This paper reviews current progress in the development of fusion power from the engineering point of view and highlights the most outstanding technical issues which must be resolved. (MOW)

Experimental programs exist in a number of laboratories throughout the world to test the feasibility of using powerful laser systems to drive the implosion of hydrogen isotope fuel to thermonuclear burn conditions. In a typical experiment multiple laser beams are focused onto a glass microshell (typically 50 ..mu..m to 200 ..mu..m diameter) filled with an equimolar D-T gas mixture. X-ray and particle emissions from the target provide important information about the hydrodynamic implosion of the glass shell and the associated compression and heating of the D-T fuel. Standard diagnostics for imaging such emissions are the grazing incidence reflection (GIR) x-ray microscope and the pinhole camera. Recently, a particular coded imaging technique, Zone Plate Coded Imaging (ZPCI), has been successfully used for x-ray and particle microscopy of laser fusion plasmas. ZPCI is highly attractive for investigating laser produced plasmas because it possesses a tomographic capability not shared by either the GIR or pinhole imaging techniques. This presentation provides a brief discussion of the tomographic potential of ZPCI. In addition, the first tomographic x-ray images (tomographic resolution approximately 74 ..mu..m) of a laser produced plasma are presented.

Some diagnostics techniques applied to current laser fusion target experiments are reviewed. Specifically, holographic interferometry of target plasmas, coded aperture imaging of thermonuclear alpha-particles and neutron energy spectrum measurements are discussed.

The interrelationships among different demographic factors, specific causes of death, median family income, and estimated air pollution emissions were examined. Using the Medical Data Base (MEDABA) developed at Brookhaven National Laboratory, the entire population of the United States was cross-tabulated by income and emission levels of air pollutants. Path analysis was used to examine a number of patterns and relationships for each age, race, and sex group containing a minimum of 10,000 persons. Competitive and complementary effects were observed. These effects were frequently age dependent and occasionaly sex related. This specialized data base, the application of path analysis, and the development of a dynamic population and mortality model, in combination, proved to be a useful tool for investigating the effects of energy related pollutants on the exposed population.

The workshop was divided into two groups. Group A discussed key issues in the demand for solar thermal technologies; Group B discussed key issues in the supply of solar thermal technologies. Discussion questions prepared prior to the workshop are listed and the responses are summarized. The workshop agenda and the list of participants are included. (MHR)

An existing manually operated LLL system for obtaining data on injectability of geothermal effluents has been automated. Membrane filters and core samples are exposed to geothermal brine at representative injection pressure and formation confining pressure to study the potential effects of scaling and suspended solids deposition on the performance of injection wells. An electronic controller provides for operation under conditions of either constant differential pressure or constant flow. A data logger is used to obtain continuous records of all major system parameters. The new system is being used to assess the injectability of effluents produced by Magma Power Company's reaction clarifier-filter preinjection treatment facility operated in conjunction with the Geothermal Loop Experimental Facility at the Salton Sea Geothermal Field, Southern California.

A serious problem in the development of geothermal energy is the availability of durable and economical materials of construction for handling hot brine and steam. Hot brine and other aerated geothermal fluids are highly corrosive and they attack most conventional materials of construction. Brookhaven National Laboratory has been investigating the use of concrete polymer materials as alternate materials of construction for geothermal processes. To date, successful field tests have been demonstrated at the Geysers, US Bureau of Mines Corrosion Facility, and at the East Mesa Geothermal Facility. This is a survey of field and laboratory evaluations of concrete polymer materials which have been shown to be durable and economical as alternate materials of construction.

A number of materials in and within the proximity of buildings housing fusion energy experiments (FEE) were analyzed for their potential fire hazard. The materials used in this study were mostly: electrical and thermal insulations. The fire hazard of these materials was assessed in terms of their ease of ignition, heat release rate, generation of smoke, and the effect of thermal environment on the combustion behavior. Several fire protection measures for buildings housing the (FEE) projects are analyzed and as a result of this study are found to be adequate for the near term.

Among radionuclides of importance in atomic energy, /sup 3/H has relatively low toxicity. The main health and environmental worry is the possibility that significant biological effects may follow from protracted exposure to low concentrations in water. To examine this possible hazard and measure toxicity at low tritium concentrations, chronic exposure studies were done on mice and monkeys. During vulnerable developmental periods animals were exposed to /sup 3/HOH, and mice were exposed also to /sup 60/Co gamma irradiation and energy-related chemical agents. The biological endpoint measured was the irreversible loss of female germ cells. Effects from tritium were observed at surprisingly low concentrations where /sup 3/H was found more damaging than previously thought. Comparisons between tritium and gamma radiation showed the relative biological effectiveness (RBE) to be greater than 1 and to reach approximately 3 at very low exposures. For perspective, other comparisons were made: between radiation and chemical agents, which revealed parallels in action on germ cells, and between pre- and postnatal exposure, which warn of possible special hazard to the fetus from both classes of energy-related byproducts.

