A review is presented of what has been learned from lepton-quark interactions. Next, the context in which to ask future questions, the paradigm, it constitutes the set of assumptions that we believe on the basis of present experiments and which - subject always to refinement, extension, and revision - defines the way we talk about experiments done now and in the future. Two fothcoming neutrino experiments are discussed which seem to be of specific interest. Finally, some of the possibilities for experiments with ep colliders are covered. The point of that discussion is to try to understand what - in very general terms - are the things we may hope to learn from these facilities, and to begin to ask what requirements our physics questions place upon machines and experiments.

Fluid production from, and hence the economic viability of, a geothermal field is related to the amount of clay minerals in the caprock and in the reservoir rocks. In both the East Mesa and Cerro Prieto fields in the Salton Trough of southern California, United States, and Baja California, Mexico, scanning electron micrography (SEM) has vividly documented the role of clay fabrics in deltaic quartz-sandstone reservoirs. For example, in East Mesa well 78-30 at 1630 m depth in a zone of quartz dissolution, the clay present in pores exhibits an irregular, crenulate, honeycomb fabric and has the following composition from energy dispersive x-ray analysis (EDAX): Si 61%, Al 25%, Fe 20%, Na 6%, K 2%, and Mg 1%. Platy clusters of clay (kaolinite) in Cerro Prieto well T-366 at 2522 m in a 300/sup 0/C geothermal aquifer were analyzed as: Si 62%, Al 25%, Mg 6%, and Fe 1%. In other samples, illite takes the form of wispy fibers whose intertwined ends form bridges across pores. These clay fabrics appear to reduce permeability significantly by clogging the pore throats, even though dissolution porosity ranges from 25 to 35%. Nineteen wells have been studied to date.

In this experiment, which uses a superconducting solenoid at the CERN ISR, a large sample of two-jet events produced in proton-proton collisions at 62 GeV centre-of-mass energy has been examined for evidence of three-jet structures; that is, for the presence of events in which three particle jets can be separately identified at large transverse momenta relative to the initial proton directions, there also being spectator jets following these directions, making five jets in all. Such three-jet events are expected to be produced by gluon bremsstrahlung, as has been observed in the e/sup +/e/sup -/ case, but several additional mechanisms are expected in the case of hadronic collisions. The three-jet events are identified by cluster analysis, the particles of each event being sorted into the best three-cluster and two-cluster combinations. Results are briefly described. (WHK)

This work is part of a study conducted by Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) to improve the performance of brine injection wells at Gulf Coast Strategic Petroleum Reserve Sites. Our involvement established that granular media filtration, when used with proper chemical pretreatments, provides an effective and economical method for removing particulates from hypersaline brines. This treatment allows for the injection of 200,000 B/D with significantly increased well half-lives of 30 years.

Synchrotron radiation by a point charge is a familiar subject in classical electrodynamics. Perhaps less familiar are some quantum mechanical corrections to the classical results. Some of those quantum aspects of synchrotron radiation are described. One of the quantum effects leads to the expectation that electrons in a storage ring will polarize themselves to 92% - a surprisingly high value. A semi-classical derivation of the quantum effects is given. An effort has been made to minimize the need of using quantum mechanics. Results are put together to derive a final expression of beam polarization. Conditions under which the expected 92% polarization is destroyed are found and attributed to depolarization resonances. The various depolarization mechanisms are first illustrated by an idealized example and then systematically treated by a matrix formalism. It is shown that the strength of depolarization is specified by a key quantity called the spin chromaticity. Finally as an application of the obtained results, an estimate of the achievable level of beam polarization for two existing electron storage rings, SPEAR and PEP, is given.

The assay of nuclear material holdup in fuel manufacturing plants is a laborious but often necessary part of completing the material balance. A range of instruments, standards, and a methodology for assaying holdup has been developed. The objectives of holdup measurement are ascertaining the amount, distribution, and how firmly fixed the SNM is. The purposes are reconciliation of material unbalance during or after a manufacturing campaign or plant decommissioning, to decide security requirements, or whether further recovery efforts are justified.

We examine the scaling of implosion symmetry, ablation pressure, and hydrodynamic efficiency with the wavelength of the laser, using a recent theoretical analysis of ablative laser driven implosions as a tool. Symmetrization by a hot atmosphere is most effective for long wavelength lasers, whereas ablation pressure and hydrodynamic efficiency are best for shorter laser wavelengths.

