This talk is a review of results which have been reported during the past year on charmed particle decays in emulsions.

The FFTF reactor is described. Procedures and equipment used to protect personnel from potential hazards of oxygen deficient environments are described.

Methodology and data bases are described which can provide a comprehensive planning assessment of the potential for geothermal district heating in any US market. This economic systems model encompasses life-cycle costing over a period of rising competitive fuel prices, it addresses the expansion and financing of a district system over time, and it includes an overall optimization of system design. The elemental area for all analyses is the census tract, for which published data allow estimation of residential and commercial heating demands, building retrofit requirements, and competitive fuel consumption and cost. A system type design, an appropriate hot water district piping system, and costing of heat supply is performed for groups of contiguous tracts in any urban market. Groups are aggregated, in decreasing benefit to cost order, to achieve optimal systems. A specific application for Salt Lake City, Utah, is also described.

The most important aspects of the Auxiliary System Testing Program to the overall startup of FFTF were in the areas of integrated testing of inerted cells, integrated leak rate testing of the containment building and testing of the waste gas processing systems for effluent cover gas and effluent cell atmosphere gases. The basic test methods and test results for these areas of the FFTF startup program are presented.

The use of a silver-zeolite halogen adsorber placed in series with a hydrogen catalytic recombiner and a cryogenic noble gas adsorber assembly constitutes a waste gas processing system (WGPS) capable of handling hydrogen and fission product gases following a Loss-of-Coolant Experiment (LOCE). This paper describes: the types and quantities of gases expected to be found at the facility after a failed-fuel LOCE; the purpose of the WGPS; and the general configuration and expected decontamination factors associated with the LOFT WGPS.

A search for direct photon production has been performed at Fermilab in 200 and 300 GeV/c proton-Be interactions over a wide range of X/sub F/ and P/sub perpendicular to/. An excess of photons has been detected which when interpreted as single photon production yields a ..gamma../..pi../sup 0/ ratio which averages .070 +- .025 in the region 1.5 < p/sub perpendicular to/ < 4.0 GeV/c and -.7 < X/sub F/ < .0. This measurement is discussed and a comparison of this result with the ISR measurements of the ..gamma../..pi../sup 0/ ratio has been made in an attempt to infer the energy dependence of direct photon production.

The principles of limited-angle reconstruction of space-limited objects using the concepts of allowed cone and missing cone in Fourier space are discussed. The distortion of a point source resulting from setting the Fourier components in the missing cone to zero was calculated mathematically, and its bearing on the convergence of an iteration scheme involving Fourier transforms was analyzed in detail. It was found that the convergence rate is fairly insensitive to the position of the point source within the boundary of the object, apart from an edge effect that tends to enhance some parts of the boundary in reconstructing the object. Another iteration scheme involving Radon transforms was introduced and compared to the Fourier transform method in such areas as root mean square error, stability with respect to noise, and computer reconstruction time. 8 figures, 2 tables.

The wet removal rate and wet deposition of pollutants is ultimately dependent upon the rate of pollutant attachment to the falling precipitation particles (hydrometeors) and to the precipitation flux at the ground. This attachment to the hydrometeors or collector particles is, in turn, dependent upon the physical characteristics of the pollutant. As expected, when considering wet removal, gases behave differently from aerosols. Modelers of gas scavenging (e.g., Hales 1972, Adamowitz 1979) stress the importance of drop size distribution, vertical gradients of gas concentration in the atmosphere and solubility in determining gas deposition at the surface. Aerosols, on the other hand, are removed at various rates depending upon aerosol size distribution, solubility, environmental humidity and age. Before the specifics of wet removal are dealt with, it is helpful to present some of the basic mathematical concepts used for treating problems in precipitation scavenging. By doing so, current terminology can be introduced and placed into a framework that should alleviate confusion about meaning. For example, a distinction between scavenging coefficients and simply scavenging will be made. The terminology in-cloud, below-cloud, washout, and rainout are shown to be ambiguous and will be dismissed. Other concepts, such as washout ratio, nucleation scavenging, vapor deposition …

The time projection chamber (TPC) is discussed. Its advantage is its ability to collect a great deal of information on multiparticle reactions from high-energy colliding beam experiments. The TPC makes it possible to reconstruct all the charged particles in the reaction, and it can be used for mass identification. (FS)

