We present H-like Fe XXVI and He-like Fe XXV charge-exchange spectra resulting from collisions of highly charged iron with N{sub 2} gas at an energy of {approx}10 eV amu{sup -1} in an electron beam ion trap. Although high-n emission lines are not resolved in our measurements, we observe that the most likely level for Fe{sup 25+} {yields} Fe{sup 24+} electron capture is n{sub max} {approx} 9, in line with expectations, while the most likely value for Fe{sup 26+} {yields} Fe{sup 25+} charge exchange is significantly higher. In the Fe XXV spectrum, the K{alpha} emission feature dominates, whether produced via charge exchange or collisional excitation. The K{alpha} energy centroid is lower in the former case than the latter (6666 versus 6685 eV, respectively), as expected because of the strong enhancement of emission from the forbidden and intercombination lines, relative to the resonance line, in charge-exchange spectra. In contrast, the Fe XXVI high-n Lyman lines have a summed intensity greater than that of Ly{alpha}, and are substantially stronger than predicted from theoretical calculations of charge exchange with atomic H. A discussion is presented of the relevance of our results to studies of diffuse Fe emission in the Galactic Center and Galactic Ridge, …

This paper provides a current state of spatial data collections, use, management, and challenges at the Hanford Site through the use and development of a Spatial Data Infrastructure. Recommendations designed to ensure data quality, usability and sustainability now and into the future are presented.

We examine the effects of the extended gauge sector of the Littlest Higgs model in high energy e{sup +}e{sup -} collisions. We find that the search reach in e{sup +}e{sup -} {yields} f{bar f} at a {radical}s = 500 GeV International Linear Collider covers essentially the entire parameter region where the Littlest Higgs model is relevant to the gauge hierarchy problem. In addition, we show that this channel provides an accurate determination of the fundamental model parameters, to the precision of a few percent, provided that the LHC measures the mass of the heavy neutral gauge .eld. Additionally, we show that the couplings of the extra gauge bosons to the light Higgs can be observed from the process e{sup +}e{sup -} {yields} Zh for a significant region of the parameter space. This allows for confirmation of the structure of the cancellation of the Higgs mass quadratic divergence and would verify the little Higgs mechanism.

Some problems occurred during the SPEAR3 magnet production at IHEP, China. It was very hard to find resolution from existing knowledge of those problems. It was possible that similar problems might have happen in building accelerator magnet in other institutes before, but they were not addressed in public papers. These problems were discussed and solved by engineers from both SLAC and IHEP after conducting certain experiments. Traditionally, the magnet design and measurement data have been always well documented and addressed in papers, but the production experiences have not been recorded adequately. It is the goal of this paper to record the problems and their resolutions during SPEAR3 magnet production at IHEP China, which will certainly benefit future magnet projects.

Studies of crystal growth kinetics are tightly integrated with advances in the creation of new nanoscale inorganic building blocks and their functional assemblies 1-11. Recent examples include the development of semiconductor nanorods which have potential uses in solar cells 12-17, and the discovery of a light driven process to create noble metal particles with sharp corners that can be used in plasmonics 18,19. In the course of studying basic crystal growth kinetics we developed a process for preparing branched semiconductor nanocrystals such as tetrapods and inorganic dendrimers of precisely controlled generation 20,21. Here we report the discovery of a crystal growth kinetics regime in which a new class of hyper-branched nanocrystals are formed. The shapes range from 'thorny balls', to tree-like ramified structures, to delicate 'spider net'-like particles. These intricate shapes depend crucially on a delicate balance of branching and extension. The multitudes of resulting shapes recall the diverse shapes of snowflakes 22.The three dimensional nature of the branch points here, however, lead to even more complex arrangements than the two dimensionally branched structures observed in ice. These hyper-branched particles not only extend the available three-dimensional shapes in nanoparticle synthesis ,but also provide a tool to study growth kinetics by …

