We report laser experiments on a 248 nm KrF laser with a 30x40x120 cm gain volume and an injection locked unstable resonator cavity. The volume is pumped by six 450 kV, 90 kA electron beam generators using water pulse forming lines.

Article on ₁¹H+ and ₂⁴He+ -induced M-shell x-ray-production cross sections for selected elements in the rare-earth region.

The development of reliable spinner tools may help avoid much of the ambiquity which often accompanies well tests in geothermal wells, due to interlayer flows through the well bore. However, the use of both pressure and flow rate changes requires new methods of well test interpretation. The Stanford Geothermal Program has been developing microcomputer-based techniques for the simultaneous analysis of pressure and flow rate measurements. There are two key steps in the procedure. Firstly, the non-linear regression is achieved by calculating the gradients of the response (with respect to the unknown reservoir parameters) in Laplace space, and inverting numerically. Secondly, the variable flow rate is represented in terms of a superposition of many step changes - this was found to work better than a spline fit to the data. One problem was encountered when attempting to analyze data in which the spinner "stalled", causing a jump to zero flow rate. The method shows great promise in that the degrees of freedom on the interpretation are greatly reduced, the well bore storage effect disappears, and inter-feed flows do not affect the results.

The analysis of flow rate and enthalpy data from several wells completed in the same two-phase zone of Krafla geothermal reservoir has yielded consistent relative permeability parameters. It is found that k/sub rl/ + k/sub rv/ = 1 over the entire range of two-phase flow conditions from immobile liquid to immobile vapor. The available data provide relative permeability parameters as a function of flowing enthalpy only. The relationship between flowing enthalpy and in-place vapor saturation remains unknown, so that the relative permeability information obtained is of limited value for quantitative modeling of geothermal reservoir performance. Numerical simulation of flow rate and enthalpy transients has yielded excellent matches to production data from well 12. However, there is little information about the reservoir which can be deduced in an unambiguous way, because the field data could be matched with a variety of rather different parameter choices. The only unambiguous piece of information obtained is that the water injected into the well during drilling and completion remains in the vicinity of the wellbore during several weeks of warmup.

The Krafla geothermal field in northeastern Iceland consists of several zones, which contain fluids of different composition and thermodynamic state (Stefansson, 1981). In this paper they examine production data from wells which are completed in two-phase zones. Transient changes in flow rate and flowing enthalpy are analyzed to obtain insight into relative (liquid and gas phase) permeabilities, and other reservoir parameters. Numerous studies have shown that predictions of geothermal reservoir behavior are strongly dependent upon the choice of relative permeability functions. There is an extensive literature on gas-oil and oil-water relative permeabilities, but steam-water relative permeabilities which are needed for geothermal reservoir analysis are poorly known. Laboratory experiments by Chen et al. (1978) and Counsil and Ramey (1979) have provided some data which, however, seem to be at variance with relative permeability characteristics deduced from field data by Grant (1977) and Horne and Ramey (1978). The differences may reflect uncertainties in the analysis methods used, or they may reflect ''real'' differences in relative permeability behavior of fractured reservoirs from that of porous medium-type laboratory cores. Recent theoretical work by Menzies (1982) and Gudmundsson et al. (1983) has substantiated the relative permeability characteristics obtained by Horne and Ramey (1978) for Wairakei …

Article that seeks to define out-of-body experiences (OBEs) and argues that both theoretical and empirical reasons prove that OBEs cannot provide evidence for survival of death.