The first conference on advanced materials for alternative fuel capable directly fired heat engines was held at the Maine Maritime Academy, Castine, Maine. It was sponsored by the US Department of Energy, (Assistant Secretary for Fossil Energy) and the Electric Power Research Institute, (Division of Fossil Fuel and Advanced Systems). Forty-four papers from the proceedings have been entered into EDB and ERA and one also into EAPA; three had been entered previously from other sources. The papers are concerned with US DOE research programs in this area, coal gasification, coal liquefaction, gas turbines, fluidized-bed combustion and the materials used in these processes or equipments. The materials papers involve alloys, ceramics, coatings, cladding, etc., and the fabrication and materials listing of such materials and studies involving corrosion, erosion, deposition, etc. (LTN)

Structural design with brittle materials requires that the stress level in the component correspond to a material survival probability that exceeds the minimum survival probability permitted in that application. This can be achieved by developing failure models that fully account for the probability of fracture from defects within the material (including considerations of fracture statistics, fracture mechanics and stress analysis) coupled with non-destructive techniques that determine the size of the large extreme of critical defects. Approaches for obtaining the requisite information are described. The results provide implications for the microstructural design of failure resistant brittle materials by reducing the size of deleterious defects and enhancing the fracture toughness.

Sodium vapor deposits can affect reactor component operation and maintenance. Recorded cases include plugged cover gas lines and cementation of rotating components or sliding surfaces. Deposits found on plant scale components after testing in sodium were measured. Laboratory tests show the effect of Na pool temperature and condenser geometry on deposit accumulation rates and viewport fogging.

The status of research into collisions of nuclei at high energy is reviewed. Reactions and products are classified, and spectator matter is discussed. Then the thermalization of participant matter is considered at some length. Finally, disintegration of the hot matter is addressed. A = 20 and 40 projectiles of 250 to 1050 MeV/A are employed to illustrate the major points. 44 references, 10 figures. (RWR)

Separate abstracts are included for 20 of the 22 papers presented concerning innovative wind turbines which vary in design from the standard horizontal-axis propellor-type wind turbines. Two papers have been previously included in the data base.

The actinide borohydrides of Pa, Np, and Pu have been prepared and some of their physical and optical properties measured. X-ray powder diffraction photographs of Pa(BH/sub 4/)/sub 4/ have shown that it is isostructural to Th(BH/sub 4/)/sub 4/ and U(BH/sub 4/)/sub 4/. Np(BH/sub 4/)/sub 4/ and Pu(BH/sub 4/)/sub 4/ are much more volatile than the borohydrides of Th, Pa, and U and are liquids at room temperature. Results from low-temperature single-crystal x-ray diffraction investigation of Np(BH/sub 4/)/sub 4/ show that its structure is very similar to Zr(BH/sub 4/)/sub 4/. With the data from low-temperature infrared and Raman spectra, a normal coordinate analysis on Np(BH/sub 4/)/sub 4/ and Np(BD/sub 4/)/sub 4/ has been completed. EPR experiments on Np(BH/sub 4/)/sub 4//Zr(BH/sub 4/)/sub 4/ and Np(BD/sub 4/)/sub 4//Zr(BD/sub 4/)/sub 4/ have characterized the ground electronic state. 5 figures.

Radiation from high-power Q-switched lasers has been used recently in semiconductor research to anneal the lattice damage caused by ion implantation, diffuse surface-deposited dopant films, recrystallize doped amorphous films deposited on substrates, and remove precipitates present after conventional high-temperature dopant diffusion. All of these processes can be understood in terms of models based on macroscopic diffusion equations for heat and mass transport, cast in a finite-difference form to allow for the temperature- and spatial-dependence of the thermal conductivity, absorption coefficient, reflectivity, and other quantities. Results of calculations on silicon with the models show that the near-surface region of a sample can melt and stay molten for times of the order of 100 nsec during which dopant diffusion in the liquid state and nonequilibrium segregation during ultrarapid recrystallization are sufficient to explain the major features of the experimental results. Brief descriptions of the physical and mathematical models and some of the results obtained with them are given, with particular emphasis on segregation effects.

