appendices.

MEQATRON is an acronym for a multiple-beam electrostatic-quadrupole-focused array of electron beams. Conventional electron beam devices consist principally of single electron beams. In this paper the single-beam space-charge limitations are discussed, and a relationship for power flux (W/m/sup 2/) is obtained. Several features of the multiple-beam approach become clear at once. Because the multiple-beam approach removes the current limitation on performance, it is possible to design high-current low-voltage tubes. This fracture is important for low-frequency (200 MHz, say) klystrons. Another feature of the multiple-beam approach relates to the very small sizes (1 to 2 mm, say) associated with each beam. This offers the possibility of developing high-power rf sources in the millimeter wavelength region.

Significant differences in aerial radiometric system calibration constants in humid-forested (Portland quadrangle) and desert (Lake Mead test strip) regions indicated the probability of substantial gamma-ray absorption by soil moisture in humid areas. A set of test quadrangles was selected to investigate relationships among a group of environmental variables and ratios of whole-quadrangle mean (X) stream sediment uranium (U) and thorium (Th) contents to corresponding mean aerial radiometric uranium and thorium measurements. It was assumed that stream sediment values might be sufficiently representative of the average surface radioelement concentrations to be used in ground-calibrating the aerial systems. Preliminary testing established strong statistical correlations between the radioelement ratios and moisture and biomass variables. However, it is recognized that moisture and biomass relationships represent a variety of variables affecting the aerial gamma-ray measurements, such as soil formation, including weathering effects. Also, the data suggested that in certain very humid areas placering effects caused the mean thorium and uranium content of stream sediments to be much greater than actual concentrations in the average surface rocks. These effects appeared to be minimal in the arid regions, where the stream sediment data were more representative of the surface materials in general. These observations prompted a follow-up …

Progress in LMFBR safety studies is briefly summarized.

Some aspects of underwater explosions and cavitation phenomena have been studied by using a thermodynamic equation of state for water and a one-dimensional Lagrangian hydrocode. The study showed that surface cavitation is caused by the main blast wave and a bubble pulse from rebound of a release wave moving toward the center of the exploding bubble. Gravity has little effect on the surface cavitation. In nuclear explosions the bubble is bounded by a two-phase region rather than a gas-water interface. The two-phase region cavitates as the bubble expands, changing the optical absorption coefficient by many orders of magnitude and significantly affecting the optical signature. In assessing cavitation damage, it is concluded that a water jet of unstable bubble collapse erodes solid walls. The study leads to suggestions for future research.

The potential of (CH)/sub x/ as a photosensitive material for use in solar cell applications is studied. Schottky barrier photovoltaic cells were fabricated with metallic AsF/sub 5/-doped (CH)/sub x/ on semiconducting n-Si and n-GaAs, with metallic Na-doped (CH)/sub x/ on semiconducting p-Si, with K-doped (CH)/sub x/ as an n-type semiconductor in contact with an electronegative metal (Au), and with undoped trans-(CH)/sub x/ as a p-type semiconductor in contact with electropositive metals (Na, Hg, In and Sn). The variation of barrier heights in metallic AsF/sub 5/-, PF/sub 5/-, and BF/sub 3/-doped (CH)/sub x/ in contact with n-type semiconducting Si was studied. p-n heterojunction solar cells were fabricated with undoped (CH)/sub x/ on ZnS. Open circuit photovoltage was 0.8 V; short circuit current was limited by series resistance. The agreement in spectral response obtained from photoconductivity and photovoltaic effect has shown that the carriers are produced in the (CH)/sub x/ and that the band gap is indeed approx. 1.5 eV. Trapping effects have been identified. Work on the construction of a (CH)/sub x/ field effect transistor is progressing. This device will be used to obtain the majority carrier mobility. (WHK)

This report summarizes the results of an economic evaluation of the MIT process for the manufacture of ethanol from cellulosic residues. Conceptual process designs were developed for two cases, Case A which is based on the experimental data obtained to date, and Case B which hypothesizes the suppression of acid byproducts. Manufacturing costs, including profit, were estimated at $12.20/million Btu for Case A and $9.40/million Btu for Case B. These are equivalent to about $1.05 and $0.80/gal ethanol respectively. These economic estimates may be slightly on the low side since they do not consider feedstock storage nor working capital requirements. Nevertheless, the manufacturing costs for Case A appear to be comparable to those of the manufacture of ethanol from corn. The plant size used for this analysis was 1500 ton/day corn stover. This is considered to be a realistic size. The conceptual plants make about 27 million gal/yr ethanol in Case A and 41 million gal/yr in Case B. The MIT process appears to be one of the more promising programs being developed under contract for DOE. It is recommended that the process research be continued. Three areas of concern were identified which must be investigated before the process can …

Construction progress is listed and photographs of the solar atrium are included. (MHR)

Weekly report of the Texas Crop and Livestock Reporting Service on turkey poult numbers in Texas and compared with other states. It includes compiled statistics across six consecutive weeks during two years for turkey eggs set and poults hatched.

