There are a number of situations where mixed wastes are regulated by dual regulations and regulators. This presentation attempts to show where such duplication exists and how it evolved historically through legislative actions. The presentation includes a discussion of strategies that have been used to deal with the problems that result from duplicate regulations and jurisdictional conflicts. The RCRA and AEA regulations are really more similar than dissimilar. There are significant issues that must be worked through with the regulators. It is most important to work with your regulators early in process. The following are suggestions for dealing with the regulators. (1) Know the regulations in advance of discussions. (2) Begin dialogue with the regulator(s) as early as possible and get to know the people you will be dealing with -- and let them know you. (3) Explain the technical/regulatory issues/problems that you face at your facility in sufficient detail that they are clearly understood, and work with the regulator(s) to reasonably address them in the language/requirements of the permit. (4) Always attempt to comply with the regulations first before going in with a variance request -- document your efforts, and be honest with your assessment of issues. (5) Don't …

A radiochemical {sup 71}Ga-{sup 71}Ge experiment to determine the primary flux of neutrinos from the Sun has begun operation at the Baksan Neutrino Observatory. The number of {sup 71}Ge atoms extracted from thirty tons of gallium was measured in five runs during the period of January to July 1990. Assuming that the extraction efficiency for {sup 71}Ge atoms produced by solar neutrinos is the same as from natural Ge carrier, we observed the capture rate to be 20 + 15/{minus}20 (stat) {plus minus} 32 (syst) SNU, resulting in a limit of less than 79 SNU (90% CL). This is to be compared with 132 SNU predicted by the Standard Solar Model.

IGT is developing an advanced waste combustion concept, based on cyclonic combustion principles, for application to a wide range of industrial wastes. In IGT's cyclonic combustor, a mixture of fuel and combustion air is fed tangentially at a relatively high velocity into a cylindrical chamber. The waste is injected either tangentially with the fuel or separately in a tangential, radial, or axial configuration. This approach provides high combustion intensity with internal recirculation of combustion products, which results in extremely stable and complete combustion, even at relatively low temperatures. IGT has performed three successful test programs involving cyclonic waste combustion for industrial clients. In one program, industrial wastewaters containing 40% to 50% organics and inorganics with heating values of 1600 to 3270 Btu/lb were combusted to 99.9% completion at only 2000{degrees}F. The low combustion temperature minimized the supplemental fuel required. In another program, simulated low-Btu industrial off-gases (55 to 65 BTu/SCF) were successfully combusted with stable combustion at 1900{degrees}F using air and waste preheat. Supplemental fuel was unnecessary because of the mixing that occurs in the cyclonic combustor. The conversion of fuel-bonded nitrogen to NO{sub x} was as low as 5%, and CO levels were in the range of 25 to …

Natural gas injection (NGI) technology for reducing NO{sub x} emissions from municipal waste combustors (MWCs) is being developed. The approach involves the injection of natural gas, together with recirculated flue gases (for mixing), above the grate to provide reducing combustion conditions that promote the destruction of NO{sub x} precursors, as well as NO{sub x}. Extensive development testing was subsequently carried out in a 2.5 {times} 10{sup 6} Btu/h (0.7 MWth) pilot-scale MWC firing actual MSW. Both tests, using simulated combustion products and actual MSW, showed that 50% to 70% NO{sub x} reduction could be achieved. These results were used to define the key operating parameters. A full-scale system has been designed and retrofitted to a 100-ton/day Riley/Takuma mass burn system at the Olmsted County Waste-to-Energy facility. The system was designed to provide variation in the key parameters to not only optimize the process for the Olmsted unit, but also to acquire design data for MWCs of other sizes and designs. Extensive testing was conducted to December 1990 and January 1991 to evaluate the effectiveness of NGI. This paper concentrates on the METHANE de-NO{sub x} system retrofit and testing. The results show simultaneous reductions of 60% in NO{sub x}, 50% in …