If spatially-averaged values of the beta ratio can reach 5 to 10% in tokamaks, as now seems likely, resistive toroidal-field coils may be advantageous for use in reactors intended for fusion-neutron applications. The present investigation has parameterized the design of steady-state water-cooled copper coils of rectangular cross section in order to maximize figures of merit such as the ratio of fusion neutron wall loading to coil power dissipation. Four design variations distinguished by different ohmic-heating coil configurations have been examined. For a wall loading of 0.5 MW/m/sub 2/, minimum TF-coil lifetime costs (including capital and electricity costs) are found to occur with coil masses in the range 2400 to 4400 tons, giving 200 to 250 MW of resistive dissipation, which is comparable with the total power drain of the other reactor subsystems.

The materials investigated consisted of thin films of Nb-Ge, V-Si, Nb-N, Nb-C-N and Nb-Ir prepared by evaporation, sputtering or CVD onto substrates of alumina, sapphire or polycrystalline Hastelloy B. Single crystals of Nb/sub 3/Ir, NbN, V/sub 3/Si and V/sub 3/Ge were also studied and some laser annealing results will be presented. Laser annealing was performed in air using a Q-switched, (15 x 10/sup -9/ sec duration), Ruby laser with energy densities ranging from 0.1 to 10 J/cm/sup 2/. Single, sometimes overlapping, pulses were used. The texture, microstructure and phase composition of the films were examined by x-ray diffraction. Ion scattering and nuclear reaction analysis were used to determine stoichiometries versus depth in the films. Near-surface melting was monitored from ion scattering measurements of the depth profiles of an ion implanted marker species before and after laser annealing. Surface topography was monitored with optical microscopy and SEM. Ion channeling analysis was utilized to determine lattice defect configurations and damage effects to the single crystal samples. These various analyses were correlated to measurements of superconducting transition temperatures, T/sub c/, before and after laser annealing.

The potential of various energy sources and technology options in meeting national economic and social development goals in developing countries is assessed. The resource options that are of interest are the development of indigenous resources. In general, two categories of options can be considered: those which correspond to the accelerated implementation of existing elements of the energy system and those which correspond to the introduction of a new technology, such as solar electricity. The various resource and technology options that must be analyzed with respect to a number of criteria or payoff functions are: total demand and fuel mix; reduction of oil consumption; national social goals; total energy costs; and environmental quality. First, a view is constructed of the energy implications of current national economic development plans. A consistent description of the future energy system of the country, under the assumption of current trends and policies is constructed for certain reference years in the future. The values of the payoff functions selected are then calculated for that reference case. The major resource and technology options are identified and the rates at which they can be implemented are determined. Finally, the impact on the various payoff functions of the implementation of …

The relevance of studies of light-particle emission associated with damped nuclear reactions for investigating properties of the reaction mechanism, in particular of the energy dissipation mechanism, is discussed. Processes of instantaneous particle emission are reviewed, as related to heavy-ion reactions. Methods are outlined concerning information on the conditions of the intermediate nuclear system at scission revealed in the processes of statistical particle evaporation from the reaction fragments. They are employed in studies of neutron emission in the damped reactions /sup 165/Ho+/sup 56/Fe and /sup 165/Ho+/sup 136/Xe, yielding evidence for a rapid thermalization and a relaxation of the mass-to-charge asymmetry of the system. Progress is reported for attempts to achieve a unified description of energy dissipation, nucleon exchange, and particle emission in damped nuclear reactions. 19 figures, 1 table.

In order to take advantage of the known volatility of actinide borohydride complexes, attempts were made to prepare half-sandwich borohydrides (RCOT)M(BH/sub 4/)/sub 2/, where COT is cyclooctatetraene and M is Th or U. The borohydrides were formed as complexes with THF solvent. Spectra and chemical reactions of these compounds were investigated. (DLC)

Experimental and theoretical aspects of heavy leptons are reviewed.

Recent events by OPEC have sharply increased interest in the United States for synfuels, and there are plans for several types of synfuel demonstration plants. The early timing of these plants will probably preclude their use of a nuclear heat source, but their operation will be a necessary step to the eventual integration of a nuclear heat source. The applications using coal liquids that are considered active candidates for nuclear process heat, the reference heat source design, and nuclear and non-nuclear methods for coal liquefaction are described.

High energy mass spectrometry is a new and very sensitive technique of measuring rare radioisotopes. This paper describes the techniques used to select and identify the individual radioisotope atoms in a sample and the status of the radioisotope measurements and their applications.