Analogous to the triple point of a pure substance are a binary mixture's triple line and a ternary mixture's three-phase surface, where pressure, temperature, and composition must all be considered. The first three-phase study on a ternary hydrogen system, D/sub 2/-DT-T/sub 2/, is reported.

The LLL Laser-Fusion Program includes an active experimental effort to measure the distributions in energy, space and time of pulses of soft x-rays (.2 to 10 keV) radiated by laser-induced plasmas. Requirements for high resolution in these measurements clearly preclude the use of conventional x-ray diagnostic techniques. The following examples from our program of advanced x-ray instrument development are described. (1) Wavelength-dispersive spectrographs with fractional-electron volt resolution at several keV and imaging systems with 3 micron resolution over a 100 micron source. (2) Advanced solid state x-ray sensors that recover data from these instruments in a more expedient manner than photographic film. (3) Microcomputer-controlled stand-alone spectrograph data systems and minicomputer-based integrated systems that can deal with the large array of data generated by the high resolution instruments. (4) An electrostatically-deflected x-ray streak camera with moderate spectral and spatial resolution and a timing resolution of better than 15 ps.

The Shock Wave Data Center of the Lawrence Livermore Lab collects and disseminates P.V.E. data obtained with shock waves. It has been in existence since 1964. An extensive number of papers reporting shock data had become available by that time. This was so in spite of the fact that the technology was developed only during the 2nd World War. Collection and partial evaluation of this data was therefore of value to facilitate its use by our laboratory and others who were involved with science and engineering in the high pressure field. The pressure range of the data collected is quite extensive and extends from 1 MPa to 1 TPa. One very important difference between shock wave compression data and those obtained with static presses must be emphasized, since it is often not fully appreciated. The pressure-volume locus of shock wave states (Hugoniot), which is obtained by passing increasingly stronger shocks into samples with the same initial state, rapidly increases in temperature as the shocks get stronger and the pressure and compression get higher. As a consequence, this Hugoniot locus must have a lower compressibility than isotherms obtained under static conditions. In fact, if porous or otherwise expanded samples are used, …

This paper reviews recent developments and applications of ultrafast diagnostic techniques for x-ray measurements. These techniques, based on applications of image converter devices, are already capable of significantly important resolution capabilities. Techniques capable of time resolution in the sub-nanosecond regime are being considered. Mechanical cameras are excluded from considerations as are devices using phosphors or fluors as x-ray converters.

The existing technology of lanthanide-actinide separations is discussed with emphasis on the difficulties to be expected if the currently practiced separation methods were to be applied to waste partitioning. All of the workable methods known are noted, and three out of the four have seen many applications for the last 20 to 25 years at our Laboratory and elsewhere. The fourth, developed at ORNL 16 to 17 years ago, has been applied to waste partitioning in Germany. Each of these methods depends upon complexing the actinides to a slightly greater extent than the lanthanides with either Cl/sup -/, SCN/sup -/, or aminocarboxylic acids. The separation of the complexed ions is accomplished with either liquid or solid ion-exchangers and, in principle, either can be used interchangeably.

Recently Afanas'ev et al. claimed 1000 fold energy gains for a new class of pellets, which require only relatively very modest peak laser powers to implode and ignite. An extensive examination of these fuels was made using the LASNEX code. The results are described. (MOW)

Two approaches to enhancement of the Q (energy gain) factor of mirror systems are under study at Livermore. These include the Tandem Mirror and the Field Reversed Mirror. Both of these new ideas preserve features of conventional mirror systems as far as plasma-wall interactions are concerned. Specifically in both approaches field lines exit from the ends of the system and impinge on walls located at a distance from the confinement chamber. It is possible to predict some aspects of the plasma/surface interactions of TM and FRM systems from experience obtained in the Livermore 2XIIB experiment. In particular, as observed in 2XIIB, effective isolation of the plasma from thermal contact with the ends owing to the development of sheath-like regions is to be expected. Studies presently underway directed toward still further enhancing the decoupling of the plasma from the effects of plasma surface interactions at the walls will be discussed, with particular reference to the problem of minimizing the effects of refluxing secondary electrons produced by plasma impact on the end walls.

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In designs for high gain targets for laser driven inertial confinement fusion, the deuterium-tritium fuel is at cryogenic temperatures. We are adapting cryogenic target fabrication techniques to the high power Shiva Laser Facility. The complex but compact cryogenic system which meets the Shiva laser requirements is described.

