A separate induction accelerator buncher following after the storage rings is one of the options for final bunch compression. The other option is to apply the bunching voltage within the ring, but this requires a low-frequency, high gradient accelerating structure within the ring and a large aperture, which are difficult to do and undesirable. The induction accelerator buncher option here differs from the bunching function in a standard induction accelerator scenario in that here, a separate buncher is required, whereas in the induction linac the bunching function is accomplished by ramping the acceleration voltages near the end of the machine. This is a minor difference, but one that allows consideration of a bipolar buncher, which has no net acceleration. The other major difference is that the currents per beam to be bunched are smaller than in the straight induction linac, permitting use of transversely smaller, and hence less expensive, structures.

Flywheels have the possibility of providing high turnaround efficiency and high specific power output. These characteristics are very important for the successful manufacture of parallel and series hybrid vehicles, which have the potential for providing high fuel economy and very low emissions with range and performance comparable to today`s light-duty vehicles. Flywheels have a high specific power output, but relatively low specific energy output. Therefore, it is of importance to determine energy and power requirements for flywheels applied to light-duty vehicles. Vehicle applications that require an energy storage system with high power and low energy are likely to benefit from a flywheel. In this paper, a vehicle simulation code and a flywheel model are applied to the calculation of optimum flywheel energy storage capacity for a parallel and a series hybrid vehicle. A conventional vehicle is also evaluated as a base-case, to provide an indication of the fuel economy gains that can be obtained with flywheel hybrid vehicles. The results of the analysis indicate that the optimum flywheel energy storage capacity is relatively small. This results in a low weight unit that has a significant power output and high efficiency. Emissions generated by the hybrid vehicles are not calculated, but …

The spheromak is a magnetic confinement device with a more attractive fusion reactor potential than the leading geometry, the tokamak. This results in large part from the absence of a toroidal field coil and other structures linking the plasma along the geometric axis. However, because of the lack of a strong external magnetic field, the physics is more complex so that considerable research is required to learn how to achieve the reactor potential. Several critical physics issues am considered here, including stability to low mode number magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) modes, energy confinement, helicity injection and current drive, the magnetic turbulence associated with this dynamo, and the beta (ratio of plasma and magnetic pressures) which can be supported in the geometry.

The environmental contamination resulting from decades of testing and manufacturing of nuclear materials for a national defense purposes is a problem now being faced by the United States. The Center for Applied Isotope Studies at the University of Georgia, in cooperation with the Westinghouse Savannah River Company and Packard Instrument Company, have developed a prototype unit for remote, near real time, in situ analysis of tritium in surface and ground water samples.

The authors present several innovations in a method for monotonic reconstructions. It is based on the application of constrained minimization techniques for the imposition of monotonicity on a reconstruction. In addition, they present extensions of several classical TVD limiters to a genuinely multidimensional setting. In this case the linear least squares reconstruction method is expanded upon. They also clarify data dependent weighting techniques used with the minimization process.

Consideration of different driver and target requirements for inertial fusion energy (IFE) power plants together with the potential energy gains of direct and indirect-drive targets leads to different optimal combinations of driver and target options for each type of target. In addition, different fusion chamber concepts are likely to be most compatible with these different driver and target combinations. For example, heavy-ion drivers appear to be well matched to indirect=drive targets with all-liquid-protected-wall chambers requiring two-sided illuminations, while diode-pumped, solid- state laser drivers are better matched to direct-drive targets with chambers using solid walls or flow-guiding structures to allow spherically symmetric illuminations. R&D on the critical issues of drivers, targets, and chambers for both direct and indirect-drive options should be pursued until the ultimate gain of either type of target for IFE is better understood.

In infrared-stable fixed-point field theories, the interaction energy of a test particle is proportional to the non-relativistic (heavy source) coordinate-space potential derived from the field strength produced by that source. This is no longer true in ultraviolet-stable fixed-point field theories (UVSFPFT) as they may not have a finite infrared fixed point. This leads to the possibility that UVSFPFTs may have quite conventional field strength distributions despite the unusual spatial dependence expected for the interaction energy.

