Understanding the short term elastic properties, (i.e. the instantaneous modulus) of Kapton is essential in determining the loss of prestress during storage and operation of SSC dipole magnets. The magnet prestress contributes directly to the coil response to the Lorentz forces during ramping. The instantaneous modulus is important in extrapolating short term stress relaxation data to longer times. Most theoretical fits assume a time independent component and a time dependent component. The former may be represented by the Kapton modulus near zero K where all relaxation processes have been frozen'' out. Modulus measurements at 77K and 4.2K may point to a correct value for the near zero K modulus. Three companion papers presented at this conference will be: Stress Relaxation in SSC 50 mm Dipole Coils'' Temperature Dependence of the Viscoelastic Properties of SSC Coil Insulation (Kapton)'' Theoretical Methods for Creep and Stress Relaxation Studies of SSC Coil.''

Our goal is to calculate the probability to eject electrons from DNA by charged particles that pass near the macromolecule as they slow down in an aqueous medium that contains DNA in low concentration. This process is illustrated for a particle of charge Ze and velocity v, where impact parameters b{sub 1}, b{sub 2}, and b{sub 3} indicate the distances between the trajectory and a phosphate group, a base, and a sugar moiety, respectively. In the present state of our theoretical development, we must treat each of these components of DNA as an independent impurity site occupied by electrons in a Slater-type orbital with a characteristic orbital radius and band gap. Determination of these parameters will be discussed below; however, before we turn to that part of the discussion, it is interesting to address the question of multiple ionizations of DNA by the passage of a single charged particle.

Scientists are in general agreement about the effects of prenatal irradiation, including those affecting the central nervous system (CNS). Differing concepts and research approaches have resulted in some uncertainties about some quantitative relationships, underlying interpretations, and conclusions. Examples of uncertainties include the existence of a threshold, the quantitative relationships between prenatal radiation doses and resulting physical and functional lesions, and processes by which lesions originate and develop. A workshop was convened in which scientists with varying backgrounds and viewpoints discussed these relationships and explored ways in which various disciplines could coordinate concepts and methodologies to suggest research directions for resolving uncertainties. This Workshop Report summarizes, in an extended fashion, salient features of the presentations on the current status of our knowledge about the radiobiology and neuroscience of prenatal irradiation and the relationships between them.

The molten-zone model of vacancy loop formation from a displacement cascade predicts that the loop formation probability should scale with the melting temperature. To investigate this possibility the vacancy loop formation probability has been determined in a series of Cu-Ni and Ag-Pd alloys. The irradiations were performed at room temperature with 50 keV Kr+ ions and the resulting damage structure was examined by using transmission electron microscopy. In the Cu-Ni alloy series, the change in loop formation probability with increasing Ni concentration was complex, and at low- and high- nickel concentrations, the defect yield did not change in the predicted manner. The defect yield was higher in the Cu-rich alloys than in the Ni-rich alloys. In the Ag-Pd alloy the change in the loop formation probability followed more closely the change in melting temperature, but no simple relationship was determined.

Radiochemistry has played a limited but important role in the study of nucleus-nucleus collisions. Many of the important radiochemical studies have taken place in Seaborg's laboratory or in the laboratories of others who have spent time in Berkeley working with Glenn T. Seaborg. I will discuss studies of low energy deep inelastic reactions with special emphasis on charge equilibration, studies of the properties of heavy residues in intermediate energy nuclear collisions and studies of target fragmentation in relativistic and ultrarelativistic reactions. The emphasis will be on the unique information afforded by radiochemistry and the physical insight derived from radiochemical studies. Future roles of radiochemistry in heavy ion nuclear science also will be discussed.

Comparisons of helium (He) transport and exhaust in L-mode and in an enhanced confinement regime (H-mode), which is induced by a polarizing electrode, have been made for the TEXTOR tokamak. The results show an increased tendency for He accumulation when bulk plasma energy and particle confinement are improved during the polarization induced H-mode. Since these results imply that a high He pumping efficiency may be necessary for H-mode burning plasmas, we have begun exploring He transport in a divertor H-mode, similar to that proposed for International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER). A collaborative program has been initiated to measure He transport and scaling on DIII-D during L-mode, H-mode, and ELMing H-mode plasma conditions. To simulate the presence of He ash in DIII-D, a 25 ms He puff is injected into a DIII-D plasma resulting in a He concentration of {approx}5%. The time dependence of the He{sup 2+} density profiles in the plasma core is measured by charge-exchange recombination spectroscopy at 11 radial locations.

