Article says that unsymmetric pentacenequinone-fused (cross-conjugated) and pentacene-fused (linear-conjugated) porphyrins were designed and synthesized. This work provides important and useful information on guiding new material designs.

This article presents a study to advance health disparities research by documenting the racial/ethnic disparities in children’s health insurance coverage and health insurance adequacy under the implementation and revisions of the Affordable Care Act between 2016 and 2018 in America.

Article reporting the results of blood cell characterization using label-free fluorescence imaging techniques and flow-cytometry. Autofluorescence parameters of different cell types – white blood cells, red blood cells, erythrophagocytic cells – are assessed and analyzed in terms of molecular heterogeneity and possibilities of differentiation between different cell types in vitro and in vivo.

Article examining the degree of macroeconomic recovery of the Nepal tourism industry after a natural disaster using the autoregressive integrated moving average model (ARIMA). The study investigated the case of Nepal’s earthquakes in 2015 and examined the impact of the earthquakes on tourism inflows and GDP using time series data from 1990 to 2018.

Article is a study that presented participants with a bar-pressing challenge relevant to their identity after having exposed them to a prime that made their mortality more or less salient. This study adds substantively to a new line of support for terror management theory and documents the predictive utility of a proposed blended analysis of associated effort processes.

Article is a study examining the fabrication and characterization of electrospun randomly oriented and aligned grooved polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) and poly(vinylidenefluoride-co-trifluoroethylene) (PVDF-TrFE) fiber webs.

In this article, a theoretical model of social empathic emotion is derived based on the principles of survival by extending the maximization of self-gains to include others as an extended-self. This extended-self model of optimization for survival provides the computational mechanisms in the optimization process to maximize self-gains without minimizing the gains (or maximizing losses) for the other individuals. Thus, it can resolve conflicts in a competitive environment, and change the social dynamics into a cooperative interaction instead.

In this article, freshwater macroinvertebrate diversity associated with lakes and ponds along the altitudinal gradient of a Magellanic sub-Antarctic watershed are assessed. A monotonic decline in species richness was observed with increasing elevation, with simpler and more even community composition at higher altitude. This pattern differs from the mid-peak trend found in streams of the same watershed. Functional feeding group structure also diminished with increasing elevation.

An integrating solid state detector with segmentation has been developed that addresses the needs in scanning transmission x-ray microscopy below 1 keV photon energy. The detector is not cooled and can be operated without an entrance window which leads to a total photon detection efficiency close to 100%. The chosen segmentation with 8 independent segments is matched to the geometry of the STXM to maximize image mode flexibility. In the bright field configuration for 1 ms integration time and 520 eV x-rays the rms noise is 8 photons per integration.

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A number of experiments to be performed on the planned Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS) will have to use various types of reflective optics (see, e.g., [1]). On the other hand, LCLS will operate at a rate of 120 x-ray pulses per second. Therefore, when considering effects leading to the damage to its optics, one has to be concerned not only with a possible damage within one pulse, but also with effects accumulating during many pulses. We identify and analyze two of such effects: a thermal fatigue, and the intensity-dependent radiation damage. The first effect is associated with thermal stresses and deformations that occur in every pulse. The heating of the surface layers of the optics leads to a peculiar distribution of stresses, with a strong concentration near the surface. The quasistatic analysis of this problem was presented in [2]. In the present study, we show that transients in both transverse and longitudinal acoustic perturbations play a significant role and generally worsen the situation. If the maximum stresses approach the yield strength, the thermal fatigue causes degradation of the surface within a few thousands pulses. The second effect is related to formation of clusters of ionized atoms which lead to …

Both shared memory and distributed memory models have advantages and shortcomings. Shared memory model is much easier to use but it ignores data locality/placement. Given the hierarchical nature of the memory subsystems in the modern computers this characteristic might have a negative impact on performance and scalability. Various techniques, such as code restructuring to increase data reuse and introducing blocking in data accesses, can address the problem and yield performance competitive with message passing[Singh], however at the cost of compromising the ease of use feature. Distributed memory models such as message passing or one-sided communication offer performance and scalability but they compromise the ease-of-use. In this context, the message-passing model is sometimes referred to as?assembly programming for the scientific computing?. The Global Arrays toolkit[GA1, GA2] attempts to offer the best features of both models. It implements a shared-memory programming model in which data locality is managed explicitly by the programmer. This management is achieved by explicit calls to functions that transfer data between a global address space (a distributed array) and local storage. In this respect, the GA model has similarities to the distributed shared-memory models that provide an explicit acquire/release protocol. However, the GA model acknowledges that remote data …

We describe modeling and simulation of long-range terrestrial laser communications links between static and mobile platforms. Atmospheric turbulence modeling, along with pointing, tracking and acquisition models are combined to provide an overall capability to estimate communications link performance.