This is a case history of how one records management and document control team met challenging DOE milestones and successfully addressed a changing culture with respect to document control and records management at a DOE national laboratory (INEL). This account will be of value to persons looking for basic and intermediate level records management information. This paper presents insights into the challenge of document control that will enlighten the inexperienced document control officer to effect real change.

Several tools have been developed at the Savannah River Site (SRS) to remotely sample stored radioactive waste. These sampling tools have been developed to determine the chemical characteristics of the waste prior to processing. The processing of waste material varies according to the chemical characteristics of the waste, which change due to additions, settling, mixing, and chemical reactions during storage. Once the waste has been sampled to identify its characteristics, the chemical composition of the waste can then be altered if needed to prepare for processing. Various types of waste material in several types of containment must be sampled at SRS. Stored waste materials consist of liquids, floating organics, sludge, salt and solids. Waste is stored in four basic types of tanks with different means of access and interior obstructions. The waste tanks can only be accessed by small openings: access ports, risers and downcomers. Requirements for sampling depend on the type of tank being accessed, the waste within the tank, and the particular location in the tank desired for taking the sample. Sampling devices have been developed to sample all of the waste material forms found in the SRS tank farms. The fluid type samplers are capable of sampling …

In a new experiment at the Final Focus Test Beam at SLAC a low- emittance 46.6 GeV electron beam is brought into collision with terawatt pulses from a 1.06 {mu} wavelength Nd:glass laser. Peak laser intensities of 10{sup 18} W/cm{sup 2} have been achieved corresponding to a value of 0.6 for the parameter {eta} = {ital eE/mw{sub 0}c}, and to a value of 0.3 for the parameter {Upsilon} = {ital E{sup *}/E{sub crit}} = 2{gamma}{ital ehE}/{ital m}{sup 2}{ital c}{sup 3} in the case of frequency doubled laser pulses. In these circumstances an electron that crosses the center of the laser pulse has near unit interaction probability. Signals are presented for multiphoton Compton scattering in which up to 4 laser photons interact with an electron. High energy backscattered photons of GeV energy can interact within the laser focus to create electron- positron pairs; an excess of 15 positrons above a background of 14 was observed in a run of 6,000 laser shots.

The impacts of the native and introduced bacteria on the performance of geologic nuclear waste disposal facilities should be evaluated because these bacteria could promote corrosion of repository components and alteration of chemical and hydrological properties of the surrounding engineered and rock barriers. As a first step towards investigating these potentialities, native and introduced bacteria obtained from post-construction Yucca Mountain (YM) rock were isolated under varying conditions, including elevated temperature, low nutrient availability, and the absence of available oxygen. Individual isolates are being screened for activities associated with microbially induced corrosion of metals (MIC). Preliminary determination of growth rates of whole YM microbial communities under varying conditions was also undertaken.

Nonabsorbing defects can lead to laser damage. Defects such as voids, microcracks, and localized stressed concentrations, even if they differ from the surrounding medium only by refractive index, can serve as positive or negative lenses for the incident laser light. The resulting interference pattern between refracted and diffracted light can result in intensity increases on the order of a factor of 2 some distance away from a typical negative microlens, and even larger for a positive microlens. Thus, the initial damage site can be physically removed from the defect which initiates damage. The parameter that determines the strength of such lensing is (Ka){sup 2}{Delta}{epsilon}, where the wavenumber K is 2{pi}/{lambda}, 2a is the linear size of the defect, and {Delta}{epsilon} is the difference in dielectric coefficient between matrix and scatterer. Thus, even a small change in refractive index results in a significant effect for a defect large compared to a wavelength. Geometry is also important. Three dimensional (e.g. voids) as well as linear and planar (e.g. cracks) microlenses can all have strong effects. This paper evaluates intensification due to spherical voids and high refractive index inclusions.

