The Homeland-Defense Operational Planning System (HOPS), is a new operational planning tool leveraging Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory's expertise in weapons systems and in sparse information analysis to support the defense of the U.S. homeland. HOPS provides planners with a basis to make decisions to protect against acts of terrorism, focusing on the defense of facilities critical to U.S. infrastructure. Criticality of facilities, structures, and systems is evaluated on a composite matrix of specific projected casualty, economic, and sociopolitical impact bins. Based on these criteria, significant unidentified vulnerabilities are identified and secured. To provide insight into potential successes by malevolent actors, HOPS analysts strive to base their efforts mainly on unclassified open-source data. However, more cooperation is needed between HOPS analysts and facility representatives to provide an advantage to those whose task is to defend these facilities. Evaluated facilities include: refineries, major ports, nuclear power plants and other nuclear licensees, dams, government installations, convention centers, sports stadiums, tourist venues, and public and freight transportation systems. A generalized summary of analyses of U.S. infrastructure facilities will be presented.

Axion fluctuations generated during inflation lead to isocurvature and non-Gaussian temperature fluctuations in the cosmic microwave background radiation. Following a previous analysis for the model independent string axion we consider the consequences of a measurement of these fluctuations for two additional string axions. We do so independent of any cosmological assumptions except for the axions being massless during inflation. The first axion has been shown to solve the strong CP problem for most compactifications of the heterotic string while the second axion, which does not solve the strong CP problem, obeys a mass formula which is independent of the axion scale. We find that if gravitational waves interpreted as arising from inflation are observed by the PLANCK polarimetry experiment with a Hubble constant during inflation of H{sub inf} {approx}> 10{sup 13} GeV the existence of the first axion is ruled out and the second axion cannot obey the scale independent mass formula. In an appendix we quantitatively justify the often held assumption that temperature corrections to the zero temperature QCD axion mass may be ignored for temperatures T {approx}< {Lambda}{sub QCD}.

We report on an experimental and theoretical study of thedynamic (ac) Stark effect on a for bidden transition. A general frameworkfor parameterizing and describing off-resonant ac-Stark shifts ispresented. A model is developed to calculate spectral line shapesresulting from resonant excitation of atoms in an intense standinglight-wave in the presence of off-resonant ac-Stark shifts. The model isused in the analysis and interpretation of a measurement of the ac-Starkshifts of the static-electric-field-induced 6s2 1S0 -->5d6s 3D1transition at 408 nm in atomic Yb. The results are in agreement withestimates of the ac-Stark shift of the transition under the assumptionthat the shift is dominated by that of the 6s2 1S0 ground state. Adetailed description of the experiment and analysis is presented. Abi-product of this work is an ind ependent determination (from thesaturation behavior of the 408-nm transition) of the Stark transitionpolarizability, which is found to be in agreement with our earliermeasurement. This work is part of the ongoing effort aimed at a precisionmeasurement of atomic parity-violation effects in Yb.

State-of-the-art climate models suggest that 20th Century ocean warming and sea-level rise were substantially reduced by the 1883 eruption of Krakatau. Volcanically induced cooling of the ocean surface penetrated into deeper layers where it persisted for decades. We find that volcanic eruptions have longer lasting effects than previously suspected, sufficient to offset a large fraction of ocean warming and sea-level rise caused by anthropogenic influences over the 20th Century. We examine the latest suite of coupled ocean-atmosphere model experiments that include time-varying external forcings (e.g., changes in greenhouse gases, solar irradiance, sulfate aerosols and volcanic aerosols) for the period 1880-2000 (see Methods). These models have differences in physics, resolution, initial conditions, 'spin-up' and ocean-atmosphere coupling procedures, as well as different combinations of external forcings. Uncertainties in both the applied forcings and in the model responses to them are therefore inherent in our investigation.

The heat capacity of nickel ferrite was measured as a function of temperature over the range from 50 to 1200 C using a differential scanning calorimeter. A thermal anomaly was observed at 584.9 C, the expected Curie temperature, T{sub c}. The observed behavior was interpreted by recognizing the sum of three contributions: (1) lattice (vibrational), (2) a spin wave (magnetic) component and (3) a {lambda}-transition (antiferromagnetic-paramagnetic transition) at the Curie temperature. The first was modeled using vibrational frequencies derived from an experimentally-based ir absorption spectrum, while the second was modeled using a spin wave analysis that provided a T{sup 3/2} dependency in the low temperature limit, but incorporated an exchange interaction between cation spins in the octahedral and tetrahedral sites at elevated temperatures, as first suggested by Grimes [15]. The {lambda}-transition was fitted to an Inden-type model which consisted of two truncated power law series in dimensionless temperature (T/T{sub c}). Exponential equality was observed below and above T{sub c}, indicating symmetry about the Curie temperature. Application of the methodology to existing heat capacity data for other transition metal ferrites (AFe{sub 2}O{sub 4}, A = Fe, Co) revealed the same exponential equality, i.e., m = n = 5.