A unique model of fusion product (fp) slowing down and thermalization in field-reversed mirror (FRM) plasmas has been developed. It couples the Hill's spherical vortex representation of a field-reversed equilibrium with a monte carlo treatment of coulomb scattering, and thus provides a complete picture of fps from birth through their thermal diffusion. The incorporation of drag and scattering effects allows the code to address both the energy deposition and the ash buildup question. Results of several test cases are presented along with selected results from FRM studies.

An improved dual-laser flow cytometric system for quantitative analysis and sorting of mammalian cells has been developed using a low-power argon and high-power krypton laser as illumination sources, thus permitting the excitation of fluorescent dyes having absorption regions ranging from the ultraviolet to infrared. Cells stained in liquid suspension with fluorescent dyes enter a flow chamber where they intersect two spatially separated laser beams. Separate pairs of quartz beam-shaping optics focus each beam onto the cell stream. Electro-optical sensors measure fluorescence and light scatter from cells that are processed electronically and displayed as frequency distribution histograms. Cells also can be electronically separated and microscopically identified. The ease and versatility of operation designed into this system represent a marked technological improvement for dual-laser excited flow systems. Details of this instrument are described along with illustrative examples of cells stained with mithramycin and rhodamine and analyzed for DNA content, total protein, and nuclear and cytoplasmic diameter.

For optimum performance in cell sorting, it is critical to assure proper timing in the charging of droplets to be deflected. A method for determining the transit delay time in cell sorters has been devised and applied to daily operation in the Los Alamos sorter systems. This delay monitor relies on detection of either scattered or absorbed light from cells in the fluid stream near the point of droplet breakoff.

The structural distortion in PrCu/sub 2/ below the Jahn-Teller transition at T/sub D/ = 7.3 K was measured by neutron diffraction. The primary order parameter was found to be the e/sub zx/ strain of the orthorhombic unit cell. The coupling of this strain to the lowest two crystal field levels gave rise to the dominant quadrupole interaction between the Pr/sup +3/ ions. A dipole transition to the second excited crystal field level was also observed. The dispersion of this excitation shows that the exchange interaction is antiferromagnetic, consistent with the enhanced antiferromagnetic nuclear ordering reported below 52 mK.

The sensitivities of district heating costs to various design parameters are explored. Some recent studies evaluating the economics of district heating are briefly summarized. The bases and methods for the cost and design sensitivity studies are outlined. Cost and design relationships are examined. These relationships are developed as part of a design study for a city with a population of 175,000. Use of a specific city as a basis for these studies shows the importance of site specific factors in the development of the best district heating design for the city. The problems of utilizing the delivered water are briefly reviewed. Some alternatives system designs are compared in terms of economics, energy efficiency, and their potential for widespread application. (MHR)

In a general high-beta guiding-center MHD equilibrium of an anisotropic minimum-B mirror-trapped plasma, stability is determined by the sign of the Kruskal-Oberman energy variation. The energy variation is given for near-marginally-stable line-localized perturbations, and within a positive factor. A brief theoretical discussion of various instabilities for different conditions is given. (MOW)

A new laboratory building is being constructed adjacent to the Shiva laser to house the Phase I $137M ten-beam Nova laser and a target chamber designed for twenty beams. The first ten beams will be operational in early 1980. Following Phase I, it is planned that the Shiva laser will be shut down and upgraded into ten Nova laser beams. These beams will then be combined with Nova Phase I beams to provide the full twenty beams having a minimum output energy of 300 kJ in a 3 nc pulse, or a power capability of 300 terawatts (10/sup 12/ watts) in a 100 ps pulse. This paper will describe the Phase I engineering project.

The elevated temperature fatigue-crack propagation response of Inconel 600 and Inconel 718 was characterized within a linear-elastic fracture mechanics framework in air and low-oxygen liquid sodium environments. The crack growth rates of both nickel-base alloys tested in liquid sodium were found to be considerably lower than those obtained in air. This enhanced fatigue resistance in sodium was attributed to the very low oxygen content in the inert sodium environment. Electron fractographic examination of the Inconel 600 and Inconel 718 fatigue fracture surfaces revealed that operative crack growth mechanisms were dependent on the prevailing stress intensity level. Under low growth rate conditions, Inconel 600 and Inconel 718 fracture surfaces exhibited a faceted, crystallographic morphology in both air and sodium environments. In the higher growth rate regime, fatigue striations were observed; however, striations formed in sodium were rather ill-defined. These indistinct striations were attributed to the absence of oxygen in the liquid sodium environment. Striation spacing measurements were found to be in excellent agreement with macroscopic growth rates in both environments.

