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Cause of pitting in beryllium
Light microscopy, bare-film radiography, secondary ion mass spectroscopy, electron microprobe and physical testing were used to examine beryllium specimens exhibiting a stratified, pitted, pattern after chemical milling. The objective was to find the cause of this pattern. Specimens were found to have voids in excess of density specification allowances. These voids are attributed, at least in part, to the sublimation of beryllium fluoride during the vacuum hot pressing operation. The origin of the pattern is attributed to these voids and etching out of fines and associated impurities. Hot isostatic pressing with a subsequent heat treatment close residual porosity and dispersed impurities enough to correct the problem.
Date:
April 16, 1982
Creator:
Kershaw, R. P.
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Light Absorption and Scattering Mechanisms in Laser Fusion Plasmas
The picture of laser light absorption and scattering which is emerging from theory and computer simulation studies of laser-plasma interactions is described. On the subject of absorption, we discuss theoretical and experimental evidence that resonance absorption in a steepened density profile is a dominant absorption mechanism. Recent work also indicates the presence of critical surface ripples, which we study using two and three dimensional computer simulations. Predictions of hot electron spectra due to resonance absorption are described, as are effects of plasma outflow. We then discuss two regimes where stimulated scattering may occur. Brillouin scattering is expected in the underdense target blow-off, for long laser pulses, and is limited by ion heating. Raman scattering in the background gas of a reactor target chamber is predicted to be at most a 10 percent effect for 1 ..mu..m lasers.
Date:
October 4, 1977
Creator:
Barnes, C.; Estabrook, K. G.; Kruer, W. L.; Langdon, A. B.; Lasinski, B. F.; Max, C. E. et al.
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Characterization of low-level waste from the industrial sector, and near-term projection of waste volumes and types
A telephone survey of low-level waste generators has been carried out in order to make useful estimates of the volume and nature of the waste which the generators will be shipping for disposal when the compacts and states begin operating new disposal facilities. Emphasis of the survey was on the industrial sector, since there has been little information available on characteristics of industrial LLW. Ten large industrial generators shipping to Richland, ten shipping to Barnwell, and two whose wastes had previously been characterized by BNL were contacted. The waste volume shipped by these generators accounted for about two-thirds to three-quarters of the total industrial volume. Results are given in terms of the categories of LLW represented and of the chemical characteristics of the different wastes. Estimates by the respondents of their near-term waste volume projections are presented.
Date:
January 1, 1988
Creator:
MacKenzie, D.R.
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Measurements of the dependence of damage thresholds on laser wavelength, pulse duration and film thickness
Results of three experiments will be described. We used 351-nm and 355-nm pulses with durations of 0.6, 1, 5 and 9 ns measure thresholds for a variety of anti-reflectance and high reflectance coatings. The functional form t/sup m/, with t the pulse duration, was used to scale fluence thresholds measured at 0.6 ns to those measured at 9.0 ns. Values of the coefficient m ranged from 0.10 to 0.51. The average value was 0.30. In the second experiment, we measured thresholds at 1064 nm, 527 nm and 355 nm for single-frequency high reflectance ZrO/sub 2//SiO/sub 2/ coatings. Coatings for all three frequencies were deposited simultaneously by use of masks in the coating chamber. Thresholds varied from 2 to 4 J/cm/sup 2/ at 355 nm to 7 to 10 J/cm/sup 2/ at 1064 nm. The third experiment measured thresholds at 355 nm for antireflection coatings made with layer thicknesses varying from greater than one wavelength to less than a quarterwavelength. A significant variation of threshold with coating thickness was not observed, but the median thresholds increased slightly as coating thickness increased.
Date:
March 1, 1984
Creator:
Rainer, F.; Vercimak, C.L.; Milam, D.; Carniglia, C.K. & Tuttle Hart, T.
