In the past several years there have been significant advances and accomplishments in the field of Inertial Confinement Fusion (ICF) research which are directly attributable to an active experimental program supported by the development and applications of sophisticated and specialized diagnostics instruments and techniques. The continued development of high temporal-and spatial-resolution diagnostics, although with a somewhat different technical emphasis than previously, is essential for maintaining progress in ICF. With the generation of inertial fusion drivers now becoming available progress toward higher density compression of fusion fuel will be attained at the expense of temperature, and consequently emissions from the targets will be limited. At the same time since the targets are being driven to higher density they are more opaque to the low-to-moderate energy x-rays (up to a few keV) and particles (alpha particles, protons, and knock-on charged particles) that have been utilized for diagnosing target performance.

The Aquatic Species Program (ASP) is concerned with how plant biomass that naturally occurs in wetland or submerged areas is utilized. Processes are being developed in this program to make use of those aquatic species, capitalizing on their inherent capacity for rapid growth as well as on their extraordinary chemical compositions.

The rate of accumulation of antiprotons is a critical factor in the design of p anti p colliders. A design of a system to accumulate higher anti p fluxes is presented here which is an alternative to the schemes used at the CERN AA and in the Fermilab Tevatron I design. Contrary to these stacking schemes, which use a system of notch filters to protect the dense core of antiprotons from the high power of the stack tail stochastic cooling, an eddy current shutter is used to protect the core in the region of the stack tail cooling kicker. Without filters one can have larger cooling bandwidths, better mixing for stochastic cooling, and easier operational criteria for the power amplifiers. In the case considered here a flux of 1.4 x 10/sup 8/ per sec is achieved with a 4 to 8 GHz bandwidth.

This review covers dense atomic plasmas such as that produced in inertial confinement fusion. The target implosion physics along with the associated atomic physics, i.e., free electron collision phenomena, electron states I, electron states II, and nonequilibrium plasma states are described. (MOW)

We have reviewed comprehensively the data on the transverse momentum spectra (p/sub T/) of high mass lepton pairs produced in hadronic interations. The data are extensively compared with the predictions of Quantum Chromo Dynamics to O(..cap alpha../sub s/), including some O(..cap alpha../sub s//sup 2/) effects through the use of a p/sub T/ independent K factor. Sensitivity of the calculations to variations in the parameters used is discussed. A compilation of the K factor is given. Possible nuclear effects which can contribute to cross section or alter differential distributions in p/sub T/, x/sub F/ or mass for the dimuon production in nuclear targets are discussed. Linear fits to the data on <p/sub T//sup 2/> vs s and <p/sub T/> vs ..sqrt..s for ..pi../sup -/N and pN reations are presented. Using the average value of the intrinsic transverse momentum squared deduced from fits to <p/sub T//sup 2/> vs s, predictions of the QCD are calculated and compared with the data. An important conclusion arrived at is that QCD to O(..cap alpha../sub s/) is not able to account for the observed features of the p/sub T/ distributions in a satisfactory manner.

Solar-thermal central-receiver systems are cost effective for electric-power and industrial process-heat applications. Systems employing molten nitrate salt as both receiver working fluid and storage have previously been evaluated for diurnal thermal storage. This study evaluates the potential of employing a molten salt receiver for a baseload industrial process plant requiring saturated steam at 68 atm (1000 psi). Two types of thermal storage are evaluated: molten salt, and air and rock. When thermal storage of six hours or less is used, molten nitrate salt alone is the optimum storage. For more than six hours, the optimum storage is a combination of molten salt and air and rock. The air and rock system uses a molten-salt-to-air heat exchanger and a thermocline rock bed heated and cooled by the air. The economic potential of the system is determined. The results depend on the relative cost of fossil fuel and the solar thermal energy costs. The optimum quantity of storage is highly variable, and the range is from no storage to a long duration capacity - 48 hours.

An automatic on line sewage effluent monitoring system has been developed. A representative fraction of the total waste stream leaving the site is monitored for pH, radiation, and metals as it passes through a detection assembly. This assembly consists of an industrial pH probe, NaI radiation detectors, and an x-ray fluorescence metal detector. A microprocessor collects, reduces and analyzes the data to determine if the levels are acceptable by established environmental limits. Currently, if preset levels are exceeded, a sample of the suspect sewage is automatically collected for further analysis, and an alarm is sent to a station where personnel can be alerted to respond on a 24-hour basis. Since at least four hours pass before LLNL effluent reaches the treatment plant, sufficient time is available to alert emergency personnel, evaluate the situation, and if necessary arrange for diversion of the material to emergency holding basins at the treatment plant. Information on the current system is presented, and progress is reported in developing an on-line tritium monitor as an addition to the assembly.