We have fabricated arrays of Co dots of diameters 100 and 70 nm using interference lithography. Density of these arrays is 7.2x10{sup 9}/in{sup 2}. Magnetic force microscopy indicate that the Co dots are single domain with moments that can be controlled to point either in-plane or out-of-plane. Interference lithography is a process that is easily scaled to large areas and is potentially capable of high throughput. Large, uniform arrays of single-domain structures are potentially useful for high-density, low-noise data storage.

Turbulent structures near the wall and the the surface have been studied in open channel flows using oxygen bubble visualization techniques. Experiments indicate that the flow is dominated by the generation of wall ejections and interactions of such structures with the free surface. The ejections are seen to evolve near the wall, reach the free surface, form surface patches, roll back and mix into the bulk flow. Furthermore, there are evidence of ``horseshoe`` and ``hockeystick`` type vortices in relation to the bursting events. Measurements of surface characteristics show that the ejection-inflow events are associated with deformation of the free surface. It is seen that as ejections reach the free surface, the surface goes through a rise, whereas the surface falls when the inflowing fluid returns toward the wall. These effects are enhanced as the flow Reynolds number is increased.

The authors argue that deep-inelastic diffractive scaling provides fundamental insight into the QCD Pomeron. The logarithmic scaling violations seen experimentally are in conflict with the scale-invariance of the BFKL Pomeron and with phenomenological two-gluon models. Instead the Pomeron appears as a single gluon at short-distances, indicating the appearance of a Super-Critical phase of Reggeon Field Theory. That the color compensation takes place at a longer distance is consistent with the Pomeron carrying odd color charge parity.

Materials research in the area of SOFC`s is also driven by the recognition that processing and operating at lower temperatures would circumvent most of the reliability problems which are currently preventing these devices from achieving wide-scale commercialization. These considerations have directed interdisciplinary research thrusts in this field, namely: Alternate Materials, Processing, and Reliability Issues. This paper describes starting powder characteristics, electrical conductivity and over potential measurements, and resultant microstructures as a function of processing conditions (i.e. powder calcination temperature, and annealing temperature) and composition for the electrolyte and cathodes.

In this paper we discuss aspects of a comprehensive program to identify and bound potential effects of microorganisms on long-term nuclear waste containment, using as examples, studies conducted within the Yucca Mountain Project. A comprehensive program has been formulated which cuts across standard disciplinary lines to address the specific concerns of microbial activity in a radioactive waste repository. Collectively, this program provides bounding parameters of microbial activities that modify the ambient geochemistry and hydrology, modify corrosion rates, and transport and transform radionuclides under conditions expected to be encountered after geological waste emplacement. This program is intended to provide microbial reaction rates and bounding conditions in a form that can be integrated into existing chemical and hydrological models. The inclusion of microbial effects will allow those models to more accurately assess long term repository integrity.

A Depleted Uranium Silicate Container Backfill System (DUSCOBS) is proposed that would use small, isotopically-depleted uranium silicate glass beads as a backfill material inside repository waste packages containing spent nuclear fuel (SNF). The uranium silicate glass beads would fill the void space inside the package including the coolant channels inside SNF assemblies. Based on preliminary analysis, the following benefits have been identified. DUSCOBS improves repository waste package performance by three mechanisms. First, it reduces the radionuclide releases from SNF when water enters the waste package by creating a local uranium silicate saturated groundwater environment that suppresses (a) the dissolution and/or transformation of uranium dioxide fuel pellets and, hence, (b) the release of radionuclides incorporated into the SNF pellets. Second, the potential for long-term nuclear criticality is reduced by isotopic exchange of enriched uranium in SNF with the depleted uranium (DU) in the glass. Third, the backfill reduces radiation interactions between SNF and the local environment (package and local geology) and thus reduces generation of hydrogen, acids, and other chemicals that degrade the waste package system. Finally, DUSCOBS provides a potential method to dispose of significant quantities of excess DU from uranium enrichment plants at potential economic savings. DUSCOBS is a …