We are measuring the stress relaxation of SSC 50mm outer coils with the goal of predicting how much of the coil prestress will be lost while the coils are warehoused between manufacture and cooldown. We manufacture 3 inch (76.2mm) long segments of coil with the same materials and techniques that have been used for prototype coils. We are running four simultaneous tests in an attempt to separate the contributions of the different coil materials. Test one is a completely insulated coil section where the insulation is the all polyamide system being tested at Brookhaven; test two is a wire stack insulated only with the normal Kapton overwrap; test three is a stack of bare cable; and test four is a completely insulated normal coil section. All, except for the bare cable, include the ground insulation. The insulated coil sections are carefully dried before loading and testing in order to eliminate stress changes due to varying moisture content. The temperature dependence of the stress relaxation is being studied separately. Three companion papers presented at this conference will be: (1) Temperature dependence of the viscoelastic properties of SSC coil insulation'' (2) Measurement of the elastic modulus of Kapton perpendicular to the plane …

Monte-Carlo simulations of a lattice model for incompressible monomer/r-mer mixtures are used to obtain accurate results for the configurational energy of mixing. Based on simulation results, the energy of mixing is correlated as a function of temperature and composition using an empirical expression. The configurational Helmholtz energy is obtained upon using the Gibbs-Helmholtz equation with Guggenheim's athermal entropy of mixing as boundary condition. Since Monte-Carlo simulations give essentially exact results for the lattice model, the effects of nonrandom mixing on the configurational thermodynamic properties of a binary mixture can be determined. The expression generated here produces coexistence curves that are more accurate than those from other models, especially near the critical region.

Prototype charge-sensitive poly-Si TFT amplifiers have been made for the amplification of signals (from an a-Si:H pixel diode used as an ionizing particle detector). They consist of a charge-sensitive gain stage, a voltage gain stage and a source follower output stage. The gain-bandwidth product of the amplifier is {approximately} 300 MHz. When the amplifier is connected to a pixel detector of 0.2 pF, it gives a charge-to-voltage gain of {approximately} 0.02 mV/electrons with a pulse rise time less than 100 nsec. An equivalent noise charge of the front-end TFT is {approximately} 1000 electrons for a shaping time of 1 {mu}sec.

Extrapolation of laboratory measurements of SSC coil properties to the actual construction of SSC magnets requires mathematical models of the experimental data. A variety of models were used to approximate the data collected from creep and stress relaxation experiments performed on Kapton film and SSC coil samples. The coefficients for these mathematical models were found by performing a least-squares fit via the program MINUIT. Once the semiempirical expressions for the creep data were found, they were converted to expressions for stress relaxation using an approximate I pn of the Laplace integral relating the two processes. The data sets from creep experiments were also converted directly to stress relaxation data by numeric integration. Both of these methods allow comparison of data from two different methods of measuring viscoelastic properties. Three companion papers presented at this conference will present: Stress relaxation in SSC 50mm dipole coil. Measurement of the elastic modulus of Kapton perpendicular to the plane of the film at room and cryogenic temperatures. Temperature dependence of the viscoelastic properties of SSC coil insulation (Kapton).

This report describes the conceptual design for a support post whose function is identical to that of the current reentrant design, which requires very few modifications to surrounding cryostat components, is thermally equivalent to the current 50 mm support post, and is nearly equivalent structurally. The focus of this work is on a design aimed specifically at application in SSC 50 mm collider dipoles, however, the conceptual design presented here is applicable to other cryogenic systems.

We have employed transmission electron microscopy to study the formation of vacancy dislocation loops from defect cascades produced by a 50 key Kr{sup +} ion irradiation of Ni and its dilute alloys with Si and Al. An unusual and reproducible dependence of the loop collapse probabilities and loop size distributions on solute content was found. The results are explained by impurity caused changes in both the collisional and thermal spike (molten zone) phase of the defect cascade. Specific mechanisms include disruption of focussons by impurities to change the energy density profile within the collision cascade, interruption of replacement collision sequences, and interstitial trapping to reduce recombination during the thermal spike phase. Applying these mechanisms to a statistical distribution of the spatial extent of cascades and to the melt-zones, all the experimental observations can be explained.