The analysis of bound states composed of heavy quarks and antiquarks has provided a window into the structure of the strong interactions. These systems contain our best evidence that the quarks from which the hadrons are built are ordinary fermions which obey the Dirac equation and which couple to electromagnetism just as electrons do. However, the heavy-quark systems which have been studied to date, the systems of c- anti c and b- anti b bound states, seem to be bound by forces which bear no obvious relation to the gluons which we expect are the fundamental mediators of the strong interactions. The essential difficulty in understanding this connection arises from the fact that the c- anti c and b- anti b systems occupy an intermediate regime in the behavior of the gauge theory. At very small distances the q- anti q potential is expected to become a Coulomb potential, directly reflecting one-gluon exchange. At very large distances, the potential should be proportional to the q- anti q separation, reflecting the formation of confining strings of color flux. For a proper understanding, one would need to see precisely how the collective behavior of gluons modifies and alters single gluon effects. We …

This paper describes the results of a program conducted at Sandia National Laboratories (SNL) for the US Department of Energy to provide an experimental data base for more accurately assessing the radiological consequences from a hypothetical sabotage attack on a spent fuel shipping cask. The primary objectives of the program were limited to: (1) evaluating the effectiveness of selected high explosive devices (HED) in breaching full-size spent fuel casks, (2) quantifying and characterizing relevant aerosol properties of the released fuel, and (3) using the resulting experimental data to evaluate the radiological health consequences resulting from a hypothetical sabotage attack on a spent fuel shipping cask in a densely populated area. Subscale and full-scale experiments in conjunction with an analytical modeling study were performed to meet the programmatic objectives. The data from this program indicate that the Urban Studies greatly overestimated the impact of malevolent acts directed at spent fuel casks in urban environs. From that standpoint this work could be the basis of additional regulatory revisions of the NRC physical protection requirements. In a larger sense this work can also be the basis of more credible worst case analyses since it defines the actual result of an event which is …

Pulsed operation of fusion power plants has severe impact on all major reactor components. This analysis focuses on the sensitivity of one subsystem, the breeding blanket, to pulsed operation in terms of thermal storage requirements and thermomechanical effects. For analysis, a water-cooled Li/sub 2/O breeding blanket (400 MWth, 3.45 MW/m/sup 2/ neutron wall loading) was chosen. With the operating temperature window, 800/410/sup 0/C for Li/sub 2/O, thermal analysis shows that for the coolant-in-tube design (STARFIRE) there would be 10 rows of coolant tubes in the radial direction of the blanket. Since the thermal inertia of the blanket is larger further away from the first wall, the mixed mean temperature of coolant from all regions will dictate the design requirements for the thermal storage system. Three representative blanket regions were analyzed under four burn scenarios (startup/shutdown time = 10 s, steady-state time = 3600 s, and dwell time = 0, 30, 90, and 200 s) to estimate the thermal storage requirements. The size of the thermal storage system is dictated primarily by the energy deficiency that occurs during the dwell/startup and shutdown phase, although time/temperature response of the heat transfer fluid is critical to the design. Only pressurized water/steam and hot …

Quantifying the release of radiological source term fission products from an LMFBR reactor vessel (RV) is a necessary input to the containment analysis. To estimate this initial source term value, the distribution of the fission products and actinides inside the RV, prior to release, must be known. The in-vessel source term fission product distribution and transport behavior is also essential in assessing and mitigating the plant contamination and cleanup problems which occur from any significant core disruption. This paper attempts to summarize the current knowledge on the behavior of several radioisotopes in different environments created by the accident, without dealing with the modeling of the transport process itself.

A basic concept of the geothermal reservoir as a set of cracks is first presented. Extensions of subsurface cracks during well stimulation treatments at Nigorikawa(Mori) and closure operations of production well-head valves at Kakkonda are analysed and their behaviors are demonstrated based on results of long-distance AE Measurements.

Abstract: "Ernest Bozzano was an Italian parapsychologist who published, in 1923, one of the most important historical studies on deathbed visions. The book, while influencing such scholars as Charles Richet and Sir William Barrett, remained largely forgotten and untranslated. This paper provides a translation of selections from Bozzano's monograph illustrating his unique classification of death visions."