Measurements by the STAR collaboration of neutral pion production at large Feynman x (x{sub F}) in the first polarized proton collisions at {radical}s = 200 GeV were reported previously. During the following two runs additional statistics were acquired with an improved forward calorimeter for the {pi}{sup 0} cross-section and analyzing power measurements. First data from pp collisions at {radical}s = 410 GeV were taken during the RHIC run that ended in June, 2005. The cross section was measured at {eta} = 3.3, 3.8 and 4.0 and was found to be consistent with next-to-leading order perturbative QCD calculations. The analyzing power was found to be zero at negative 23 and at positive x{sub F} up to 0.3, then increased with increasing x{sub F}. This behavior can be described by phenomenological models including the Sivers effect, the Collins effect or higher twist contributions in initial and final states. Results for the analyzing power at {eta} = 3.7 and 4.0 from all data acquired at {radical}s = 200 GeV and the status of the analysis of the {radical}s = 410 GeV data will be presented. Future upgrade plans and status will also be discussed.

We search for the rare leptonic decay B{sup +} {yields} {tau}{sup +}{nu}{sub {tau}} in a sample of 232 x 10{sup 6} B{bar B} pairs collected with the BABAR detector at the SLAC PEP-II B-Factory. Signal events are selected by examining the properties of the B meson recoiling against the semileptonic decay B{sup -} {yields} D*{sup 0}{ell}{bar {nu}}{sub {ell}}. We find no evidence for a signal and set an upper limit on the branching fraction of {Beta}(B{sup +} {yields} {tau}{sup +} {nu}{sub {tau}}) < 2.8 x 10{sup -4} at the 90% confidence level. We combine this result with a previous, statistically independent BABAR search for B{sup +} {yields} {tau}{sup +} {nu}{sub {tau}} to give an upper limit of {Beta}(B{sup +} {yields} {tau}{sup +} {nu}{sub {tau}}) < 2.6 10{sup -4} at the 90% confidence level.

We compute the leading-color (planar) three-loop four-point amplitude of N = 4 supersymmetric Yang-Mills theory in 4 - 2{epsilon} dimensions, as a Laurent expansion about {epsilon} = 0 including the finite terms. The amplitude was constructed previously via the unitarity method, in terms of two Feynman loop integrals, one of which has been evaluated already. Here we use the Mellin-Barnes integration technique to evaluate the Laurent expansion of the second integral. Strikingly, the amplitude is expressible, through the finite terms, in terms of the corresponding one- and two-loop amplitudes, which provides strong evidence for a previous conjecture that higher-loop planar N = 4 amplitudes have an iterative structure. The infrared singularities of the amplitude agree with the predictions of Sterman and Tejeda-Yeomans based on resummation. Based on the four-point result and the exponentiation of infrared singularities, we give an exponentiated ansatz for the maximally helicity-violating n-point amplitudes to all loop orders. The 1/{epsilon}{sup 2} pole in the four-point amplitude determines the soft, or cusp, anomalous dimension at three loops in N = 4 supersymmetric Yang-Mills theory. The result confirms a prediction by Kotikov, Lipatov, Onishchenko and Velizhanin, which utilizes the leading-twist anomalous dimensions in QCD computed by Moch, Vermaseren and …

Globally coherent magnetic fluctuations often observed during the driven phase after spheromak formation in the Sustained Spheromak Physics Experiment (SSPX) can be reduced to small amplitude by programming the magnetic flux = {Psi}{sub gun} and the discharge current = I{sub gun} in the formation gun. Scanning the edge normalized current = {lambda}{sub edge} = {lambda}{sub gun} = {mu}{sub 0}I{sub gun}/{Psi}{sub gun} above and below the minimum energy eigenvalue = {lambda}{sub FC} of the flux conserver provides a variation in the internal q = safety factor profile producing the expected q = m/n = poloidal/toroidal mode spectrum. By driving the edge with the proper {lambda}{sub gun}, the system can be operated with the poloidal/toroidal mode spectrum between the m/n = 1/2 and 2/3 modes producing low magnetic fluctuation amplitudes and high electron temperature = T{sub e} > 350 eV. Transport and confinement parameters calculated using Thomson scattering-measured T{sub e} and N{sub e} profiles coupled with the equilibrium code internal current profiles show a reduction in electron thermal diffusivity as T{sub e} increases. This scaling behavior is more classical-like than Bohm or open field line transport models where thermal diffusivity increases with T{sub e}. Electron diffusivity is calculated to be less than …