Activities and progress are reported in the following areas: component development, pilot plant development, and instrumentation and statistical systems. (DLC)

The present status and future plans for a project to convert cellulosic (biomass) and waste synthetic polymer materials to quality liquid fuels is presented. A thermal gasification approach is utilized followed by catalytic liquid fuels synthesis steps. Potential products include a medium quality substitute for natural gas or liquid fuel equivalents of diesel fuel, kerosene or high octane gasoline. The process appears very flexible with regard to ability to handle different sources of feedstock. Results to date indicate quality products can be produced. Product yields need to be improved with the main thrust centered on improvement of pyrolysis gas composition. This will be a major effort in the new contract period. Other items to be addressed are study of alternate economic feedstocks, waste stream characterization, and liquid fuels synthesis and tailoring with particular attention on the effects of alternate feedstocks. A description of a proposed 10 ton/day pilot plant is presented with flow sheet, material balance and cost estimates.

This report describes ANIMAL, a two-dimensional Eulerian magnetohydrodynamic computer code. ANIMAL's physical model also appears. Formulated are temporal and spatial finite-difference equations in a manner that facilitates implementation of the algorithm. Outlined are the functions of the algorithm's FORTRAN subroutines and variables.

The thermal performance and economics of the combined thermal storage pond and dry cooling tower waste heat rejection system concept for solar-thermal steam-electric plants have been evaluated. Based on the computer simulation of the operation of southwest-sited solar-thermal plants, it has been determined that the combined pond-tower concept has significant cost and performance advantages over conventional dry cooling systems. Use of a thermal storage pond as a component of the dry cooling system allows a significant reduction in the required dry cooling heat exchange capacity and the associated parasitic power consumption. Importantly, it has been concluded that the combined pond-tower dry cooling system concept can be employed to economically maintain steam condensing temperatures at levels normally achieved with conventional evaporative cooling systems. An evaluation of alternative thermal storage pond design concepts has revealed that a stratified vertical-flow cut-and-fill reservoir with conventional membrane lining and covering would yield the best overall system performance at the least cost.

Stress corrosion cracking susceptibility of 2-1/4Cr--1Mo steel has been studied in the pH range 0.5 to 13 in one molar sulfate solutions containing Na/sub 2/S additions, by the slow strain rate (10/sup -6/S/sup -1/) technique. Brittle fracture was observed over the entire pH range but only at cathodic potentials which were below the hydrogen evolution region. Crack propagation rates (CPRs) in Nickel-200 have been measured as a function of potential in 17.5N NaOH solution at 138/sup 0/C, using the fast straining electrode technique. CPRs in the potential range -0.75 to -0.6V/sub H/ were found to be high on the order of 10/sup -8/m/s, but relatively low < 10/sup -9/ m/s, outside this potential range. Crack propagation rates of Type 304L at 138/sup 0/C in 17.5N NaOH solution with and without a chromate inhibitor have been measured as a function of potential using the fast straining electrode technique. No significant drop in the CPR was observed due to the presence of the inhibitor in the solution. Corrosion rates of pure metals Fe, Cr, and Ni have been estimated as a function of potential in the 17.5N NaOH solution at 130/sup 0/C using the long-time current decay measurements. Of the above three …

Progress in developing and testing a continuously variable ratio hydraulic transmission unit for automobiles is reported. Major emphasis was placed on the development of a co-axial hydrostatic module.

The design, development, fabrication and testing of a shingle-type terrestrial solar cell module which produces 98 watts/m/sup 2/ of exposed module area at 1 kW/m/sup 2/ insolation and 61/sup 0/C are reported. These modules make it possible to easily incorporate photovoltaic power generation into the sloping roofs of residential or commercial buildings by simply nailing the modules to the plywood roof sheathing. This design consists of nineteen series-connected 53 mm diameter solar cells arranged in a closely packaged hexagon configuration. These cells are individually bonded to the embossed surface of a 3 mm thick thermally tempered hexagon-shaped piece of ASG SUNADEX glass. Monsanto SAFLEX polyvinyl butyral is used as the laminating adhesive. RTVII functions as the encapsulant between the underside of the glass superstrate and a rear protective sheet of 0.8 mm thick TEXTOLITE. The semi-flexible portion of each shingle module is a composite laminate construction consisting of outer layers of B.F. Goodrich FLEXSEAL and an epichlorohydrin closed cell foam core. The module design has satisfactorily survived the JPL-defined qualification testing program which includes 50 thermal cycles between -40 and +90/sup 0/C, a seven-day temperature-humidity exposure test and a mechanical integrity test consisting of a bidirectional cyclic loading at 2390 …

This semiannual report summarizes the results of physical property testing, FHSA toxicity testing and Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) testing on five solar heat transfer fluids. The status of solar collector stagnation testing at New Mexico State University on four solar heat transfer fluids is reviewed. Cost effectiveness will be evaluated from the results of these and other tests yet to be undertaken, including stagnation performance in solar collectors. This economic evaluation will be presented in the final technical report at the conclusion of all contract tasks.