Although primarily designed for studying the dynamic net energy flows through fenestration systems over the full diurnal cycle, the Mobile Window Thermal Test (MoWiTT) Facility is also frequently used to measure nighttime U-values. These measurements have the advantage of incorporating the exterior film coefficient resulting from the true ambient conditions at a particular time and location, rather than relying on a laboratory simulation of some assumed average or extreme condition. On the other hand, the MoWiTT is a much more complicated facility than a laboratory hot box, and the number of potential error sources is correspondingly larger. The method of deriving the nighttime U-value from directly measured data and the effect of random and systematic errors are discussed.

We used electrical resistance tomography (ERT) to map the subsurface distribution of a steam flood as function of time as part of a prototype environmental restoration process performed by the Dynamic Underground Stripping Project. We evaluated the capability of ERT to monitor changes in the soil resistivity during the steam injection process using a dipole-dipole measurement technique to measure the bulk electrical resistivity distribution in the soil mass. The injected steam caused changes in the soil`s resistivity because the steam displaced some of the native pore water, increased the pore water and soil temperatures and changed the ionic content of the pore water. We could detect the effects of steam invasion by mapping changes in the soil resistivity as a function of space and time. The ERT tomographs are compared with induction well logs, formation temperature logs and lithologic logs. These comparisons suggest that the ERT tomographs mapped the formation regions invaded by the steam flood. The data also suggest that steam invasion was limited in vertical extent to a gravel horizon at depth of approximately 43 m. The tomographs show that with time, the steam invasion zone extended laterally to all areas monitored by the ERT technique.

Extrapolation of laboratory measurements of SSC coil properties to the actual construction of SSC magnets requires mathematical models of the experimental data. A variety of models were used to approximate the data collected from creep and stress relaxation experiments performed on Kapton film and SSC coil samples. The coefficients for these mathematical models were found by performing a least-squares fit via the program MINUIT. Once the semiempirical expressions for the creep data were found, they were converted to expressions for stress relaxation using an approximate I pn of the Laplace integral relating the two processes. The data sets from creep experiments were also converted directly to stress relaxation data by numeric integration. Both of these methods allow comparison of data from two different methods of measuring viscoelastic properties. Three companion papers presented at this conference will present: Stress relaxation in SSC 50mm dipole coil. Measurement of the elastic modulus of Kapton perpendicular to the plane of the film at room and cryogenic temperatures. Temperature dependence of the viscoelastic properties of SSC coil insulation (Kapton).

In this paper we present results of a first-principles phase stability study of fcc-based Ti-Al alloys. In particular the full-potential linear muffin tin orbital method has been used to determine heats of format on and other zero-temperature properties of 9 fcc ordered superstructures as well as fcc and hcp Ti, and fcc Al. From these results a set of effective cluster interactions are determined which are used in a cluster variation method calculation of the thermodynamic properties and the composition-temperature phase diagram of fcc-based alloys.

The Westinghouse Waste Isolation Division (WID) is the management and operating contractor (MOC) for the Department of Energy`s (DOE`s) Waste Isolation Plant (WIPP). Managers and supervisors at DOE facilities such as the WIPP are required to complete extensive training. To meet this requirement, WID created a self-paced, self-study program known as Management and Supervisor Training (MAST). All WID managers and supervisors are required to earn certification through the MAST program. Selected employees are permitted to participate in MAST with prior approval from their manager and the Human Resources Manager. Initial MAST certification requires the completion of 31 modules. MAST participants check out modules and read them when convenient. When they are prepared, participants take module examinations. To receive credit for a given module, participants must score at least 80 percent on the examination. Lessons learned from the development, implementation, and administration are presented in this paper.