Recently, artificial meta-materials have been reported [1] that have a negative index of refraction, which allows a homogeneous flat slab of the material to behave as a perfect lens [2], possibly even creating sub-diffraction limited focusing. These novel artificial materials have numerous potential applications in science, technology, and medicine [3], especially if their novel behavior can be extended to the technologically critical near-infrared and visible region. The meta-materials consist of split-ring resonators which provide a negativem, and metal strips which provide a negative e. First steps towards scaling the dimensions of these metamaterials have been recently taken with the fabrication of split-ring resonator structures showing magnetic resonances at about1 THz [4]and 100 THz [5]frequencies.

We introduce new projective versions of second-order accurate Runge-Kutta and Adams-Bashforth methods, and demonstrate their use as outer integrators in solving stiff differential systems. An important outcome is that the new outer integrators, when combined with an inner telescopic projective integrator, can result in fully explicit methods with adaptive outer step size selection and solution accuracy comparable to those obtained by implicit integrators. If the stiff differential equations are not directly available, our formulations and stability analysis are general enough to allow the combined outer-inner projective integrators to be applied to black-box legacy codes or perform a coarse-grained time integration of microscopic systems to evolve macroscopic behavior, for example.

Structural Genomics is an international effort to determine the three-dimensional shapes of all important biological macromolecules, with a primary focus on proteins. Target proteins should be selected according to a strategy that is medically and biologically relevant, of good financial value, and tractable. In 2003, we presented the ''Pfam5000'' strategy, which involves selecting the 5,000 most important families from the Pfam database as sources for targets. In this update, we show that although both the Pfam database and the number of sequenced genomes have increased in size, the expected benefits of the Pfam5000 strategy have not changed substantially. Solving the structures of proteins from the 5,000 largest Pfam families would allow accurate fold assignment for approximately 65 percent of all prokaryotic proteins (covering 54 percent of residues) and 63 percent of eukaryotic proteins (42 percent of residues). Fewer than 2,300 of the largest families on this list remain to be solved, making the project feasible in the next five years given the expected throughput to be achieved in the production phase of the Protein Structure Initiative.

Members of the pancreatic polypeptide family and the irreceptors have been implicated in the control of food intake in rodents and humans. To investigate whether nucleotide changes in these candidate genes result in abnormal weight in humans, we sequenced the coding exons and splice sites of seven family members (NPY, PYY, PPY, NPY1R, NPY2R, NPY4R, and NPY5R) in a large cohort of extremely obese (n=379) and lean (n=378) individuals. In total we found eleven rare non-synonymous variants, four of which exhibited familial segregation, NPY1R L53P and PPY P63L with leanness and NPY2R D42G and PYY Q62P with obesity. Functional analysis of the obese variants revealed NPY2R D42G to have reduced cell surface expression, while previous cell culture based studies indicated variant PYY Q62P to have altered receptor binding selectivity and we show that it fails to reduce food intake through mouse peptide injection experiments. These results support that rare non-synonymous variants within these genes can alter susceptibility to human body mass index extremes.

After the first experimental observations compatible with the presence of the e-cloud effect in the DAFNE positron ring, a more systematic study has been performed regarding the e-cloud build-up. The measured field map of the magnetic field has been taken into account in the simulation for elements present in the four 10 m long bending sections, representing 40% of the whole positron ring. The obtained simulation results are presented together with the recent experimental observations performed on the vacuum behavior of the positron ring.