The personnel neutron exposure potential at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory is more diverse than at many other facilities, due to the wide range of neutron producing activities. Albedo energy response problems in the face of the diversity of sources, and a concern about possible photon interferences with the neutron albedo response, have prompted development of some additional dosimetry techniques to augment the personnel monitoring program. This work now consists of two programs - the dosimeter/spectrometer (DOSPEC) in which track etch detectors are added to the albedo badge to provide some energy evaluation and gamma insensitivity, and development of solid state thin film MOS detectors to provide a real time, gamma insensitive dosimeter.

The giant planets - Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune - differ markedly from the inner, or terrestrial, planets. Observations of their average density, gravitational moments, and atmospheric composition have enabled astrophysicists to draw some conclusions as to their structure, but efforts have been hampered by a lack of accurate data on the chemical, physical, and thermodynamic properties of constituent materials at the extremely high temperatures and pressures characteristic of planetary interiors. Shock-wave experiments conducted recently at LLNL have provided more accurate equations of state and electrical conductivities for many of these materials, and these have led to improved structural models of the giant planets.

The hadron yield in e/sup +/e/sup -/ annihilation normalized to the lowest order ..mu..-pair cross section (R/sub h/) is measured with systematic errors of +-6 to 8%, using the Crystal Ball detector at SPEAR. In the energy range of this measurement (5.2 to 7.0 GeV), the prediction of QCD for R/sub h/, calculated to second order, is tested.

Significant progress has been made in the design and development of remotely operated breeder reactor fuel fabrication and support systems (e.g., analytical chemistry). These activities are focused by the Secure Automated Fabrication (SAF) Program sponsored by the Department of Energy to provide: a reliable supply of fuel pins to support US liquid metal cooled breeder reactors and at the same time demonstrate the fabrication of mixed uranium/plutonium fuel by remotely operated and automated methods.

The Aquatic Species Program (ASP) addresses the utilization of plant biomass that naturally occurs in wetland or submerged areas. Processes are being developed through this program to make use of such aquatic species, capitalizing on their inherent capacity for rapid growth as well as their extraordinary chemical compositions.

Copper plates 90 mm in diameter, of thickness 0.25 mm and 0.5 mm, were accelerated by an adjacent 17 mm thick cylinder of RX-03-BB or PBX-9404-03. The explosive was initiated by impact of a thick flyer from the LLNL 102 mm gun, providing either a reactive or fully detonating wave, by appropriate choice of flyer velocities up to 1.30 mm/..mu..s. The free surface velocity of the plates were measured with a Fabry-Perot velocimeter. Excellent experimental free-surface velocity histories have been obtained. Calculations of this history employing beta-burn and nucleation and growth high explosives models are in good agreement with fully detonating experiments. For reacting RX-03-BB, adjustments in the parameter are needed. The experimental technique gives records whose agreement with calculation is sensitive to the model and is therefore a good way of testing new high explosive models. Also, this method allows one to infer information about the reaction zone length.

Bent cylindrical mirrors are considered as substitutes for paraboloidal and ellipsoidal mirrors in x-ray beamlines. Analytic and raytracing studies are used to compare their optical performance with the corresponding ideal elements. Particular emphasis is placed on obtaining the practical limitations in the application of bent cylinders to typical beamline configurations.

This report discusses the NSLS project from inception until the present. The commencement and motivation for the program are considered from the viewpoint of the needs of various experiments and the concepts of the Basic Source is introduced. The Basic Source has high brightness and tunability within the ranges 0 to 0.3 keV and 3 to 20 keV. The inclusion of tunability implies the use of monochromators and the role of these is discussed. The Basic Source is important because it satisfies a very large proportion of users. The strategy of NSLS in providing a good Basic Source and special devices (monochromators and wigglers) to allow coverage of the energy ranges outside those of the Basic Source is described. The response of the NSLS to various other general and special needs of experimental users is described. Turning to the Free Electron Laser Project, a brief description of that device is given followed by a progress report of the overall NSLS construction program. The broad conclusion is that the NSLS facility will be completed within 2 to 3 months of its scheduled timescale and within its budget. This is considered to be a highly successful conclusion to the construction program.

Several high explosive formulations have recently been compared in a series of impact tests where samples of each composition were encased in a test fixture designed in flat geometry mocking an HE loaded artillery projectile. The purpose of the ongoing test series is to determine the relative rate of chemical energy release or explosiveness of several standard and research insensitive high explosive (IHE) main charge compositions. The triggering stimulus is the impact of .30 calibre ball bullets fired at normal muzzle velocity.