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Irradiation experiment for lithium ceramics
Solid breeder materials are required in D-T fusion reactor blankets to convert fusion neutrons to tritium and thermal energy while providing some neutron shielding for the magnets. Lithium compounds such as Li/sub 2/O, LiAlO/sub 2/, Li/sub 4/SiO/sub 4/ and Li/sub 2/ZrO/sub 3/ have been proposed as solid breeder materials. Tritium is necessary to maintain the fuel supply for the D-T fusion reaction. No high burnup irradiation performance data is available for these materials in a neutron environment prototypic of the fusion blanket. The FUBR Experiment in EBR-II has been designed and built to evaluate the irradiation performance of these materials.
Date:
March 1, 1982
Creator:
Hollenberg, G.W.
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Conductor qualification tests for the 30-MJ Bonneville Power Administration SMES coil
The 30-MJ energy storage coil for the Bonneville Power Administration requires a low-loss, cryostable conductor that is able to carry 4.9 kA in a field of 2.8 T and will maintain its properties over 10/sup 8/ partial discharge cycles. The multi-level cable which satisfies these requirements has been extensively tested at various stages in its development and in its final form. Tests have been performed to determine the effect of manufacturing options on ac losses, low temperature electrical resistivity, stability, and fatigue resistance of the insulated conductor. This paper will concentrate on the stability and fatigue tests which have not previously been reported.
Date:
January 1, 1980
Creator:
Schermer, R. I.; Boenig, H. J.; Henke, M.; Turner, R. D. & Schramm, R.
System:
The UNT Digital Library
A benchmark-problem specification and calculation using SENSIBL, a one- and two-dimensional sensitivity and uncertainty analysis code of the AARE system
The lack of suitable benchmark problems makes it difficult to test sensitivity codes with a covariance library. A benchmark problem has therefore been defined for one- and two-dimensional sensitivity and uncertainity analysis codes and code systems. The problem, representative of a fusion reactor blanket, has a simple, three-zone )tau)-z geometry containing a D-T fusion neutron source distributed in a central void region surrounded by a thick /sup 6/LiH annulus. The response of interest is the /sup 6/Li tritium production per source neutron, T/sub 6/. The calculation has been performed with SENSIBL using other codes from the AARE code system as a test of both SENSIBL and the linked, modular system. The caluclation was performed using the code system in the standard manner with a covariance data library in the COVFILS-2 format but modified to contain specifically tailored covariance data for H and /sup 6/Li (Path A). The calculation was also performed by a second method which uses specially perturbed H and Li cross sections (Path B). This method bypasses SENSIBL and allows a hand calculation of the benchmark T/sub 6/ uncertainties. The results of Path A and Path B were total uncertainties in T/sub 6/ of 0.21% and 0.19%, respectively. …
Date:
January 1, 1988
Creator:
Muir, D. W.; Davidson, J. W.; Dudziak, D. J.; Davierwalla, D. M.; Higgs, C. E. & Stepanek, J.
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Recovery of plutonium and americium from chloride salt wastes by solvent extraction
Plutonium and americium can be recovered from aqueous waste solutions containing a mixture of HCl and chloride salt wastes by the coupling of two solvent extraction systems: tributyl phosphate (TBP) in tetrachloroethylene (TCE) and octyl(phenyl)-N,N-diisobutylcarbamoylmethylphosphine oxide (CMPO) in TCE. In the flowsheet developed, the salt wastes are dissolved in HCl, the Pu(III) is oxidized to the IV state with NaClO/sub 2/ and recovered in the TBP-TCE cycle, and the Am is then removed from the resultant raffinate by the CMPO-TCE cycle. The consequences of the feed solution composition and extraction behavior of these species on the process flowsheet design, the Pu-product purity, and the decontamination of the aqueous raffinate from transuranic elements are discussed. 16 refs., 6 figs.
Date:
January 1, 1987
Creator:
Reichley-Yinger, L. & Vandegrift, G.F.
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Data analysis and management for the Uranium Resource Evaluation Project
The Department of Energy has funded a large data collection effort with the purpose of determining the US uranium resources. This Uranium Resource Evaluation (URE) Project required a large data management effort which involved collection, retrieval, processing, display, and analysis of large volumes of data. Many of the characteristics of this data processing system are relevant to other applications, particularly where routine processing involves analyses for input into numerous technical reports. The URE Project computing system has a modular program structure which has enabled a straightforward interface with both special and general graphics and analysis packages such as SAS, BMDP, and SURFACE II. Other topics include cost-effective computing, data quality, report quality computer output, and test versus production program development.