We present results of a search for the X(3872) in B{sup 0} {yields} X(3872)K{sub S}{sup 0}, X(3872) {yields} J/{psi}{pi}{sup +}{pi}{sup -}, improved measurements of B{sup -} {yields} X(3872)K{sup -}, and a study of the J/{psi}{pi}{sup +}{pi}{sup -} mass region above the X(3872). We use 232 million B{bar B} pairs collected at the {Upsilon}(4S) resonance with the BABAR detector at the PEP-II e{sup +}e{sup -} asymmetric-energy storage rings. The results include the 90% confidence interval 1.34 x 10{sup -6} < {Beta}(B{sup 0} {yields} X(3872)K{sup 0}, X {yields} J/{psi}{pi}{sup +}{pi}{sup -}) < 10.3 x 10{sup -6} and the branching fraction {Beta}(B{sup -} {yields} X(3872)K{sup -}, X {yields} J/{psi}{pi}{sup +}{pi}{sup -}) = (10.1 {+-} 2.5 {+-} 1.0) x 10{sup -6}. We observe a (2.7 {+-} 1.3 {+-} 0.2) MeV/c{sup 2} mass difference of the X(3872) produced in the two decay modes. Furthermore, we find an excess of J/{psi}{pi}{sup +}{pi}{sup -} events with an invariant mass just above 4.2 GeV/c{sup 2} that is consistent with recent observations in initial state radiation events.

An attribute verification system (AVNG) with information barriers for mass and isotopics measurements has been designed and its fabrication is nearly completed. The AVNG is being built by scientists at the Russian Federal Nuclear Center-VNIIEF, with support of Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) and Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL). Such a system could be used to verify the presence of several unclassified attributes of classified material with no classified information release. The system is comprised of a neutron multiplicity counter and gamma-spectrometry system based on a high purity germanium gamma detector (nominal relative efficiency {at} 1332 keV 50%) and digital gamma-ray spectrometer DSPEC{sup PLUS}. The neutron multiplicity counter is a three ring counter with 164 {sup 3}He tubes. The system was designed to measure prototype containers 491 mm in diameter and 503 mm high. This paper provides a brief history of the project and documents the progress of this effort with drawings and photographs.

In recent DIII-D experiments, we concentrated on extending the operating range and improving the overall performance of quiescent H-mode (QH) plasmas. The QH-mode offers an attractive, high-performance operating mode for burning plasmas due to the absence of pulsed edge-localized-mode-driven losses to the divertor (ELMs). Using counter neutral-beam injection (NBI), we achieve steady plasma conditions with the presence of an edge harmonic oscillation (EHO) replacing the ELMs and providing control of the edge pedestal density. These conditions have been maintained for greater than 4s ({approx}30 energy confinement times, {tau}{sub E}, and 2 current relaxation times, {tau}{sub R} [1]), and often limited only by the duration of auxiliary heating. We discuss results of these recent experiments where we use triangularity ramping to increase the density, neutral beam power ramps to increase the stored energy, injection of rf power at the electron cyclotron (EC) frequency to control density profile peaking in the core, and control of startup conditions to completely eliminate the transient ELMing phase.

The importance of particle acceleration may be judged from the number of applications which require some sort of accelerated beam. In addition to accelerator-based high energy physics research, non-academic applications include medical imaging and treatment, structural biology by x-ray diffraction, pulse radiography, cargo inspection, material processing, food and medical instrument sterilization, and so on. Many of these applications are already well served by existing technologies and will profit only marginally from developments in accelerator technology. Other applications are poorly served, such as structural biology, which is conducted at synchrotron radiation facilities, and medical treatment using proton accelerators, the machines for which are rare because they are complex and costly. Developments in very compact, high brightness and high gradient accelerators will change how accelerators are used for such applications, and potentially enable new ones. Physical and technical issues governing structure-based and vacuum acceleration of charged particles are reviewed, with emphasis on practical aspects.