The Gas Research Institute (GRI) and the Institute of Gas Technology (IGT), in cooperation with Riley Stoker Corporation (Riley), USA, and Takuma Company Ltd. (Takuma), Japan, have developed a gas reburn process for application to municipal waste combustors (MWCs). The reburn process is based on extensive full-scale MWC in-furnace characterization and furnace gas simulation experimental testing. The approach, based on the use of recirculated flue gas to inject and mix natural gas in the reburn zone and control the stoichiometry, was developed and tested in a pilot-scale MWC firing actual municipal waste at a rate of 5.5 metric tons/day. The furnace simulation and the pilot tests define the key process parameters and show that 50% to 70% NO{sub x} reduction can be achieved. A full-scale reburn system has been designed and retrofitted into a full-scale 100-ton/day commercial Riley/Takuma MWC. Field evaluation began in December 1990. This paper describes the results of the development studies and the plans for full-scale system testing. Although the results of full-scale testing are not available for inclusion in this transcript, they will be presented with conclusions at the conference. 2 refs., 10 figs., 5 tabs.

All of the major subsystems for the barrel Cherenkov Ring Imaging Detector (CRID) in the SLD at SLAC have now been commissioned. The CRID participated in the SLD engineering run of June--August 1991. In a cosmic ray test at the end of the run, Cherenkov rings were observed for the first time. Initial data from the CRID, including Cherenkov rings, studies of minimum ionizing particles, and data from the fiber optics calibration system are presented here.

The front end electronics and data acquisition system for the SLD barrel Cherenkov Ring Imaging Detector (CRID) are described. This electronics must provide a 1% charge division measurement with a maximum acceptable noise level of 2000 electrons (rms). Noise and system performance results are presented for the initial SLD engineering run data.

We report the recent progress of the SLD Cherenkov Ring Imaging Detector. All of the individual components of the device (TPCs, mirrors, liquid radiator trays) have been completed and installed. Almost half of the electronics packages are installed and operational, and the data acquisition system has been commissioned. The liquid C{sub 6}F{sub 14} recirculation system is functioning. The drift gas supply systems are operating well with TMAE, and the gaseous freon C{sub 5}F{sub 12} recirculator is being brought on-line. Our monitor and control systems are fully functional. The commissioning of all 40 TPCs at full operating voltage has gone very smoothly. The system shows a remarkable immunity to the SLC backgrounds, and yields very clean events, while operating with a single electron sensitivity. 9 refs., 2 figs.

All of the major subsystems for the barrel Cherenkov Ring Imaging Detector (CRID) in the SLD at SLAC have now been commissioned. The CRID participated in the SLD engineering run of June--August 1991. In a cosmic ray test at the end of the run, Cherenkov rings were observed for the first time. Initial data from the CRID, including Cherenkov rings, studies of minimum ionizing particles, and data from the fiber optics calibration system are presented here.

The front end electronics and data acquisition system for the SLD barrel Cherenkov Ring Imaging Detector (CRID) are described. This electronics must provide a 1% charge division measurement with a maximum acceptable noise level of 2000 electrons (rms). Noise and system performance results are presented for the initial SLD engineering run data.

We report the recent progress of the SLD Cherenkov Ring Imaging Detector. All of the individual components of the device (TPC's, mirrors, liquid radiator trays) have been completed and installed. Almost half of the electronics packages are installed and operational, and the data acquisition system has been commissioned. The liquid C{sub 6}F{sub 14} recirculation system is functioning. The drift gas supply systems are operating well with TMAE, and the gaseous Freon C{sub 5}F{sub 12} recirculator is being brought on-line. Our monitor and control systems are fully functional. The commissioning of all 40 TPCs at full operating voltage has gone very smoothly. The system shows a remarkable immunity to the SLC backgrounds, and yields very clean events, while operating with a single electron sensitivity.

We report the recent progress of the SLD Cherenkov Ring Imaging Detector. All of the individual components of the device (TPC`s, mirrors, liquid radiator trays) have been completed and installed. Almost half of the electronics packages are installed and operational, and the data acquisition system has been commissioned. The liquid C{sub 6}F{sub 14} recirculation system is functioning. The drift gas supply systems are operating well with TMAE, and the gaseous Freon C{sub 5}F{sub 12} recirculator is being brought on-line. Our monitor and control systems are fully functional. The commissioning of all 40 TPCs at full operating voltage has gone very smoothly. The system shows a remarkable immunity to the SLC backgrounds, and yields very clean events, while operating with a single electron sensitivity.