Date:
January 1, 1980
Creator:
Kane, V.E.
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Source-jerk analysis using a semi-explicit inverse kinetic technique
A method is proposed for measuring the effective reproduction factor, k, in subcritical systems. The method uses the transient response of a subcritical system to the sudden removal of an extraneous neutron source (i.e., a source jerk). The response is analyzed using an inverse kinetic technique that least-squares fits the exact analytical solution corresponding to a source-jerk transient as derived from the point-reactor model. It has been found that the technique can provide an accurate means of measuring k in systems that are close to critical (i.e., 0.95 < k < 1.0). As a system becomes more subcritical (i.e., k << 1.0) spatial effects can introduce significant biases depending on the source and detector positions. However, methods are available that can correct for these biases and, hence, can allow measuring subcriticality in systems with k as low as 0.5. 12 refs., 3 figs.
Date:
January 1, 1985
Creator:
Spriggs, G.D. & Pederson, R.A.
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Estimates of SASE power in the short wavelength region
Given a sufficiently bright electron beam, the self-amplified-spontaneous emission (SASE) can provide gigawatts of short wavelength coherent radiation. The advantages of SASE approach are that is requires neither optical cavity nor an imput seed laser. In this note, we estimate the peak power performance of SASE for wavelengths shorter than 1000 {Angstrom}. At each wavelength, we calculate the saturated power from a uniform parameter undulator and the enhanced power from a tapered undulator. The method described here is an adaptation of that discussed by L.H. Yu, who discussed the harmonic generation scheme with seeded laser, to the case of SASE.
Date:
March 1, 1992
Creator:
Kim, Kwang-Je.
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Operating experience and procedures at the tritium systems test assembly
Operating procedures are important for the safe and efficient operation of the Tritium Systems Test Assembly (TSTA). TSTA has been operating for four years with tritium in a safe and efficient manner. The inventory of tritium in the process loop is 100 grams and several milestone runs have been completed. This paper describes the methods used to operate TSTA. 3 refs., 1 fig.
Date:
January 1, 1988
Creator:
Carlson, R.V.; Binning, K.E.; Cole, S. P.; Jenkins, E. M.; Wilhelm, R. C. & Cole, S. P.
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Evidence of former higher temperatures from alteration minerals, Bostic 1-A well, Mountain Home, Idaho
Cuttings from the silicic volcanics in the Bostic 1-A well near Mountain Home, Idaho have been examined petrographically with the assistance of x-ray diffraction and electron microprobe analyses. Results indicate that these rocks have been subjected to much higher temperatures than were observed in the well in 1974, when a static temperature log was run. It is not known to what extent the alternation may be due to greater depth of burial in the past, or whether it resulted from an early hydrothermal system of higher temperature than the one now observed.
Date:
January 1, 1982
Creator:
Arney, B.