Sandia National Laboratories (SNL) and Underwriters Laboratories, Inc., (UL) have jointly established the Security Equipment and Systems Certification Program (SESCP). The goal of this program is to enhance industrial and national security by providing a nationally recognized method for making informed selection and use decisions when buying security equipment and systems. The SESCP will provide a coordinated structure for private and governmental security standardization review. Members will participate in meetings to identify security problems, develop ad-hoc subcommittees (as needed) to address these identified problems, and to maintain a communications network that encourages a meaningful exchange of ideas. This program will enhance national security by providing improved security equipment and security systems based on consistent, reliable standards and certification programs.

The classical perturbation theory for Hermitian matrix enigenvalue and singular value problems provides bounds on invariant subspace variations that are proportional to the reciporcals of absolute gaps between subsets of spectra or subsets of singular values. These bounds may be bad news for invariant subspaces corresponding to clustered eigenvalues or clustered singular values of much smaller magnitudes than the norms of matrices under considerations when some of these clustered eigenvalues ro clustered singular values are perfectly relatively distinguishable from the rest. This paper considers how eigenvalues of a Hermitian matrix A change when it is perturbed to {tilde A}= D{sup {asterisk}}AD and how singular values of a (nonsquare) matrix B change whenit is perturbed to {tilde B}=D{sub 1}{sup {asterisk}}BD{sub 2}, where D, D{sub 1}, and D{sub 2} are assumed to be close to identity matrices of suitable dimensions, or either D{sub 1} or D{sub 2} close to some unitary matrix. It is proved that under these kinds of perturbations, the change of invarient subspaces are proportional to reciprocals of relative gaps between subsets of spectra or subsets of singular values. We have been able to extend well-known Davis-Kahan sin {theta} theorems and Wedin sin {theta} theorems. As applications, we obtained …

Hydrogen fuel, used in an internal combustion engine optimized for maximum efficiency and as part of a hybrid-electric vehicle, will give excellent performance and range with emissions below one-tenth the ultra-low emission vehicle standards being considered in California as Equivalent Zero Emission Vehicles. These vehicles can also be manufactured with increased but not excessive cost. Hydrogen-fueled engines have demonstrated indicated efficiencies of more than 50% under lean operation. Combining optimized engines and other advanced components, the overall vehicle efficiency should approach 40%, compared with 13% for a conventional vehicle in the urban driving cycle. The optimized engine-generator unit is the mechanical equivalent of the fuel cell but at a cost competitive with today`s engines. The increased efficiency of hybrid-electric vehicles now makes hydrogen fuel competitive with today`s conventional vehicles. Conservative analysis of the infrastructure options to support a transition to a hydrogen-fueled light-duty fleet indicates that hydrogen may be utilized at a total cost comparable to the 3.1 cents/km U.S. vehicle operators pay today while using conventional automobiles. Both on-site production by electrolysis or reforming of natural gas and liquid hydrogen distribution offer the possibility of a smooth transition by taking advantage of existing large-scale energy infrastructures. Eventually, renewable sources …

Recent DIII-D advanced tokamak experiments with negative central shear (NCS) have resulted in operation at high normalized {beta}, {beta}{sub N}={beta}/(I/aB), to 4.2, confinement enhancement factors to H=4 (H={tau}{sub E}/{tau}ITER-89P), and record neutron rates for DIII-D to 2.4X10{sup 16} neutrons/sec. These data were obtained during high triangularity, single and double null diverted operation with peaked (L-mode) and broad (H-mode) pressure profiles. We are modeling the spatial and temporal current profile evolution for these discharges using Corsica, a predictive 1-1/2 D equilibrium and transport code. Current profile evolution is self-consistently determined by including current diffusion resulting from current drive due to early neutral beam injection during the ohmic current ramp-up phase of the discharge and the bootstrap current drive associated with pressure profile evolution.