A discussion of low energy parity restoration in simple grand unified theories, such as SO(10), is presented. The consistency of phenomenological requirements and unification constraints is emphasized and various predictions of the theory are stressed, in particular: substantially lighter W and Z bosons than in the standard model and increased stability of the proton with tau/sub p/ approx. = 10/sup 38/ years.

A highly automated monitoring and control system for studying radon and radon-daughter behavior in residences has been designed and built. The system has been installed in a research house, a test space contained in a two-story wood-framed building, which allows us to conduct controlled studies of (1) pollutant transport within and between rooms, (2) the dynamics of radon daughter behavior, and (3) techniques for controlling radon and radon daughters. The system's instrumentation is capable of measuring air-exchange rate, four-point radon concentration, individual radon daughter concentrations, indoor temerature and humidity, and outdoor weather parameters (temperature, humidity, modules, wind speed, and wind direction). It is also equipped with modules that control the injection of radon and tracer gas into the test space, the operation of the forced-air furnace, the mechanical ventilation system, and the mixing fans located in each room. A microcomputer controls the experiments and records the data on magnetic tape and on a printing terminal. The data on tape is transferred to a larger computer system for reduction and analysis. In this paper we describe the essential design and function of the instrumentation system, as a whole, singling out those components that measure ventilation rate, radon concentration, and radon daughter …

The DOE/SERI Class B passive solar monitoring program is designed to provide, at relatively low cost, accurate and consistent real-time estimates of building thermal performance, as well as detailed data regarding climate, indoor temperatures, and purchased energy needs. As part of this program, a microprocessor-based data acquisition system has been installed in each of ten passive solar houses in the Denver area, primarily to evaluate heating-season performance. During the summer, however, the monitoring systems are used to study the overheating tendencies of the buildings. Examination of the conditions that lead to overheating, using graphical and statistical techniques, will provide insight into the solar design practices that provide the most comfortable summer environment.

Linear-muffin-tin orbital calculations of the band structure and pressure-volume isotherms for fcc La, both at zero and finite temperatures. The calculated bulk modulus shows a rapid stiffening in the range from 40 to 50% compression, due to termination of the 6s to 5d electronic transition. When combined with a simple Slater model analysis, these results yield a temperature dependent peak in the lattice Grueneisen parameter. Experimental confirmation of this peak is found in an anomalous stiffening seen in the shock compression data for La, and it may also have some bearing on the observed saturation of the superconducting transition temperature in La around 200 kbar.

The Solar Energy Research Institute (SERI) sponsored the Denver Metro Solar Homebuilders Program in cooperation with the Department of Energy and Western SUN. The auxiliary heating requirements for 11 of the passive solar homes were calculated using SLR or SUNCAT-2.4 with a standard set of basic assumptions. The analysis shows that seven of the homes should use less than half as much heating fuel as typical houses recently built in the area; two should use about half; and two should use about two-thirds or more. Comparing these results with performance estimates provided by design consultants shows numerous large discrepancies. These differences can be attributed largely to specific differences in assumptions in every case but one.

Verification of the regional wind energy resource assessments produced by the Pacific Northwest Laboratory addresses the question: Is the magnitude of the resource given in the assessments truly representative of the area of interest. Approaches using qualitative indicators of wind speed (tree deformation, eolian features), old and new data of opportunity not at sites specifically chosen for their exposure to the wind, and data by design from locations specifically selected to be good wind sites are described. Data requirements and evaluation procedures for verifying the resource are discussed.

The Department of Energy currently sponsors two programs to demonstrate the processing of spent graphite fuel elements. General Atomic in San Diego operates a cold pilot plant to demonstrate the processing of both US and German high-temperature reactor fuel. Exxon Nuclear Idaho Company is demonstrating the processing of spent graphite fuel elements from Rover reactors operated for the Nuclear Rocket Propulsion Program. This work is done at Idaho National Engineering Laboratory, where a hot facility is being constructed to complete processing of the Rover fuel. This paper focuses on the graphite combustion process common to both programs.

Three standard reference materials, flyash, soil, and ASI 4340 steel, were analyzed by a method of absolute instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA). Two different light water pool-type reactors were used to produce equivalent analytical results even though the epithermal to thermal flux ratio in one reactor was higher than that in the other by a factor of two.