The primary emphasis of this thesis involves an investigation of techniques for the control and modulation of x-ray radiation through acoustic perturbation of solids. The use of x-ray diffraction and x-ray optical techniques for the study of acoustic fields and atomic motion was also investigated. Analysis of the basic properties of x-ray propagation in solids reveals that practical methods for x-ray control or modulation must involve changes in the spatial configuration of x-ray scatterers. Numerical methods for the study of x-ray propagation in acoustically perturbated crystals are formulated. In developing these methods special emphasis has been placed on Borrmann transmission in thick crystals. Modulation and shuttering (on a micro-second timescale) of x-rays are experimentally demonstrated. A quantitative investigation of the basic interactions used to produce modulation and shuttering is presented. Agreement between the experimental observations and the theoretical predictions is within experimental error. An analytical investigation of the basic potential and limitations of x-ray modulation shuttering and control devices is presented. Basic design criteria for x-ray modulation devices is formulated and applied to practical configurations.

The potential for contamination of groundwater by organic pollutants leached from in-situ spent shale was studied in a series of laboratory leaching experiments. Both batch-mode and continuous-flow column experiments were conducted to study the leaching phenomenon. Experimental variables included retorting characteristics of spent shale, leaching time, initial quality of leach water, temperature of leach water, and particle size of spent shale. Several unique samples of spent shale were examined during the eaching experiments, including spent shale samples produced during combustion retorting, inert gas retorting, and combustion retorting employing recycle gas. The solid-phase organic carbon content of spent shale samples ranged from 0.2 to 3.9 percent by weight. Leachate derived from the batch-mode experiments was analyzed for organic carbon, organic nitrogen, phenols, and acid/base/netral fractions. The highest levels of organic carbon were detected in leachate derived from spent shale produced during either inert gas retorting or combstion retorting using recycle gas. The highest levels of phenols were observed in leachate obtained from spent shale produced during inert gas retorting; significant levels of organic nitrogen were also detected in various leachate samples. The most predominant organic fraction measured in leachate samples was the neutral fraction associated with spent shale produced during inert …

Electron correlation is a result of the interaction of two or more electrons confined in a region of space, and may conveniently be treated under the formalism of configuration interaction (CI). Photoionization provides a rather direct experimental method for studying configuration interaction. The types of CI involved in the photoionization process can be divided into three categories: initial state configuration interaction (ISCI), final ionic state configuration interaction (FISCI), and continuum state configuration interaction (CSCI). This thesis deals with experimental studies which reveal how the various types of CI may become manifested in photoionization. The experimental methods utilized in this work are photoelectron spectroscopy (PES), electron impact spectroscopy (EIS), and time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy. The EIS was carried out following the discovery that the UV lamp on a Perkin-Elmer photoelectron spectrometer could be utilized as a source of low energy electrons. The time-resolved fluorescence work utilized both the tunability and the time structure of the radiation available at the Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory (SSRL). A commercial photoelectron spectrometer equipped with a conventional UV lamp (Hei, Nei) was employed for some of the PES studies, and a novel time-of-flight photoelectron spectrometer was developed for the PES work performed using synchrotron radiation. The PES …

A description of and operating manual for the FACE Automatic Apparatus has been written along with a documentation of the FACE machine operating program, to provide a user manual for the FACE Automatic Apparatus. In addition, FACE machine performance was investigated to improve transuranium throughput. Analysis of the causes of transuranium isotope loss was undertaken both chemical and radioactive. To lower radioactive loss, the dynamics of the most time consuming step of the FACE machine, the chromatographic column output droplet drying and flaming, in preparation of sample for alpha spectroscopy and counting, was investigated. A series of droplets were dried in an experimental apparatus demonstrating that droplets could be dried significantly faster through more intensie heating, enabling the FACE machine cycle to be shortened by 30-60 seconds. Proposals incorporating these ideas were provided for FACE machine development. The 66% chemical loss of product was analyzed and changes were proposed to reduce the radioisotopes product loss. An analysis of the chromatographic column was also provided. All operating steps in the FACE machine are described and analyzed to provide a complete guide, along with the proposals for machine improvement.