The Humane Genome Project has as its eventual goal the determination of the entire DNA sequence of man, which comprises approximately 3 billion base pairs. An important aspect of this project will be the analysis of the sequence to locate regions of biological importance. New computer methods will be needed to automate and facilitate this task. In this paper, we have investigated use of neural networks for the recognition of functional patterns in biological sequences. The prediction of Escherichia coli transcriptional promoters was chosen as a model system for these studies. Two approaches were employed. In the fist method, a mutual information analysis of promoter and nonpromoter sequences was carried out to demonstrate the informative base positions that help to distinguish promoter sequences from non-promoter sequences. These base positions were than used to train a Perceptron to predict new promoter sequences. In the second method, the experimental knowledge of promoters was used to indicate the important base positions in the sequence. These base positions were used to train a back propagation network with hidden units which represented regions of sequence conservation found in promoters. With both types of networks, prediction of new promoter sequences was greater than 96.9%. 12 refs., …

This paper describes the approach and result of an assessment of health risks associated with long-term exposure to ozone. The health endpoint of interest is the probability of formation of mild lesions in the centriacinar region of the lung among children living in New York City. The risk model incorporates an exposure model and a health model. The exposure model is preliminary results of the probabilistic NAAQS Exposure Model (P-NEM) for ozone, and the health model is the judgments of active researchers about the likelihood of formation of ozone-induced lesions in the human lung. Children and New York City were chosen as the population and city of interest because it is believed that children are more sensitive to ozone than any other group of people, and New York City is more representative of other urban areas than Los Angeles, the other city of which P-NEM exposure results are available. Risk results are presented for ten exposure distributions generated by P-NEM, two air quality scenarios (``as-is`` and ``attainment``), and two exposure periods (1 and 10 ozone seasons). The results vary across experts, are not very sensitive to variations in P-NEM exposure distributions, are lower for attainment conditions than as-is conditions, and …

This paper describes the approach and result of an assessment of health risks associated with long-term exposure to ozone. The health endpoint of interest is the probability of formation of mild lesions in the centriacinar region of the lung among children living in New York City. The risk model incorporates an exposure model and a health model. The exposure model is preliminary results of the probabilistic NAAQS Exposure Model (P-NEM) for ozone, and the health model is the judgments of active researchers about the likelihood of formation of ozone-induced lesions in the human lung. Children and New York City were chosen as the population and city of interest because it is believed that children are more sensitive to ozone than any other group of people, and New York City is more representative of other urban areas than Los Angeles, the other city of which P-NEM exposure results are available. Risk results are presented for ten exposure distributions generated by P-NEM, two air quality scenarios ( as-is'' and attainment''), and two exposure periods (1 and 10 ozone seasons). The results vary across experts, are not very sensitive to variations in P-NEM exposure distributions, are lower for attainment conditions than as-is conditions, …

A Heavy Ion Beam Probe (HIBP) has been installed on the Advanced Toroidal Facility (ATF) and used to measure the plasma potential and also make density fluctuation measurements during ECH plasmas. The initial results of the potential profile measurements are presented and related to spectroscopic rotation measurements using simple momentum balance equations. Also, a summary of the density fluctuation measurements made to date is given along with a brief comparison with similar HIBP measurements made on the TEXT tokamak. 6 refs., 3 figs.

Article commenting on "Topological investigation of molecular interactions in ternary mixtures of non-electrolytes: Excess Gibbs free energy mixing."

Article discussing thermochemical investigations of associated solutions and the calculation of anthracene-butyl acetate association parameters from measured solubility data.

An analysis has been performed to determine the principal chemical forms for the structural and fission product elements during a postulated severe core damage accident in tritium powered core in the Savannah River Site (SRS) reactors. These reactors are powered with UAl{sub x} fuel and are used for the production of weapons materials. Six core elements, cesium, iodine, tellurium, strontium, barium, and lithium, were emphasized in this analysis. Other elements also included were aluminum, hydrogen, oxygen, uranium, molybdenum, silicon, zirconium, magnesium, iron, chromium, nickel, cadmium, zinc, cooper, manganese, nitrogen, and argon. The masses of each of the constituents used in the analyses were based on end-or-core life masses for the structural and fission product elements and on core gas volume for steam, N, and Ar. A chemical equilibrium analysis was performed using the Facility for Analysis of Chemical Thermodynamics (FACT) computer code at three temperatures (800, 1100, 1400 K) and two pressures (1 and 10 atmospheres). These temperatures and pressures are typical for postulated severe core accidents in the ATR.