The task of tracking charged particles in energy frontier collider experiments has been largely taken over by solid-state detectors. While silicon microstrip trackers offer many advantages in this environment, large silicon trackers are generally much more massive than their gaseous counterparts. Because of the properties of the machine itself, much of the material that comprises a typical silicon microstrip tracker can be eliminated from a design for the ILC. This realization is the inspiration for a tracker design using lightweight, short, mass-producible modules to tile closed, nested cylinders with silicon microstrips. This design relies upon a few key technologies to provide excellent performance with low cost and complexity. The details of this concept are discussed, along with the performance and status of the design effort.

The authors present a preliminary measurement of the CP-violating parameters in fully reconstructed B{sup 0} {yields} D{sup (*){+-}}{pi}{sup {-+}} and B{sup 0} {yields} D{sup {+-}}{rho}{sup {-+}} decays in approximately 232 million {Upsilon}(4S) {yields} B{bar B} decays collected with the BABAR detector at the PEP-II asymmetric-energy B factory at SLAC.

Indications that solid-state lasers will reach wall-plug to light efficiencies of 30% or more make a laser-driven vacuum-accelerator increasingly appealing. Since at the wavelength of relevant lasers, dielectrics may sustain significantly higher electric field and transmit power with reduced loss comparing to metals, the basic assumption is that laser accelerator structures will be dielectrics. For structures that have typical dimensions of a few microns, present manufacturing constraints entail planar structures that in turn, require re-evaluation of many of the scaling laws that were developed for azimuthally symmetric structures. Moreover, structures that operate at a wavelength of a few centimeters are machined today with an accuracy of microns. In future it will not be possible to maintain 4-5 orders of magnitude difference between operating wavelength and achievable tolerance. An additional difference is, that contrary to present accelerators where the number of electrons in a micro-bunch is of the order of a 10{sup 10}, in an optical structure this number drops to a few thousands. Consequently, the relative impact of individual electrons may be significantly larger. Acceleration structures with higher degree of symmetry, similar to optical fibers, have also some inherent advantages however thermal gradients as well as heat dissipation may become …

The studies of the ILC extraction line design have been carried out by the SLAC-BNL-UK-France task force collaboration. In this paper, we describe two options of the extraction optics for the 20 mrad horizontal crossing angle in the Interaction Region (IR), and one option of the 2 mrad extraction optics. The main functions of the extraction line are to transport the primary beam and beamstrahlung photons to dumps with acceptable beam loss, and to provide the necessary optics for beam diagnostics. The presented 20 mrad and 2 mrad optics are designed for up to 1 TeV and 0.5 TeV Center of Mass (CM) energy, respectively. The upgrade of this 2 mrad design to 1 TeV CM and a separate version of the 2 mrad design are presented in a separate report [1].

The mean lifetime of the tau lepton is measured from the decay length distribution of 3-prong tau decays from e{sup +}e{sup -} collisions at the {Upsilon}(4S) resonance. A data sample of 80.0 fb{sup -1} collected with the BABAR detector at the PEP-II B Factory is used for this measurement. The measured tau lifetime is: {tau}{sub {tau}} = 289.40 {+-} 0.91 (stat.) {+-} 0.90 (syst.) fs. All the results are preliminary.

The process parameters of current density, pulse duration, and cell potential affect both the structure and composition of electrodeposits. The mechanism for nucleation and growth as determined from current transients yield relationships for nucleus density and nucleation rate. To develop an understanding of the role of the process parameters on grain size, as a design structural parameter to control strength for example, a formulation is presented to model the affects of the deposition energy on grain size and morphology. An activation energy for the deposition process is modeled that reveals different growth mechanisms, wherein nucleation and diffusion effects are each dominant as dependent upon pulse duration. A diffusion coefficient common for each of the pulsed growth modes demarcates an observed transition in growth from smooth to rough surfaces.