The increased application of quantum mechanical-based methodologies to the study of alloy stability has required a re-assessment of the field. The focus is mainly on inorganic materials in the solid state. In a first part, after a brief overview of the so-called ab initio methods with their approximations, constraints, and limitations, recommendations are made for a good usage of first-principles codes with a set of qualifiers. Examples are given to illustrate the power and the limitations of ab initio codes. However, despite the ''success'' of these methodologies, thermodynamics of complex multi-component alloys, as used in engineering applications, requires a more versatile approach presently afforded within CALPHAD. Hence, in a second part, the links that presently exist between ab initio methodologies, experiments, and CALPHAD approach are examined with illustrations. Finally, the issues of dynamical instability and of the role of lattice vibrations that still constitute the subject of ample discussions within the CALPHAD community are revisited in the light of the current knowledge with a set of recommendations.

The most precise comparison between theory and experiment for the B {yields} X{sub s}{ell}{sup +}{ell}{sup -} rate is in the q{sup 2} < 6 GeV{sup 2} region. The hadronic uncertainties associated with an experimentally required cut on m{sub X} potentially spoil the extraction of short distance flavor-changing neutral current couplings. We compute the m{sub X} cut dependence of d{Lambda}(B {yields} X{sub s}{ell}{sup +}{ell}{sup -})/dq{sup 2} using the B {yields} X{sub s}{gamma} shape function, and show that the effect is universal for all short distance contributions in the limit m{sub X}{sup 2} << m{sub B}{sup 2}. This universality is not spoiled by realistic values of the m{sub X} cut, nor by {alpha}{sub s} corrections. Alternatively, normalizing the B {yields} X{sub s}{ell}{sup +}{ell}{sup -} rate to B {yields} X{sub u}{ell}{bar {nu}} with the same cuts removes the main uncertainties. We find that the forward-backward asymmetry vanishes near q{sub 0}{sup 2} = 3 GeV{sup 2}.

Many methods have been developed for monitoring network traffic, both using visualization and statistics. Most of these methods focus on the detection of suspicious or malicious activities. But what they often fail to do refine and exercise measures that contribute to the characterization of such activities and their sources, once they are detected. In particular, many tools exist that detect network scans or visualize them at a high level, but not very many tools exist that are capable of categorizing and analyzing network scans. This paper presents a means of facilitating the process of characterization by using visualization and statistics techniques to analyze the patterns found in the timing of network scans through a method of continuous improvement in measures that serve to separate the components of interest in the characterization so the user can control separately for the effects of attack tool employed, performance characteristics of the attack platform, and the effects of network routing in the arrival patterns of hostile probes. The end result is a system that allows large numbers of network scans to be rapidly compared and subsequently identified.

X-ray microscopy is at a state of rapid development. The presentations at the Conference covered the latest developments in the field.

Odd electron species are important intermediates in organometallic chemistry, participating in a variety of catalytic and electron-transfer reactions which produce stable even-electron products. While electron deficient 17-electron (17e) radicals have been well characterized, the possible existence of short-lived 19-electron (19e) radicals has been a subject of continuing investigation. 19e radicals have been postulated as intermediates in the photochemical ligand substitution and disproportionation reactions of organometallic dimers containing a single metal-metal bond, yet the reactions of these intermediates on diffusion-limited time scales (ns-{micro}s) have never been directly observed. This study resolves the 19e dynamics in the ligand substitution of 17e radicals CpW(CO){sub 3}{sup {sm_bullet}} (Cp = C{sub 5}H{sub 5}) with the Lewis base P(OMe){sub 3}, providing the first complete description 19e reactivity.