A fast-neutron pinhole camera with high detection efficiency and nanosecond time-resolution has been developed and applied to the investigation of the spatial and temporal distributions of DD- and DT-neutrons produced by thermonuclear plasmas. The pinhole consists of a specially designed 1.15 m long copper collimator with an effective aperture of 1 mm diameter. Several different types of spatial resolution detectors have been used at the image plane: (1) a multi-element, scintillation-photomultiplier system used for time-resolved measurements consisting of sixty-one individual detectors, (2) a scintillation-fiber-chamber coupled to a gated image-intensifier tube used for direct photographing of the neutron image, and (3) a propane bubble chamber used for time-integrated recording with a capability to distinguish DD- from DT-neutrons. Pulsed neutron sources with typical dimensions of 1 cm emitting of the order of 10/sup 12/ neutrons over a time period of 10-100 nsec have been investigated. A spatial resolution of 1 mm and a time resolution of approximately 10 nsec was achieved in the investigations of dense plasma compression phenomena.

Previously reported Monte Carlo code calculations of the electron energy distributions and the consequent reflex triode characteristics will be presented for two different anode designs. In addition, a generalized formulation of Poisson's equation will be used to examine the virtual cathode side of a reflex diode. The familiar ''resonance'' solution for the reflex triode is again found, but with a different physical interpretation. In the former case the current diverges, but in the virtual cathode space the linear dimension diverges as one approaches the ''resonance.''

The design of business data processing applications utilizing minicomputers requires special considerations throughout the development of the systems project. Minicomputer features, capabilities, and limitations must be closely examined prior to the implementation of the design phase. The design requirements of an inventory control minicomputer system currently being installed by the Data Processing Services Department of Lawrence Livermore Laboratory are presented.

Microcomputers are now capable of serious numerical computation using programmed floating-point arithmetic and Basic compilers. Unless numerical software designers for these machines exploit experience gained in providing software for larger machines, history will repeat with the initial spread of treacherous software. This paper discusses good software, especially for the elementary functions, in terms of reliability and robustness. The emphasis. is on insight rather than detailed algorithms, to show why certain things are important and how they may be achieved.

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The possibilities of hadron production are considered. Included are hadrons never to be discovered, relevance of the study, means of production, thermodynamics of hadronic matter, three examples of hadronic spectra, the temperature, composition of the initial fireball, expansion of the fireball, pre-freeze-out radiation, antinuclei, hypernuclei, and the quark phase. 17 references. (JFP)

The neutron spectra produced by bombarding a thick beryllium target with 30-MeV deuterons at the University of California, Davis, cyclotron was measured. These spectra are of interest in studying the effect of neutrons on materials to be used in future fusion reactors. The spectra were inferred from the activation of two sets of detector foils placed at an angle THETA = 0/sup 0/ to the deuteron beam, one immediately behind the beryllium target block, and one 40 mm to the rear. The SAND-II program was used to analyze the foil activation data to obtain the fluence in each of one hundred energy groups. The neutron spectrum (fluence/MeV) close to the target decreases continuously with energy in the range 2 to 30 MeV, while the spectrum 40 mm back has a minimum at about 8 MeV and a peak at about 14 MeV. The contribution from neutrons of energies less than 10 MeV is much greater than that found in previous spectral measurements made at large distances from the target. This difference is attributed to the neutrons which are emitted at large angles from the deuteron beam. These observations show the importance of evaluating the neutron spectrum near the target if …

The laser fusion effectiveness of various active and passive pulse-stacking schemes is investigated. Factors considered include efficiency, achievable rise-times, variety in output pulse shapes, simplicity of construction and operation, and compatibility with existing and proposed fusion laser systems. During the research phase of laser-fusion development a particular class of active pulse-stackers should be superior, although a passive system, such as the KMSF pulse-stacker, should be superior for use in a fusion reactor system.

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As the result of recent experimental progress, theoretical advances, and the emergence of new approaches to the improvement of mirror confinement, the mirror approach has become the principal alternative to the tokamak in the USA magnetic fusion program. Emphasis is now centered on the Tandem Mirror and Field-reversed Mirror Concepts, which theoretically can obtain Q values of five or more. Recent progress in the mirror fusion program includes a series of favorable advances in the 2XIIB experiment and the development of a theoretical model that accounts for observed plasma behavior in 2XIIB and other mirror experiments. This theory provides scaling laws for extrapolating of present experiments to larger devices. These advances, together with the emergence of new approaches to the improvement of mirror confinement, have led to increased planning and construction of magnetic mirror systems in the USA. The USA mirror program is shown including several university experiments.

It is pointed out that another way to look for the bosons signal for the identification of the W/sup + -/ and the Z/sup 0/ is through decays to hadronic jets. Although the background is a priori large, the jets may have such distinctive features so as to be recognizable. An SU(2) x U(1) gauge theory with six quarks and six leptons all in left-handed doublets and right-handed singlets is considered.

Newspaper article from the Morning Edition of the Abilene Reporter News about a resolution of appreciation made in memory of Judge K. K. Legett by the Board of Trustees of Hardin-Simmons University.