We report the development of the composite superconducting transition edge bolometer. The temperature sensitive element is an aluminum strip evaporated onto the sapphire substrate. A bismuth film evaporated on the reverse side of the substrate is used to absorb the submillimeter radiation. The noise limitation of the bolometer is calculated. The fabrication and measured performance are described. The best electrical NEP (noise-equivalent-power) obtained is (1.7 {+-} 0.1) x 10{sup -15} WHz{sup -1/2} at 2 Hz at an operating temperature of 1.27 K. This NEP is within a factor of 2 of the thermal noise limit. The effective absorptivity of the bismuth film is measured to be 0.47 {+-} 0.05, and the corresponding detectivity D* is calculated to be (1.1 {+-} 0.1) x 10{sup 14} cm w{sup -1}Hz{sup 1/2}. Suggestions are made for further improvements in sensitivity. The current-dependent noise in thin metal films at the superconducting transition has been further investigated. The measured noise power spectrum of the tin film on sapphire substrate at the superconducting transition is compared with the cosine transforms of the decay curves obtained from step-function and {delta}-function thermal perturbations. The nature of the noise driving term is found to be a random current flowing inside …

Iodoacetamide has been shown by others to be a radiation sensitizer for bacteria and for certain mammalian cells tested in vitro. This work describes an examination of the effectiveness of iodoacetamide used in vivo. Survival of ascites tumor cells maintained in the peritoneal cavity of mice was used as an indicator of sensitization. Survival was assessed using TD{sub 50} and total tumor cell population determination methods. A comparison of results obtained by these methods is made. The effects of oxygen tension and radiation dose rate upon results was examined. Iodoacetamide was found to be effective as a radiation sensitizer under all conditions although to a lesser degree than that reported by others for in vitro experiments with bacteria. Radioactive tracer studies indicate that iodoacetamide has rapid and total access to most if not all tissues of the body. This fact coupled with the observation of a sensitization in an in vivo system where the anoxia so prevalent in well developed tumors was present, suggests the possibility of clinical usefulness of iodoacetamide in cancer radiation therapy. Certain observations are reported on the effect of various cell and host treatment procedures upon cell population growth kinetics seen subsequent to inoculation of hosts …

The Eco R1 restriction enzyme can be shown to be inhibited by nucleotides which correspond to any part of its known site of phosphodiesterase activity. A series of di-, tetra-, and hexa-nucleotide fragments were synthesized and their effect on the activity of the enzyme upon superhelical Co1 E1 DNA studied. The inhibition caused by the individual mononucleotides were also studied. In general all the nucleotide fragments showed some form of interaction with the enzyme system. Tetranucleotides were stronger inhibitors than dinucleotides, which in turn were stronger inhibitors than the mononucleotides. Within each category of inhibitors, those containing the phosphodiester bond which is acted upon by the enzyme were the strongest inhibitors. Only those fragments which were consistent with the enzymes site of activity showed competitive inhibition kinetics. Nucleotides which do not fit within the site of phosphodiesterase activity show non-competitive inhibition kinetics.

The use of high rate anodic dissolution (electrochemical machining) for shaping titanium carbide, zirconium carbide, titanium boride and zirconium boride has been investigated in 2N potassium nitrate and 3N sodium chloride under current densities ranging from 20 to 120 A/cm{sup 2} (corresponding to cutting rates of 0.3 to 1.8 mm/min). The dissolution stoichiometry for all these materials is independent of the current density in the range 20 to 120 A/cm{sup 2}. Both titanium and zirconium appear to dissolve in the +4 state, boron in the +3 state and the weight loss measurements indicate that carbon is oxidized to CO and CO{sub 2}. The current voltage curves permit to establish that, over the entire current density and flow range investigated, dissolution occurs in the transpassive state. The surface roughness obtained on TiC and ZrC is within 3-5 {micro}m and is independent of current density, applied voltage or flow rate.

A generalization of the independent particle model from nuclear statics to nuclear dynamics is sought. Attention is centered on the average behavior of nuclear dynamics, as opposed to detailed behavior, such as that characteristic of shell effects in nuclear statics. In many situations, all that is needed is a model of dissipation in nuclear dynamics. Completely independent nucleons produce dissipation only when they interact with the surface of a nucleus or when they cross from one nucleus to another. The first possibility manifests itself whenever a nuclear surface deforms. Dissipation is then described by a simple 'wall formula.' The second mechanism for dissipation is relevant whenever two nuclei are moving relative to one another and are in sufficient contact that nucleons can move between them. Another simple expression, the 'window formula,' describes dissipation in this case. Neither of the two formulae has any free parameters.