Burn cycle parameters and energy transfer system requirements were analyzed for an 8-m commercial tokamak reactor using four types of cycles: conventional, hybrid, internal transformer, and steady state. Not surprisingly, steady state is the best burn mode if it can be achieved. The hybrid cycle is a promising alternative to the conventional. In contrast, the internal transformer cycle does not appear attractive for the size tokamak in question.

We have modified the LLNL radial transport code TMT to model reactor regime plasmas, fueled by pellets. The source profiles arising from pellet fueling are obtained from existing pellet ablation models. Because inward radial diffusion due to inverted profiles must compete with trapping of central cell ions in the transition region for tandem mirrors, pellets must penetrate fairly far into the plasma. In fact, based on our radial calculations, a pellet with a velocity of 10 km/sec cannot sustain the central flux tubes; a velocity more like 100 km/sec will be necessary. We also find that the central cell radial diffusion must exceed classical by about a factor of 100.

Pacific Northwest Laboratory (PNL) tested the catalytic gasification of bagasse for the production of methanol synthesis gas. The process uses steam, indirect heat, and a catalyst to produce synthesis gas in one step in fluidized bed gasifier. Both laboratory and process development scale (nominal 1 ton/day) gasifiers were used to test two different catalyst systems: (1) supported nickel catalysts and (2) alkali carbonates doped on the bagasse. This paper presents the results of laboratory and process development unit gasification tests and includes an economic evaluation of the process. 20 references, 6 figures, 9 tables.

Beams consisting of closely spaced bunches crossing at a small angle are the most promising solution. Bunched beams allow to reach high luminosity with a moderate total charge in the machine while the close bunch spacing keeps the peak event rate low. The non-zero crossing angle is required to avoid unwanted collisions in the vicinity of each IP where the beams remain close. 2 references, 3 figures.

Hydrodynamic models have been derived by Mark and Yu and by others to described energetic self-pinch beams, such as those used in ion-beam fusion. The closure of the Mark-Yu model is obtained with adiabatic assumptions mathematically analogous to those of Chew, Goldberger, and Low for MHD. The other models treated here use an ideal gas closure and a closure by Newcomb based on an expansion in V/sub th//V/sub z/. Features of these hydrodynamic beam models are compared with a kinetic treatment.

Gettering has been a standard technique for achieving high-quality vacuum in fusion experiments for some time. On Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory's Tandem Mirror Experiment (TMX-U), an extensive gettering system is utilized with liquid-nitrogen-cooled panels to provide the fast pumping during each physics experiment. The getter wires are a 85% titanium and 15% tantalum alloy directly heated by an electrical current. TMX-U has 162 getter power-supply channels; each channel supplies approximately 106 A of regulated power to each getter for a 60-s cycle. In the vacuum vessel, the getter wires are organized into poles or arrays. On each pole there are six getter wires, each cables to the exterior of the vessel. This arrangement allows the power supplies to be switched from getter wire to getter wire as the individual wires deteriorate after 200 to 300 gettering cycles. To control the getter power suppiles, we will install a computer system to operate the system and document the performance of each getter circuit. This computer system will control the 162 power supplies via a Computer Automated Measurement and Control (CAMAC) architecture with a fiber-optic serial highway. Getter wire history will be stored on the built-in 10 megabyte disc drive with new entries …

It is shown that the monopole induced baryon number non-conservation is a necessary consequence of the exact conservation laws of the full four dimensional fermion-gauge field-Higgs system and properties of the J=0 partial wave fermions. It is also shown that the charge associated with the unbroken gauge symmetry is exactly conserved in the monopole-fermion interaction. 11 references.