New laboratory data are reported on the effect of confining (lithostatic) pressure, pore-water pressure, and principal stress difference on permeability of Westerly granite and White Lake gneissic granite. Permeabilities as low as 10/sup -19/ cm/sup 2/ (10/sup -11/ D) have been measured successfully, using a transient technique. Principal strains, electrical conductivity, and compressional velocity are determined simultaneously. Applied loads on the 15-cm diameter by 28-cm long test sample are controlled automatically and all data are taken by a microcomputer. Results on the gneissic granite indicate permeabilities of 10/sup -18/ to 10/sup -19/ cm/sup 2/ that appear to be unaffected either by effective pressure or by stress. The granite yields permeabilities of 4x10/sup -16/ cm/sup 2/ that decrease by a factor of two with pressure and vary by a factor of two with stress. When compared to the initial value, compressional velocities increase by 4% and conductivity decreases by 50% as pressure is increased to 50 MPa in the gneissic granite. In granite, these become 3% and 58%, respectively. At pressure, loading of the granite of 0.5 of failure stress increases conductivity by about 20%.

Experiments have been performed with a 125-kJ plasma focus to investigate mechanisms for rapid coupling of inductively-stored energy into plasmas. The coupling can take place through the formation of an electron or ion beam that deposits its energy in a target or directly by the penetration of the magnetic field into a resistive plasma. Some preliminary results from experiments of both types are described. The experiments use a replaceable conical anode tip that is intended to guide the focus to within a few millimeters of the axis, where it can suddenly deliver energy either to a small target or to particles that are accelerated. X-ray and fast-ion diagnostics have been used to study the effects.

To avoid the effects of fluid instabilities, stringent requirements must be imposed on the surface quality and wall thickness uniformity of fuel pellets used in Inertial Confinement Fusion compression experiments. A systematic method was developed for specifying the type of defects which must be avoided and for evaluating measurement techniques for their suitability for detecting these defects. A review is given of the techniques currently available and those under development to show the relationship between these capabilities and the current and future requirements for pellet uniformity. The speed of these techniques and the implications for automated production of fuel pellets for a reactor are discussed.

This paper discusses decontamination methods for LWRs. Emphasis is on the chemical cleaning of primary systems and contaminated equipment and components. The equipment is composed primarily of stainless steel, Inconel, Zircaloy, and a few other materials. Variables affecting efficiency are discussed. 10 figures. (DLC)

Modifications are described to upgrade the neutral-beam power supply for the TMX from 40 kV, 10 ms to 40 kV, 25 ms. The redesign of the accel and suppressor power supplies to achieve separation of the high-voltage and control sections, operation of the arc pulse lines in series, operation of the arc pulse lines in a noisy environment with SCR trigger and crowbar, and modifications to the electrolytic storage banks are discussed.

Fine axial flutes enhance heat transfer in vertical shell-and-tube exchangers with water inside the tubes and ammonia evaporating or condensing in layer flow on the shell side. Single-tube experiments with R-11 and ammonia indicate local shell-side coefficients 3 to 5 times those for corresponding smooth tubes. Single-tube experiments with water indicate that at moderate velocities the tube-side coefficients are enhanced by a factor equal to the ratio of fluted-to-smooth surface areas while the fluid friction is similarly increased. The experimental data are transformed into mean individual coefficients for ammonia and water. Overall coefficients for a particular case are presented to illustrate the efficacy of enhancement by flutes on one or both sides of the heat transfer surface. Means are described for using emerging data to predict the static and dynamic behavior of the power cycle and the interactions of components throughout the complete power plant.

To optimize the neutral-beam current incident on the fusion plasma and limit the heat load on exposed surfaces of the Mirror Fusion Test Facility magnet coils, impingement of the neutral beams on the magnet structure must be minimized. Also, placement of the neutral-beam injectors must comply with specifications for neutral-current heating of the plasma and should allow maximum flexibility to accommodate alternative beam aiming patterns without significant hardware replacement or experiment down-time. Injector placements and aimings are analyzed by means of the Structural Analysis Movie Post Processor (SAMPP), a general-purpose graphics code for the display of three-dimensional finite-element models. SAMPP is used to visually assemble, disassemble, or cut away sections of the complex three-dimensional apparatus, which is represented by an assemblage of 8-node solid finite elements. The resulting picture is used to detect and quantify interactions between the structure and the neutral-particle beams.