Separate abstracts were prepared for the five lectures presented. (JFP)

A comprehensive experimental study of drift emissions and downwind deposition from a mechanical draft cooling tower is planned for early spring 1978. The objective of the experiment is to develop a data base which can be used for validation of drift deposition models. The key aspects of the study are to measure the characteristics of the drift emitted from the tower, the ambient meteorological conditions responsible for the transport and dispersion of the drift, and the downwind deposition and near surface air concentration patterns of the drift. The source characteristics, including air temperature and velocity profiles at the tower exit, and the transport parameters are to be used as inputs to the models, while the deposition patterns are to serve as comparisons to the outputs of the models.

The geology of the resource is discussed including: its location, its recognition by means of geophysical surveys, and its subsurface delineation. Proposed uses of the resource are discussed including: fresh water production and power generation. (MHR)

In response to the increasing severity of target surface finish requirements for laser fusion experiments, it has become necessary to examine spherical targets in the Scanning Electron Microscope, prior to laser irradiation, on an orderly nondestructive basis. We have developed a new sample manipulation technique which rolls a thin wall sphere through 4..pi.. steradians, minimizes damage and allows easy recovery. The sphere is placed between two parallel plane surfaces formed in conductively coated silicone rubber on the ends of capillaries. Mechanical slides cause the capillaries to translate laterally and roll the ball bringing the entire surface of the sphere into a position for examination. Resolutions comparable with traditional mounting techniques are attained. A side looking, Si(Li) detector increases the utility of the system by allowing simultaneous energy dispersive x-ray microanalysis. The entire detector assembly slips between the secondary electron detector and the sphere rolling capillaries to collect x-rays from the target.

LASNEX calculations for focused laser beams on spherical targets have been performed for laser wavelengths of 0.25, 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 microns. One-dimensional calculations, including the ponderomotive force, show a profile steepening that determines the fractional absorption by anomalous mechanism. However, increased absorption occurs at the shorter wavelengths because of more efficient inverse bremsstrahlung absorption at the higher critical densities. In general, the absorption efficiency increases with shorter laser wavelength and decreases with increasing f-number of the illuminating optics for sufficiently long plasma scale lengths. The effect of the absorption and laser wavelength on the thermal and superthermal electron physics will be discussed along with the combined effects on the implosion performance. Certain aspects of two-dimensional LASNEX calculations are presented.

The application of the floating cooling concept to evaporative heat rejection systems was studied as a method of improving the performance of geothermal power plants operating upon medium temperature hydrothermal resources. The LBL thermodynamic process computer code GEOTHM was used in the case study of a 50 MWe isobutane binary cycle power plant at Heber, California. It was found that operating a fixed capacity plant in the floating cooling mode can generate significantly more electrical energy at a higher thermodynamic efficiency and reduced bus bar cost for approximately the same capital investment. Floating cooling was also found to minimize the adverse influence on plant performance due to a declining resource temperature.

An improved dual-laser flow cytometric system for quantitative analysis and sorting of mammalian cells has been developed using a low-power argon and high-power krypton laser as illumination sources, thus permitting the excitation of fluorescent dyes having absorption regions ranging from the ultraviolet to infrared. Cells stained in liquid suspension with fluorescent dyes enter a flow chamber where they intersect two spatially separated laser beams. Separate pairs of quartz beam-shaping optics focus each beam onto the cell stream. Electro-optical sensors measure fluorescence and light scatter from cells that are processed electronically and displayed as frequency distribution histograms. Cells also can be electronically separated and microscopically identified. The ease and versatility of operation designed into this system represent a marked technological improvement for dual-laser excited flow systems. Details of this instrument are described along with illustrative examples of cells stained with mithramycin and rhodamine and analyzed for DNA content, total protein, and nuclear and cytoplasmic diameter.

Design details and experimental test results from several design variations of the gas-cooled, copper current leads used in conjunction with the superconducting dipole magnets for ESCAR (Experimental Superconducting Accelerator Ring) are reported. Thermal acoustic oscillations, which were experienced with an initial design, were eliminated in subsequent designs by a reduction of the hydraulic diameter. The occurrence of these oscillations is in general agreement with the stability analysis of Rott but the observed gas flow dependence is not in agreement with some other recently reported results for leads operated supercritical phase coolant. An empirically determined correlation was obtained by plotting lead resistance vs. enthalpy gain of the coolant gas. The resulting family of curves can be reduced to a single line on a plot of effective resistivity vs. the product of current and cross-sectional area divided by the product of the square of the mass flow of the coolant and the lead length. This correlation, which should be applicable to other designs of copper current leads in which ideal heat transfer to the coolant gas is approached, predicts that the enthalpy gain of the coolant, and therefore the peak lead temperature, is proportional to the cube of the ratio of current …

Fission product distributions were established for individual core components after the final shutdown of the Peach Bottom High-Temperature Gas-Cooled Reactor (HTGR). The purpose was to provide information on relative axial and radial power distributions, thorium absorption rates, fuel stack length, and fission product release.