We present a novel approach to reconstructing the projected mass distribution from the sparse and noisy weak gravitational lensing shear data. The reconstructions are regularized via the knowledge gained from numerical simulations of clusters, with trial mass distributions constructed from n NFW profile ellipsoidal components. The parameters of these ''atoms'' are distributed a priori as in the simulated clusters. Sampling the mass distributions from the atom parameter probability density function allows estimates of the properties of the mass distribution to be generated, with error bars. The appropriate number of atoms is inferred from the data itself via the Bayesian evidence, and is typically found to be small, reecting the quality of the data. Ensemble average mass maps are found to be robust to the details of the noise realization, and succeed in recovering the demonstration input mass distribution (from a realistic simulated cluster) over a wide range of scales. As an application of such a reliable mapping algorithm, we comment on the residuals of the reconstruction and the implications for predicting convergence and shear at specific points on the sky.

Super B-factory designs under consideration expect to reach luminosities in the 10{sup 35}-10{sup 36} range. The dramatic luminosity increase relative to the existing B-factories is achieved, in part, by raising the beam currents stored in the electron and positron rings. For such machines to succeed it is necessary to consider in the RF system design not only the gap voltage and beam power, but also the beam loading effects. The main effects are the synchronous phase transients due to the uneven ring filling patterns and the longitudinal coupled-bunch instabilities driven by the fundamental impedance of the RF cavities. A systematic approach to predicting such effects and for optimizing the RF system design will be presented. Existing as well as promising new techniques for reducing the effects of heavy beam loading will be described and illustrated with examples from the PEP-II and the KEKB.

Measurements of the angles and sides of the unitarity triangle and of the rates of rare B meson decays are crucial for the precise determination of Standard Model parameters and are sensitive to the presence of new physics particles in the loop diagrams. In this paper the recent measurements performed in this area by BABAR and Belle will be presented. The direct measurement of the angle {alpha} is for the first time as precise as the indirect determination. The precision of the |V{sub ub}| determination has improved significantly with respect to previous measurement. New limits on B {yields} {tau}{nu} decays are presented, as well as updated measurements on b {yields} s radiative transitions and a new observation of b {yields} d{gamma} transition made by Belle.

High power microwave sources at X-Band, delivering 400 to 500 of megawatts for about 400 ns, have been recently developed. These sources can power a microwave undulator with short period and large gap, and can be used in short wavelength FELs reaching the nm region at a beam energy of about 1 GeV. We present here an experiment designed to demonstrate that microwave undulators have the field quality needed for high gain FELs.

That National Ignition Facility (NIF) at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) will be the world's largest and most energetic laser. It has thousands of optics and depends heavily on the quality and performance of these optics. Over the past several years, we have developed the NIF Optics Inspection Analysis System that automatically finds defects in a specific optic by analyzing images taken of that optic. This paper describes a new and complementary approach for the automatic detection of defects based on detecting the diffraction ring patterns in downstream optic images caused by defects in upstream optics. Our approach applies a robust pattern matching algorithm for images called Gradient Direction Matching (GDM). GDM compares the gradient directions (the direction of flow from dark to light) of pixels in a test image to those of a specified model and identifies regions in the test image whose gradient directions are most in line with those of the specified model. For finding rings, we use luminance disk models whose pixels have gradient directions all pointing toward the center of the disk. After GDM identifies potential rings locations, we rank these rings by how well they fit the theoretical diffraction ring pattern equation. We perform …

The energy output of the high-level radioactive waste to beemplaced in the proposed geologic repository at Yucca Mountain, Nevada,will strongly affect the thermal-hydrological (TH) conditions in thenear-drift fractured rock. Heating of rock water to above-boilingconditions will induce large water saturation changes and fluxperturbations close to the waste emplacement tunnels (drifts) that willlast several thousand years. Understanding these perturbations isimportant for the performance of the repository, because they couldincrease, for example, the amount of formation water seeping into theopen drifts and contacting waste packages. Recent computational fluiddynamics (CFD) analysis has demonstrated that the drifts will act asimportant conduits for gas flows driven by natural convection. As aresult, vapor generated from boiling of formation water nearelevated-temperature sections of the drifts may effectively betransported to cooler end sections (where no waste is emplaced), wouldcondense there, and subsequently drain into underlying rock units. Thus,natural convection processes have great potential for reducing thenear-drift moisture content in heated drift sections, which has positiveramifications for repository performance. To study these processes, wehave developed a new simulation method that couples existing tools forsimulating TH conditions in the fractured formation with modules thatapproximate natural convection and evaporation conditions in heatedemplacement drifts. The new method is applied to evaluate the …