This document discusses fission product behavior during two postulated loss-of-flow accidents (leading to high- and low-pressure core degradation, respectively) in the Advanced Test Reactor (ATR). These transients are designated ATR Transient LCPI5 (high-pressure) and LPP9 (low-pressure). Normally, transients of this nature would be easily mitigated using existing safety systems and procedures. In these analyses, failure of these safety systems was assumed so that core degradation and fission product release could be analyzed. A probabilistic risk assessment indicated that the probability of occurrence for these two transients is of the order of 10{sup {minus}5 }and 10{sup {minus}7} per reactor year for LCP15 and LPP9, respectively.

An analysis has been performed to determine the principal chemical forms for the structural and fission product elements during a postulated severe core damage accident in tritium powered core in the Savannah River Site (SRS) reactors. These reactors are powered with UAl{sub x} fuel and are used for the production of weapons materials. Six core elements, cesium, iodine, tellurium, strontium, barium, and lithium, were emphasized in this analysis. Other elements also included were aluminum, hydrogen, oxygen, uranium, molybdenum, silicon, zirconium, magnesium, iron, chromium, nickel, cadmium, zinc, cooper, manganese, nitrogen, and argon. The masses of each of the constituents used in the analyses were based on end-or-core life masses for the structural and fission product elements and on core gas volume for steam, N, and Ar. A chemical equilibrium analysis was performed using the Facility for Analysis of Chemical Thermodynamics (FACT) computer code at three temperatures (800, 1100, 1400 K) and two pressures (1 and 10 atmospheres). These temperatures and pressures are typical for postulated severe core accidents in the ATR.

This document discusses fission product behavior during two postulated loss-of-flow accidents (leading to high- and low-pressure core degradation, respectively) in the Advanced Test Reactor (ATR). These transients are designated ATR Transient LCPI5 (high-pressure) and LPP9 (low-pressure). Normally, transients of this nature would be easily mitigated using existing safety systems and procedures. In these analyses, failure of these safety systems was assumed so that core degradation and fission product release could be analyzed. A probabilistic risk assessment indicated that the probability of occurrence for these two transients is of the order of 10{sup {minus}5 }and 10{sup {minus}7} per reactor year for LCP15 and LPP9, respectively.

We analyze the behavior of discontinuous finite-element methods (DFEMs) for problems that contain diffusive regions. We find that in slab geometry most of these methods perform quite well, but that the same is not true in XY or XYZ geometry. In these geometries, we find that there are two distinct sets of DFEMS. Methods in one set produce unphysical solutions in diffusive regions; the other leading-order solutions that satisfy discretizations of the correct diffusion equation. We show that two simple properties of the finite-element weight functions are sufficient to guarantee that a DFEM belongs to the latter set. We show, however, that even these DFEMs suffer from several defects: their leading-order solutions are in general discontinuous, they satisfy diffusion discretizations that can be ill-behaved, and they may not be accurate given boundary layers that are not resolved by the spatial mesh. We discuss the practical significance of these defects, and we show that liberal modification of some DFEMs can eliminate the defects. We present numerical results from simple test problems; these fully agree with our analysis. 15 refs., 6 figs., 1 tab.

We analyze the behavior of odd-parity continuous finite-element methods (CFEMs) for problems that contain diffusive regions. We find that each of these method produces a solution that, to leading order inside diffusive regions, satisfies a discretization of the diffusion equation. We find further that these leading-order solutions satisfy boundary conditions that can lead to large errors in the interior solution. We recognize, however, that we can combine an odd-purity CFEM solution and an even-parity CFEM solution and obtain a solution that satisfies very accurate boundary conditions. Our analysis holds in three-dimensional Cartesian geometry, with an arbitrary spatial grid. We give numerical results from slab-geometry; these invariably agree with the predictions of the analysis. Finally, we introduce a rapidly-convergent diffusion-synthetic acceleration scheme for the odd-parity CFEMs, which we believe is new. 18 refs., 3 figs.