The cost effectiveness of fracture stimulation at The Geysers, the Imperial Valley, and other geothermal resource areas in the United States vas studied using GEOCOM, a computer code for analyzing the impact of completion activities on the life-cycle costs of geothermal wells. Technologies for fracturing the reservoir near the wellbore involve the creation of a pressure pulse in the wellbore by means of either hydraulic or explosive force. The cost of a single fracture stimulation job can vary from $50,000 to over $500,000, with a typical cost of around $300,000. The code shows that additional flow achieved by fracture stimulation must exceed 10,000 pounds per hour for each $100,000 invested in stimulation in order for a fracture treatment to be cost effective. In some reservoirs, this additional flow must be as great as 30,000 pounds per hour. The cost effectiveness of fracturing has not yet been demonstrated in the field. The Geothermal Well Stimulation Program achieved an overall average of about 10,000 pounds per hour for each $100,000 invested.

In this paper, a status report on the current estimated costs and impacts of transporting high-level nuclear wastes to candidate disposal sites is given. Impacts in this analysis are measured in terms of risk to public health and safety. Since it is difficult to project the status of the nuclear industry to the time of repository operation - 20 to 50 years in the future - particular emphasis in the paper is placed on the evaluation of uncertainties. The first part of this paper briefly describes the characteristics of the waste that must be transported to a high-level waste disposal site. This discussion is followed by a section describing the characteristics of the waste transport system. Subsequent sections describe the costs and risk assessments of waste transport. Finally, in a concluding section, the effect of the uncertainties in the definition of the waste disposal system on cost and risk levels is evaluated. This last section also provides some perspectives on the magnitude of the cost and risk levels relative to other comparable costs and risks generally encountered. 13 references, 2 figures, 16 tables.

Recently a significant role of artificial and/or natural cracks in the geothermal reservoir has been demonstrated in the literatures (Abe, H., et al., 1983, Nielson, D.L. and Hullen, J.B., 1983), where the cracks behave as fluid paths and/or heat exchanging surfaces. Until now, however, there are several problems such as a design procedure of hydraulic fracturing, and a quantitative estimate of fluid and heat transfer for reservoir design. In order to develop a design methodology of geothermal reservoir cracks, a special distinguished research project, named as ''{Lambda}-Project'', started at Tohoku University (5 years project, 1983-1988). In this project a basic fracture mechanics model of geothermal reservoir cracks is being demonstrated and its validation is being discussed both theoretically and experimentally. This paper descibes an outline of ''{Lambda}-Project''.

The 400{degree}F liquid dominated Desert Peak geothermal reservoir produces from fractures associated with intersecting north-northeast and east-northeast trending normal faults. Fractures occur in intrusive basement rocks, pre-Tertiary metasedimentary and metavolcanic rocks, and Tertiary volcanic rocks. Static temperature surveys from six deep wells indicate that the reservoir has both recharge and discharge in the vicinity of wells B21-1 and 86-21. Interference data, from a 30-day flow test of 86-21 show high reservoir connectivity. the calculated transmissivity is an order of magnitude higher in a north-south direction than in an east-west direction. A reservoir thickness on the order of thousands of feet and disturbed reserves in excess of 7 billion barrels are estimated. A conceptual model of the Desert Peak system contains meteric water derived from the Carson and Fernley Sinks. Heated at depth, water rises up along normal faults into highly fractured rocks between the depths of 3000 and 9000 feet, forming a geothermal reservoir. the thermal water naturally rises or leaks out of the reservoir up normal faults to within a few hundred feet of the surface until it has reached hydrostatic equilibrium or is blocked by discontinuous impermeable lacustrine sedimentary rocks. In the latter case it spreads out laterally …

The approach taken at Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory to obtain relative permeability curves and their dependence on fluid and matrix properties is summarized. Thermodynamic studies are carried out to develop the equations governing two-phase steam/water flow in porous media and to analyze the relationship between mass flow rate and flowing enthalpy. These relationships will be verified against experimental results and subsequently will be used to develop a field analysis technique to obtain in-situ relative permeability parameters. Currently our effort is concentrated on thermodynamic analysis and development of an experimental facility. Some of the findings of the theoretical work are presented and also the design and development effort for the experimental facility is described.