Work conducted for the Underground Storage Tank Integrated Demonstration supports technology demonstration for tank remediation operations at the US Department of Energy`s (DOE) Hanford Site and other DOE sites. Several technical areas within the demonstration are being investigated by the Waste Pretreatment Technology Development task to support final treatment and disposal of Hanford tank waste. The experimental work includes waste characterizations; dissolution, leaching and extraction tests; bulk salt separations by freeze crystallization; and radiochemical separations with extraction chromatography resins. Chemical species and particle size data provide background information for interpreting waste leaching and dissolution data. Tie major crystalline phases in one single-shell tank (SST) waste are sodium nitrate and bismuth phosphate, while the major phases in another SST waste are boehmite, gibbsite, and sodium nitrate. A scanning electron microscopy (SEM) method of particle size analysis shows that many of the sub-micron particles in the two SST wastes appear to be aggregates of smaller, spheroidal particles. In turn, leaching, dissolution, and extraction studies, performed with tank wastes, provide fundamental information needed to evaluate existing pretreatment technologies. Preliminary results from the dissolution of one SST waste indicate that 2M nitric acid may effectively leach enough transuranic material that the sludge could be …

We have used data on residential radon concentrations in California, together with information on California residents` moving histories and time-activity patterns, to estimate the distribution of lifetime cumulative exposures to radon 222. This distribution was constructed using Monte Carlo techniques to simulate the lifetime occupancy histories -- and associated radon exposures -- of 10,000 California residents. For standard male and female lifespans, the simulation sampled from transition probability matrices representing changes of residence within and between six regions of California, as well as into and out of the other United States, and then sampled from the appropriate regional (or national) distribution of indoor concentrations. The resulting distribution of lifetime cumulative exposures has a significantly narrower relative width than the distribution of California indoor concentrations, with only a small fraction -- less than 0.2% -- of the population having lifetime exposures equivalent to living during their lifetimes in a single home with a radon concentration of 148 Bq/m{sup 3} or more.

This report describes the conceptual design for a support post whose function is identical to that of the current reentrant design, which requires very few modifications to surrounding cryostat components, is thermally equivalent to the current 50 mm support post, and is nearly equivalent structurally. The focus of this work is on a design aimed specifically at application in SSC 50 mm collider dipoles, however, the conceptual design presented here is applicable to other cryogenic systems.

The real crystal structure of In{sub 0.52}Al{sub 0.48}As layers grown on InP<001> substrate as a function of the growth temperature (between 150{degree}C and 450{degree}C) was investigated. Following structural/electrical analysis were applied to the samples: transmission electron microscopy (TEM) , x-ray diffraction and particle induced x-ray emission (PIXE). In the temperature range between 200{degree}C and 450{degree}C good epitaxial growth of InAlAs layers can be achieved with a low density of dislocations and stacking faults. Ordering of group-III elements on (111) planes was observed for these layers. Structure models of such ordered domains are discussed. At growth temperatures below 300{degree}C additional As ({approx}2%) is incorporated in the lattice. Growth at temperatures below 200{degree}C leads to the formation of pyramidal defects with As grains in their cores. As-grown as well as annealed InAlAs layers show a nearly constant, high electrical resistance (10{sup 6}--10{sup 7}{Omega}cm) in the whole temperature range.

The US Government has developed a series of performance standards to improve the energy efficiency of buildings in the United States. Building code officials are central to the implementation and enforcement of the building energy standards. This paper gives survey results that show that building code officials need additional staff, training, and tools to do their work more effectively.

Department of Energy national laboratories are charged with anticipating with a long leadtime which technologies for nuclear warheads should be developed. The Safe Warhead System Study was constituted to provide Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory management with information and suggestions for making such decisions for enhanced safety warheads. The Minuteman III replacement warheads were analyzed as a test case and that information was used to identify and describe the dominant issues, to develop a methodology and to make initial recommendations. The test case work resulted in several insights into how ongoing design and engineering interacts with the technology ranking and on how to cope with the ubiquitous uncertainties relating to our current ICBM force.

Liquid wastes containing radioactive, hazardous, and regulated chemicals have been generated throughout the 40+ years of operations at the US Department of Energy`s (DOE) Hanford Site. Some of these wastes were discharged to the soil column and many of the waste components, including nitrate, carbon tetrachloride (CCl{sub 4}), and several radionuclides, have been detected in the Hanford groundwater. Current DOE policy prohibits the disposal of contaminated liquids directly to the environment, and may require the remediation of existing contaminated groundwaters. In situ bioremediation is one technology currently being developed at Hanford to meet the need for cost effective technologies to clean groundwater contaminated with CCl{sub 4}, nitrate, and other organic and inorganic contaminants. This paper focuses on the latest results of an on-going effort to quantify the biological and chemical reactions that would occur during in situ bioremediation.