The reduction of nitric oxide by carbon monoxide over a 4.5 weight precent platinum catalyst supported on silica was studied at 300 C. Reaction rate data was obtained together with in situ infrared spectra of species on the catalyst surface. The kinetics of the system were found to exhibit two distinct trends, depending on the molar ratio of CO/NO in the reactor. For net reducing conditions (CO/NO> 1) the catalyst underwent a transient deactivation, the extent of which was dependent on the specific CO/NO ratio during reaction. Reactivation of the catalyst was obtained with both oxidizing and reducing pretreatments. For molar feed ratios of CO/NO less than one, carbon monoxide conversion was typically 95 to 100%, resulting in strongly oxidizing conditions over the catalyst. Under these conditions no deactivation was apparent. Infrared spectra recorded under reaction conditions revealed intense bands at 2075 and 2300 cm{sup -1} , which were identified as carbon monoxide adsorbed on Pt and Si-NCO, respectively. Isocyanate bands formed under reducing conditions were more intense and exhibited greater stability than those formed under oxidizing conditions. A reaction mechanism based on the dissociation of nitric oxide as the rate-limiting step was used to correlate nitric oxide reaction rates …

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The design of a crossed molecular beam ''supermachine'' for neutral-- neutral collisions is discussed. The universal electron bombardment ionizer, mass filter, and ion detection system of the detector, the supersonic nozzle sources, the differential pumping arrangement for the sources and detector, the time-of-flight detection of scattered products, and the overall configuration of the apparatus are described. The elastic scattering of two systems, CH$sub 4$ + Ar and NH$sub 3$ + Ar, has been measured using the supermachine with two supersonic nozzle sources. The rainbow structure and the interference oscillations are seen in each system. The best fit to the data was found using a Morse--Spline--Van der Waals (MSV) potential. The three potential parameters epsilon, r/sub m/, and $beta$ were found to be 2.20(+-0.04) x 10$sup -14$ ergs, 3.82(+-0.04)A, and 7.05 +- 0.20 for CH$sub 4$ + Ar, and 2.21(+-0.04) x 10$sup - 14$ ergs 3.93 (+-0.05)A, and 8.45 +- 0.30 for NH$sub 3$ + Ar. A new phenomenon in crossed molecular beams of condensation of a molecule on a cluster to form a complex was observed. A bromine molecule condensed on clusters of chlorine (Cl$sub 2$)/sub chi/ and ammonia (NH$sub 3$)/sub chi/. The value of chi for measurements in these …

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Tracer self-diffusion coefficients were measured as functions of temperature and deviations from stoichiometry. The arc-transfer technique of crystal growth was found to produce crystal of Co/sub 1-x/O of essentially the same purity as the starting Co rod, and the quality was comparable to commercially available crystals grown by Verneuil process. Measurements at x = 0.005 in Co/sub 1-x/O showed the Co tracer self-diffusion coefficient to be D = 3.88 x 10$sup -4$ exp (--31600 +- 2400/RT) cm$sup 2$/s between 1037 and 1350$sup 0$C. This activation energy is in agreement with measurements made in air, if proper compensation is made for the effect of variation in stoichiometry. Measurements on crystals having deviations between 0.002 and 0.008 at 1150$sup 0$C showed the diffusion coefficient to depend on p/sub O$sub 2$/ as D = 9.74 x 10$sup -9$ p/sub O$sub 2$//sup 1/(3.59)/ cm$sup 2$/s, where p/sub O$sub 2$/ varied between 10$sup -2$.$sup 5$ and 10$sup -0$.$sup 25$ atm. Comparison with thermogravimetric and electrical conductivity measurements confirms that the defects responsible for Co diffusion in the range of temperature and p/sub O$sub 2$/ of this investigation are singly ionized cobalt vacancies. The Co tracer self-diffusion coefficients in single crystals are nearly identical to those …

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In order to test a collisional pumping model as a mechanism for cooling the 6 cm and 2 cm doublets of interstellar formaldehyde, a quantum mechanical scattering calculation is performed. To obtain the intermolecular interaction between H$sub 2$CO($sup 1$A$sub 1$) and He($sup 1$S) two calculations are performed, a Hartree-Fock (HF) potential surface and a configuration interaction (CI) surface. A basis set of better than ''triple zeta plus polarization'' quality is used to compute the HF portion of the potential energy surface. This portion is highly anisotropic and has a slight attraction arising from induction effects at intermolecular separations around 9 a.u. The HF surface is modified through a series of CI calculations. Correlation is found to have little effect in the strongly anisotropic repulsive region of the interaction potential but dominates the well and long-range regions. The maximum well depth is attained for in-plane approaches of He and lies in the range 35-40$sup 0$K for arbitrary theta at center of mass separation of 7.5 a.u. The entire surface is fit to a spherical harmonic expansion to facilitate scattering applications. (auth)

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