The properties of deuterium plasmas in experimental tokamaks heated and fueled by intense neutral-beam injection are evaluated with a Fokker-Planck/radial transport code coupled with a Monte Carlo neutrals treatment. Illustrative results are presented for the Poloidal Divertor Experiment at PPPL as a function of beam power and plasma recycling coefficient, R/sub c/. When P/sub beam/ = 8 MW at E/sub b/ = 60 keV, and R/sub c/ = 0.2, then <n/sub hot//n/sub e/> approximately 0.5, (/sup 2///sub 3/ <anti E/sub ion/>) = 22 keV approximately 6<T/sub e/>, and the D-D neutron intensity is 10/sup 16/ n/sec.

A discussion is given of the main areas of research in superconducting devices over the past eleven years. Topics discussed include SQUIDS, high frequency detectors, metrology, voltmeters, thermometers, Josephson junction switches, tunnel junctions, and refrigeration. (PMA)

Results of work done on potential geologic effects of geothermal development are discussed. The key geological issues in the Imperial Valley are the potential for significant subsidence and seismicity which could be induced by geothermal production. The major technical problem is to develop techniques to distinguish between natural and induced activity. In both subsidence and seismicity studies, the projects augment the existing network to obtain additional information in critical areas; thus, local subsidence detection networks were added to the regional networks. The U.S. Geological Survey seismograph network was augmented to increase sensitivity to small earthquakes near the Salton Sea. Techniques being used and initial results are summarized briefly. (JGB)

Initiation and growth of a crack in the Charpy V-notch test was investigated by performing both static and impact controlled deflection tests. Test specimens were deformed to various deflections, heat-tinted to mark crack extension and broken apart at low temperature to allow extension measurements. Measurement of the crack extension provided an estimate of crack initiation as defined by different criteria. Crack initiation starts well before maximum load, and is dependent on the definition of ''initiation''. Using a definition of first micro-initiation away from the ductile blunting, computer model predictions agreed favorably with the experimental results.

Experiments on the electron-hole liquid (EHL) in inhomogeneously stressed Ge were performed in order to obtain information on the lifetime and radiative efficiency as a function of e-h pair density in the strain-confined electron-hole liquid (SCEHL). The data can only be explained if a density-independent recombination mechanism is the most important decay process. The result is shown to be consistent with other experiments indicating that such a mechanism has a negligible effect on the recombination time in unstressed Ge.

The ultrasonic imaging system described herein was developed to measure chest-wall thickness and the percentage of fat in the chest and around other body organs. The system uses pulse-echo techniques to transmit and detect sound waves reflected from the interfaces of body organs and adjacent tissue. A computer draws these interfaces on color scans, and a code is used to exponentially average data from several points on each scan to find the average thicknesses of the chest wall and fat layers. These average thicknesses are then used to adjust x-ray calibration factors for plutonium lung counters. The correction factor for three subjects measured for fat content ranging from 12.6 to 22.2% was 18 to 41%. The ultrasonic system also defines the shape and position of the kidneys and liver so we are able to more accurately place detectors on the body during in-vivo radiation measurements. We have also developed a technique for displaying the interfaces from a series of ultrasonic chest scans to produce a topographical map that enables us to better understand the shape and contour of the lung and chest-wall interface.

Gamma-ray spectrometric methods using high-resolution Ge(Li) and high purity Ge detectors have been used to quantify the concentrations and external exposure rates of radionuclides in the soil. These in situ methods have been used to study radionuclide deposition around nuclear power stations, the distribution of radionuclides at the Nevada Test Site, biogeochemical cycling of radionuclides, and the fate and impact of fallout radionuclides. Portable gamma-ray spectrometer systems used for various kinds of in situ field measurements include: large-volume coaxial Ge(Li) detectors for terrestrial gamma-ray surveys at several sites including preoperational nuclear power plants and for real-time measurements of nuclear reactor plume isotopic exposure rates; and planar, high purity Ge detectors for mapping /sup 241/Am and /sup 239/Pu soil concentrations, particularly at the Nevada Test Site. These applications are discussed along with a brief description of the methodology and techniques associated with in situ gamma-ray spectrometry.