Some aspects of laser design relating to experiments planned for the NOVETTE laser system at Livermore in early 1983 are discussed. The experiments are aimed at testing several resonantly-pumped lasers with transition energies between 42.3 eV and 153 eV. These experiments follow several years of theoretical work, a set of flashlamp characterization experiments performed on the SHIVA laser system (LLNL) in December, 1981, and some high precision spectroscopic studies carried out at KMS during the summer of 1982. Some of the major physics design issues as the relate to the experiments, and some of the numerical simulations that have been carried out so far are reviewed.

The modeling of the natural state of the Krafla system has yielded results that closely match all available field data, and agree with a conceptual model developed from geochemical observations. Furthermore, studies of the sensitivity of various parameters give valuable insight into the permeabilities of different reservoir zones, thermal conductivity of the caprock, rates and enthalpies of natural recharge and discharge, and various other important reservoir parameters. The model presented here is two-dimensional, and only considers a part of the old wellfield. In the future, we hope to develop a natural-state model for the entire Krafla system, taking into account the three-dimensional nature of fluid flows.

The general maintenance philosophy for replacement of modules is reviewed in this paper. This includes a discussion of the method for disassembly of the spent module in a hot bay area. An initial equipment requirements list is developed to support the maintenance approach.

A review is presented of recent experimental and theoretical progress in studies of the production of massive lepton pairs in hadronic collisions. I begin with the classical Drell-Yan annihilation model and its predictions. Subsequently, I discuss deviations from scaling, the status of the proofs of factorization in the parton model, higher-order terms in the perturbative QCD expansion, the discrepancy between measured and predicted yields (K factor), high-twist terms, soft gluon effects, transverse-momentum distributions, implications for weak vector boson (W/sup + -/ and Z/sup 0/) yields and production properties, nuclear A dependence effects, correlations of the lepton pair with hadrons in the final state, and angular distributions in the lepton-pair rest frame.

Surface deposition probe techniques have been shown to be an effective means of determining the characteristics of the plasma edge region of magnetic confinement devices. Experimental results on ISX-B and EBT-S have led to a consistent picture of the edge plasma and the dominant impurity introduction mechanisms. This picture is supported by numerous other measurements and emphasizes the importance of concentrating several techniques on the complex problems of plasma fusion.

In these lectures, selected topics in nuclear collisions in the energy range 10/sup -1/ to 10/sup 3/ GeV per nucleon are discussed. The evidence for anomalous projectile fragments with short mean free paths is presented. Theoretical speculations on novel topological nuclear excitation and on quark-nuclear complexes in connection with anomalons are discussed. Recent tests for pion field instabilities are presented. Then evidence for collective nuclear flow phenomena are reviewed. Global event analysis and cascade simulations are presented. We address the question of whether nuclear flow is like viscous honey. Finally, the criteria for the production of a quark-gluon plasma are discussed. Nuclear stopping power and longitudinal growth at high energies are considered. Results from cosmic ray data show that nuclear collision at TeV per nucleon energies are likely to product a plasma.

During the past year, the first data from the SPS collider at CERN have become available. The initial results are only a glimpse at a new energy regime and we can reasonably expect an increase in the extent of the data by a factor of 10/sup 4/ to 10/sup 5/. Moreover, within a few years, the Fermilab Tevatron Collider will be in operation with a center of mass energy nearly four times as great as that at CERN. Beyond these machines are other possibilities: a high luminosity pp machine at Brookhaven with a center of mass energy of 0.8 TeV; a p anti p or pp machine in the LEP tunnel at CERN; a desetron in the southwestern United States with many TeV in the center of mass. The purpose of these lectures is to provide an orientation for the wealth of data that these machines will provide.

Optical second-harmonic generation (SHG) is surface-specific and has the sensitivity to detect submonolayers of molecules. It can be applied to study molecular adsorbates at the interface between any two centrosymmetric media. This has been demonstrated by using dye and p-nitrobenzoic acid (PNBA) molecules adsorbed on smooth fused quartz substrates as examples. With resonant SHG, the S/sub 0/ A..-->.. S/sub 2/ transition of the adsorbed dye molecules was measured. From the polarization dependence of the SHG, the orientation of PNBA at both the air/quartz and the ethanol/quartz interfaces was deduced. By varying the concentration of PNBA in ethanol, an adsorption isotherm for PNBA at the ethanol/quartz interfaces was also obtained.

Application of the method of molecular-beam photofragmentation translational spectroscopy to the investigation of primary photochemical processes of polyatomic molecules is described. Examples will be given to illustrate how information concerning the energetics, dynamics, and mechanism of dissociation processes can be obtained from the precise measurements of angular and velocity distributions of products in an experiment in which a well-defined beam of molecules is crossed with a laser.

Single-particle inclusive measurements in high-energy nuclear physics have provided the foundation for a number of models of interacting nuclear fluids. Such measurements yield information on the endpoints of the evolution of highly excited nuclear systems. However, they suffer from the fact that observed particles can be formed in a large number of very different evolutionary paths. To learn more about how interactions proceed we have performed a series of experiments in which all fast nuclear fragments are analyzed for each individual interaction. These experiments were performed at the LBL Bevalac HISS (Heavy Ion Spectrometer System) facility where we studied the interaction of 1 GeV/nuc 12C nuclei with targets of C, CH/sub 2/, Cu, and U. In this paper we describe HISS and present some preliminary results of the experiment.