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Potential effects of maternal contribution on egg and larva population dynamics of striped bass: Integrated individual-based model and directed field sampling
We have used a bioenergetically-driven, individual-based model (IBM) of striped bass as a framework for synthesizing available information on population biology and quantifying, in a relative sense, factors that potentially affect year class success. The IBM has been configured to simulate environmental conditions experienced by several striped bass populations; i.e., in the Potomac River, MD; in Hudson River, NY; in the Santee-Cooper River System, SC, and; in the San Joaquin-Sacramento River System CA. These sites represent extremes in the geographic distribution and thus, environmental variability of striped bass spawning. At each location, data describing the physio-chemical and biological characteristics of the spawning population and nursery area are being collected and synthesized by means of a prioritized, directed field sampling program that is organized by the individual-based recruitment model. Here, we employ the striped bass IBM configured for the Potomac River, MD from spawning into the larval period to evaluate the potential for maternal contribution to affect larva survival and growth. Model simulations in which the size distribution and spawning day of females are altered indicate that larva survival is enhanced (3.3-fold increase) when a high fraction of females in the spawning population are large. Larva stage duration also is less …
Date:
January 1, 1991
Creator:
Cowan, J.H., Jr. (Maryland Univ., Solomons, MD (United States). Chesapeake Biological Lab.) & Rose, K.A. (Oak Ridge National Lab., TN (United States))
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Calculations of thermal-reactor spent-fuel nuclide inventories and comparisons with measurements
Comparisons with integral measurements have demonstrated the accuracy of CINDER codes and libraries in calculating aggregate fission-product properties, including neutron absorption, decay power, and decay spectra. CINDER calculations have, alternatively, been used to supplement measured integral data describing fission-product decay power and decay spectra. Because of the incorporation of the extensive actinide library and the use of ENDF/B-V data, it is desirable to compare the inventory of individual nuclides obtained from tandem EPRI-CELL/CINDER-2 calculations with those determined in documented benchmark inventory measurements of spent reactor fuel. The development of the popular /sup 148/Nd burnup measurement procedure is outlined, and areas of uncertainty in it and lack of clarity in its interpretation are indicated. Six inventory samples of varying quality and completeness are examined. The power histories used in the calculations have been listed for other users.
Date:
January 1, 1982
Creator:
Wilson, W. B.; LaBauve, R. J. & England, T. R.
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Adaptive Mesh Refinement for 1-Dimensional Gas Dynamics
We consider the solution of the one-dimensional equation of gas-dynamics. Accurate numerical solutions are difficult to obtain on a given spatial mesh because of the existence of physical regions where components of the exact solution are either discontinuous or have large gradient changes. Numerical methods treat these phenomena in a variety of ways. In this paper, the method of adaptive mesh refinement is used. A thorough description of this method for general hyperbolic systems is given elsewhere and only properties of the method pertinent to the system are elaborated.
Date:
1982-08~
Creator:
Hedstrom, Gerald; Rodrigue, Garry; Berger, Marsha & Oliger, Joseph
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Magma energy and geothermal permeability enhancement programs
Accomplishments during FY85 and project plans for FY86 are described for the Magma Energy Extraction and Permeability Enhancement programs. (ACR)
Date:
January 1, 1985
Creator:
Dunn, J.C.
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Plutonium scrap recovery at Savannah River: Past, present, and vision of the future
As a result of the changing requirement, plus environmental and regulatory commitments, SRP now has essentially completed its paradigm shift. SRP has been transformed from primarily a reprocessor of irradiated uranium targets to primarily a reprocessor of non-specification plutonium. This is the mission which will carry SRP into the 21st Century. Accomplishment of the defined goals for the three-pronged RandD program will achieve several objectives: exploit new processes for recovering low-grade scraps; enhance SRP's position to incorporate pyrochemical processes where they are attractive or beneficial to plant scrap recovery; provide SRL/SRP with a capability to develop compatible aqueous pyrochemical processes; identify material compatibility requirements for the incorporation of pyrochemical processes at SRP; promote development and demonstration of improved NDA instrumentation to accurately measure plutonium holdups in solid residues; identify and implement the technology required for reagent preparation and atmospheric quality control; provide a means to compare economic options for emerging new processes; and as a result, identify process steps which will also put SRP in a position to readily adapt to changing plutonium missions.
Date:
January 1, 1988
Creator:
Gray, Leonard W.; Gray, John H.; Blancett, Allen L.; Lower, William M. & Rudisill, Tracy S.
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Aspects of model selection in multivariate analyses
Analysis of data sets that involve large numbers of variables usually entails some type of model fitting and data reduction. In regression problems, a fitted model that is obtained by a selection process can be difficult to evaluate because of optimism induced by the choice mechanism. Problems in areas such as discriminant analysis, calibration, and the like often lead to similar difficulties. The preceeding sections reviewed some of the general ideas behind assessment of regression-type predictors and illustrated how they can be easily incorporated into a standard data analysis.
Date:
January 1, 1982
Creator:
Picard, R.