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We describe the machine layout and major performance parameters for the FERMI FEL project funded for construction at Sincrotrone Trieste, Italy, within the next five years. The project will be the first user facility based on seeded harmonic cascade FEL's, providing controlled, high peak-power pulses. With a high-brightness rf photocathode gun, and using the existing 1.2 GeV S-band linac, the facility will provide tunable output over a range from {approx}100 nm to {approx}10 nm, with pulse duration from 40 fs to {approx} 1ps, peak power {approx}GW, and with fully variable output polarization. Initially, two FEL cascades are planned; a single-stage harmonic generation to operate > 40 nm, and a two-stage cascade operating from {approx}40 nm to {approx}10 nm or shorter wavelength. The output is spatially and temporally coherent, with peak power in the GW range. Lasers provide modulation to the electron beam, as well as driving the photocathode and other systems, and the facility will integrate laser systems with the accelerator infrastructure, including a state-of-the-art optical timing system providing synchronization of rf signals, lasers, and x-ray pulses. Major systems and overall facility layout are described, and key performance parameters summarized.

Gravitational instability of the distribution of stars in a galaxy is a well-known phenomenon in astrophysics. This work is a preliminary attempt to analyze this phenomenon using the standard tools developed in accelerator physics. By applying this analysis, it is found that a stable nonrotating galaxy would become unstable if its size exceeds a certain limit that depends on its mass density.

We describe the construction of light-cone sum rules (LCSRs) for exclusive B-meson decays into light energetic hadrons from correlation functions within soft-collinear effective theory (SCET). As an example, we consider the SCET sum rule for the B {yields} {pi} transition form factor at large recoil, including radiative corrections from hard-collinear loop diagrams at first order in the strong coupling constant.

Neutron energy spectra were measured behind the lateral shield of the CERF (CERN-EU High Energy Reference Field) facility at CERN with a 120 GeV/c positive hadron beam (mainly a mixture of protons and pions) on a cylindrical copper target (7-cm diameter by 50-cm long). NE213 organic liquid scintillator (12.7-cm diameter by 12.7-cm long) was located at various longitudinal positions behind shields of 80- and 160-cm thick concrete and 40-cm thick iron. Neutron energy spectra in the energy range between 12 MeV and 380 MeV were obtained by unfolding the measured pulse height spectra with the detector response functions which have been experimentally verified in the neutron energy range up to 380 MeV in separate experiments. The corresponding MARS15 Monte Carlo simulations generally gave good agreements with the experimental energy spectra.

This article summarizes measurements of time-dependent CP asymmetries in decays of neutral B mesons to charmonium, open-charm and gluonic penguin-dominated charmless final states. Unless otherwise stated, these measurements are based on a sample of approximately 230 million {Upsilon}(4S) {yields} B{bar B} decays collected by the BABAR detector at the PEP-II asymmetric-energy B-factory.

In this article I report on new and updated measurements of the CP-violating parameter {beta}({phi}{sub 1}), which is related to the phase of the Cabibbo-Kobayashi-Maskawa (CKM) quark-mixing matrix of the electroweak interaction. Over the past few years, {beta} has become the most precisely known parameter of the CKM unitarity triangle that governs the B system. The results presented here were produced by the two B Factories, BABAR and Belle, based on their most recent datasets of over 600 million B{bar B} events combined. The new world average for sin2{beta}, measured in the theoretically and experimentally cleanest charmonium modes, such as B{sup 0} {yields} J/{Psi}K{sub S}{sup 0}, is sin 2{beta} = 0.685 {+-} 0.032. In addition to these tree-level dominated decays, independent measurements of sin2{beta} are obtained from gluonic b {yields} s penguin decays, including B{sup 0} {yields} {phi}K{sub S}{sup 0}, B{sup 0} {yields} {eta}'K{sub S}{sup 0} and others. There are hints, albeit somewhat weaker than earlier this year, that these measurements tend to come out low compared to the charmonium average, giving rise to the tantalizing possibility that New Physics amplitudes could be contributing to the corresponding loop diagrams. Clearly, more data from both experiments are needed to elucidate these …

Various results are obtained for a Friedmann-Robertson-Walker cosmology. We derive an exact equation that determines Hubble's law, clarify issues concerning the speeds of faraway objects and uncover a ''tail-light angle effect'' for distant luminous sources. The latter leads to a small, previously unnoticed correction to the parallax distance formula.