These lectures concern the dynamics of fermions in strong interaction with gauge fields. Systems of fermions coupled by gauge forces have a very rich structure of global symmetries, which are called chiral symmetries. These lectures will focus on the realization of chiral symmetries and the causes and consequences of thier spontaneous breaking. A brief introduction to the basic formalism and concepts of chiral symmetry breaking is given, then some explicit calculations of chiral symmetry breaking in gauge theories are given, treating first parity-invariant and then chiral models. These calculations are meant to be illustrative rather than accurate; they make use of unjustified mathematical approximations which serve to make the physics more clear. Some formal constraints on chiral symmetry breaking are discussed which illuminate and extend the results of our more explicit analysis. Finally, a brief review of the phenomenological theory of chiral symmetry breaking is presented, and some applications of this theory to problems in weak-interaction physics are discussed. (WHK)

In this paper a review is made of how one can use nuclear physics to put rather stringent limits on the age of the universe and thus the cosmic distance scale. As the other papers in this session have demonstrated there is some disagreement on the distance scale and thus the limits on the age of the universe (if the cosmological constant ..lambda.. = 0). However, the disagreement is only over the last factor of 2, the basic timescale seems to really be remarkably well agreed upon. The universe is billions of years old - not thousands, not quintillions but bilions of years. That our universe has a finite age is philosophically intriguing. That we can estimate that age to a fair degree of accuracy is truly impressive. No single measurement of the time since the Big Bang gives a specific, unambiguous age. Fortunately, we have at our disposal several methods that together fix the age with surprising precision. In particular, as the other papers show, there are three totally independent techniques for estimating an age and a fourth technique which involves finding consistency of the other three in the framework of the standard Big Bang cosmological model. The three …

A simple K-band microwave interferometer has been developed at the Los Alamos National Laboratory to measure various transient properties in both energetic (high explosive) and passive (grout and Teflon) materials. The interferometer measures the position as a function of time of either a dielectric discontinuity, i.e., a shock front, or the position as a function of time of a conducting surface such as the detonation wave in a high explosive. By embedding a reflector in a dielectric material, both the particle velocity and the shock velocity may be measured at the same time and in the same place. The interferometer is constructed (with slight modifications) of commercially available microwave components. The total material cost for a complete working instrument is a few hundred dollars. Details of the construction will be given. As an example of the range of uses of the interferometer, it has been used to measure the detonation-to-deflagration transition in HMX and the shock properties of the grout in a nuclear test in Nevada. Data on these and other experiments are presented.

Two prototypes electrofibrous filters were designed, built and evaluated in laboratory tests and in field installations. These prototypes were designed for use in nuclear ventilation ducts as prefilters to HEPA filters. One prototype is designed to be a permanent component of the ventilation system while the other is a disposable unit. The disposable electrofibrous prefilter was installed in the exhaust stream of a glove box in which barrels of uranium turnings are burned. Preliminary tests show the disposable prefilter is effectively prolonging the HEPA filter life.

The Mirror Fusion Test Facility (MFTF) vacuum vessel will be about 60m long and 10m in diameter at the widest point. The allowable operating densities range from 2 x 10/sup 9/ to 5 x 10/sup 10/ particles per cc. The maximum leak rate of 10/sup -6/ tl/sec is dominated during operation by the deliberately injected cold gas of 250 tl/sec. This gas is pumped by over 1000 square meters of cryopanels, external sorption pumps and getters. The design and requirements have changed radically over the past several years, and they are still not in final form. The vacuum system design has also changed, but more slowly and less radically. This paper discusses the engineering effort necessary to meet these stringent and changing requirements. Much of the analysis of the internal systems has been carried out using a 3-D Monte Carlo computer code, which can estimate time dependent operational pressures. This code and its use will also be described.

The fifth Energy and Minerals Field Institute program for Washington, D.C. Congressional and Executive Aides was held during August 15-21, 1982. The five-and-one-half day program was conducted through Wyoming, Colorado and Utah and consisted of visits to: an R and D tertiary petroleum production facility; an historic oil field entering secondary production; a surface uranium mine; a petroleum exploration drilling rig; a surface coal mine; an air cooled, coal-fired power plant; an oil shale site; a geothermal-electrical generating facility; and open pit copper mine and associated smelter and refinery; a petroleum refinery and an oil shale semi-works retort. During the field program, participants had opportunities to view communities affected by these activities, such as Wright City and Gillette, Wyoming, Parachute, Colorado and Milford and Cedar City, Utah. Throughout the program, aides met with local, state and industry officials and citizen leaders during bus rides, meals and site visits.

The origin of cosmic gamma bursts is discussed. Radiation thermalization in magnetic fields, spectral mechanisms, and charge separation and photon heating are discussed. (GHT)