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Current drive and heating systems based on high-energy (1- to 3-MeV) negative ion beams
This paper describes a concept for a current drive system based on negative ions with beam energy > 1 MeV. Preliminary physics calculations show that the core current necessary for stability enhancement can best be achieved by beams with energy ranging from 1 to 4 MeV. Further study and experiments will better define the optimum energy. Work under way at Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) and at collaborating institutes in Canada and the Federal Republic of Germany is defining a system, its elements, a configuration and operational scenarios deemed appropriate for such devices as ITER and other future steady-state tokamaks, and the requisite research and development to provide such a system. 7 refs., 2 figs.
Date:
January 1, 1988
Creator:
Becraft, W. R.; Akerman, M. A.; Haselton, H. H.; Murphy, B. D.; Lousteau, D. C.; Ryan, P. M. et al.
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Some recent developments in nuclear charged particle detectors
The latest developments of large-area, position sensitive gas-filled ionization chambers are described. Multi-wire-proportional chambers as position-sensing and parallel-plate-avalanche counters as time-sensing detectors at low pressure (5 torr) have proven to be useful and reliable instruments in heavy ion physics. Gas (proportional) scintillation counters, used mainly for x-ray spectroscopy, have recently been applied as particle detectors. Finally, a brief description of a large plastic scintillator spectrometer, the Plastic Ball, is given and some of the first test and calibration data are shown.
Date:
August 1, 1980
Creator:
Stelzer, H.
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Pressure losses in fracture-dominated reservoirs: the wellbore constriction effect
Improved energy production from many types of energy reservoirs such as hot dry rock geothermal as well as hydraulically fractured oil, gas, and other geothermal reservoirs requires a better understanding of the fluid mechanics in the vicinity of the fracture-wellbore intersection. Typically, the aperture (smallest dimension) of a hydraulic fracture is only of the order of 1 mm (0.04 in.) so that reasonable energy production rates from geothermal systems require fairly large flow velocities within the fractures, particularly so as the wellbore-fracture intersection is approached. The high velocities and accelerations result in non-Darcian, often turbulent, flow and increased pressure losses. These flow phenomena were investigated experimentally for the simple case where the fracture plane and the wellbore drilling axis are orthogonal and the implication of these experimental results are examined by investigating the pressure losses in a hot dry rock reservoir.
Date:
January 1, 1980
Creator:
Murphy, H.
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Measurement of energy loss in the region of relativistic rise for particle identification
The following boundary conditions are desirable for particle detectors providing momentum and mass measurement in a magnetic field. A multilayer drift chamber of the socalled ''bicycle'' type with a radius of 1.5 m is considered. The useful track length will be l/sub min/ = 1.3 m for a straight track at 90/sup 0/ to the beam axis. Two examples for possible subdivisions of this volume are chosen: (1) number of layers, n = 200 and thickness/layer, x = 6.5 mm; and (2) n = 56 and x = 23 mm. An analysis is given in which the counting gas, the pressure, and the maximum allowable particle rate are considered as variables.
Date:
January 1, 1977
Creator:
Fischer, J.; Okuno, H. & Walenta, A.H.
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Advances in the Helium-Jet Coupled on-Line Mass Separator RAMA. [Recoil Atom Mass Analyzer]
General improvements to the on-line mass separator RAMA (Recoil Atom Mass Analyzer) have yielded a greater reliability and efficiency for some elements. A new utilitarian helium-jet chamber has been installed to facilitate quick target and degrader foil changes in addition to a new ion source holder. A higher efficiency hollow-cathode, cathode-extraction ion source, for lower melting point elements (< 1200/sup 0/C) has also been designed. Tests with the beta-delayed proton emitter /sup 37/Ca showed a factor of five increase in yield over the old hollow-cathode, anode-extraction source. A differentially-pumped-tape drive system compatible with both ..gamma..-..gamma.. and ..beta..-..gamma.. experiments has been incorporated into the general detection system. All major operating parameters will soon be monitored by a complete stand-alone microprocessor system which will eventually be upgraded to a closed-loop control system.
Date:
January 1, 1980
Creator:
Moltz, D. M.; Aysto, J.; Cable, M. D.; Parry, R. F.; Haustein, P. E.; Wouters, J. M. et al.
System:
The UNT Digital Library