A /sup 1///sub 5/-scale test facility of a pressure-suppression system from a Mark I boiling water reactor was instrumented with seven types of transducers to obtain high-accuracy, dynamic loading data during a hypothetical loss-of-coolant accident. A total of 27 air tests have been completed with an average of 175 transducers recorded for each test. An end-to-end calibration of the total measurement system was run to establish accuracy of the data. The instrumentation verified the analysis of the dynamic loading of the pressure-suppression system.

Be/sup 10/ has long been of interest for cosmic ray propagation, because its radioactive decay half-life is well matched to the expected cosmic ray age. Recent beryllium isotope measurements from satellites and balloons have covered an energy range from about 30 to 300 MeV/nucleon/sup 1-3/. At the lowest energies, most of the Be/sup 10/ is absent, indicating a cosmic ray lifetime of order 2 x 10/sup 7/ years and the rather low average density of 0.2 atoms/cc traversed by the cosmic rays. At higher energies, a greater proportion of Be/sup 10/ is observed, indicating a somewhat shorter lifetime. These experiments will be reviewed and then compared with a new experiment covering from 100 to 1000 Mev/nucleon/sup 4/. Although improved experiments will be necessary to realize the full potential of cosmic ray beryllium isotope measurements, these first results are already disclosing interesting and unexpected facts about cosmic ray acceleration and propagation.

Attempts at the Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory to produce superheavy elements (SHE) by using the reactions of /sup 48/Ca with /sup 248/Cm and /sup 136/Xe with /sup 238/U have been unsuccessful. These negative results led researchers to consider the possibility that these reactions (and their associated mechanisms) do not lead to the formation of superheavy nuclei with sufficiently low excitation energies. Consequently, the number of surviving atoms of superheavy elements is well below detection thresholds, even for relatively low estimates for prompt fission losses. A summary of some new experimental evidence supporting the above hypothesis is presented, and possible alternative heavy-ion--heavy-target combinations are suggested for SHE synthesis. 10 figures, 1 table, 43 references.

For optimum performance in cell sorting, it is critical to assure proper timing in the charging of droplets to be deflected. A method for determining the transit delay time in cell sorters has been devised and applied to daily operation in the Los Alamos sorter systems. This delay monitor relies on detection of either scattered or absorbed light from cells in the fluid stream near the point of droplet breakoff.

Stress corrosion tests were conducted on 316 VIM/VAR stainless steel as part of the Tritium Facility's Quality Assurance Program. Initial results under severe conditions indicate earlier-than-expected failure. We are expanding our tests to further examine this problem.

An investigation of two-body abrasive wear utilizing a pin specimen on a rotating SiC particle abrasive paper test device is described. The test materials were 7075 aluminum and 4340 steel which were thermally treated to attain a range of hardness, fracture toughness and yield strength values. Wear resistance is seen to correlate directly with hardness and yield strength for both materials. For the 4340 steel the wear resistance is inversely proportional to the fracture toughness; for the 7075 aluminum, the inverse proportionality is dependent upon the microstructure. The effect of an increase in hardness by heat treatment of an alloy is much less pronounced than when the wear resistance of pure metals of differing hardness is compared. Scanning electron microscopy of abraded surfaces was used to examine the removal mechanisms involved in abrasive wear. The meaning of the observed mechanisms in terms of a model are assessed.

A variety of thermonuclear neutron sources and neutron capture targets were investigated for their potential of allowing signigicant production of heavy, perhaps superheavy, isotopes. The neutron sources considered range from inertial confinement microexplosives to (underground) macroexplosives. Optimal capture targets appear to be composites containing uranium and protactinium. 1 figure.

Manganin stress gages have been fabricated and used successfully to study initiation and detonation of high explosives. These four-terminal, low-impedance gages have been specially designed and encapsulated to minimize the effects of various gage failure mechanisms. Several candidate dielectric encapsulation materials have been tested in the reactive environment, and of these polytetrafluoroethylene has been chosen. Gage stations are formed by thermally bonding the manganin foil between layers of this dielectric. Gages manufactured in this way have been used to provide stress profiles throughout the region of build-up to detonation in PBX-9404 and TATB.