Laser generated shock reflectance data show that diamond undergoes a continuous transition from optically absorbing to reflecting between Hugoniot pressures 600<P{sub H}<1000 GPa. The data are consistent with diamond having a thermal population of carriers at P{sub H}{approx}600 GPa, undergoing band overlap metallization at P{sub H}{approx}1000 GPa and melting at 800<P{sub H}<1000 GPa. The results agree well with an equation of state model that predicts that elemental carbon remains solid throughout the interior of Neptune.

Eyeglass is a very large aperture (25-100 meter) space telescope consisting of two distinct spacecraft, separated in space by several kilometers. A diffractive lens provides the telescope's large aperture, and a separate, much smaller, space telescope serves as its mobile eyepiece. Use of a transmissive diffractive lens solves two basic problems associated with very large aperture space telescopes; it is inherently fieldable (lightweight and flat, hence packagable and deployable) and virtually eliminates the traditional, very tight, surface shape tolerances faced by reflecting apertures. The potential drawback to use of a diffractive primary (very narrow spectral bandwidth) is eliminated by corrective optics in the telescope's eyepiece. The Eyeglass can provide diffraction-limited imaging with either single-band, multiband, or continuous spectral coverage. Broadband diffractive telescopes have been built at LLNL and have demonstrated diffraction-limited performance over a 40% spectral bandwidth (0.48-0.72 {micro}m). As one approach to package a large aperture for launch, a foldable lens has been built and demonstrated. A 75 cm aperture diffractive lens was constructed from 6 panels of 1 m thick silica; it achieved diffraction-limited performance both before and after folding. This multiple panel, folding lens, approach is currently being scaled-up at LLNL. We are building a 5 meter …

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Laser-based plasma spectroscopic techniques have been used with great success to determine the line shapes of atomic transitions in plasmas, study the population kinetics of atomic systems embedded in plasmas, and look at the redistribution of radiation. However, the possibilities for optical lasers end for plasmas with n{sub e}>10{sup 22}cm{sup -3} as light propagation is severely altered by the plasma. The construction of the Tesla Test Facility(TTF) at DESY(Deutsche Elektronen-Synchrotron), a short pulse tunable free electron laser in the vacuum-ultraviolet and soft X-ray regime (VUV FEL), based on the SASE(self amplified spontaneous emission) process, will provide a major advance in the capability for dense plasma-related research. This source will provide 10{sup 13} photons in a 200 fs duration pulse that is tunable from {approx} 6nm to 100nm. Since an VUV FEL will not have the limitation associated with optical lasers the entire field of high density plasmas kinetics in laser produced plasma will then be available to study with tunable source. Thus, one will be able to use this and other FEL x-ray sources to pump individual transitions creating enhanced population in the excited states that can easily be monitored. We show two case studies illuminating different aspects of plasma …

The Central Solenoid Model Coil (CSMC) was designed and built by ITER collaboration between the European Union, Japan, Russian Federation and the United States in 1993-2001. Three heavily instrumented insert coils have been also built for testing in the background field of the CSMC to cover a wide operational space. The TF Insert was designed and built by the Russian Federation to simulate the conductor performance under the ITER TF coil conditions. The TF Insert Coil was tested in the CSMC Test Facility at the Japan Atomic Energy Research Institute, Naka, Japan in September-October 2001. Some measurements were performed also on the CSMC to study effects of electromagnetic and cooldown cycles. The TF Insert coil was charged successfully, without training, in the background field of the CSMC to the design current of 46 kA at 13 T peak field. The TF Insert met or exceeded all design objectives, however some interesting results require thorough analyses. This paper presents the overview of main results of the testing--magnet critical parameters, ac losses, joint performance, effect of cycles on performance, quench and thermo-hydraulic characteristics and some results of the post-test analysis.

The Central Solenoid Model Coil (CSMC) was designed and built by an ITER collaboration in 1993-2001. Three heavily instrumented Inserts have been also built for testing in the background field of the CSMC. The Nb3AI Insert was designed and built by Japan to explore the feasibility of an alternative to Nb3Sn superconductor for fusion magnets. The Nb3AI Insert coil was tested in the CSMC Test Facility at the Japan Atomic Energy Research Institute, Naka, Japan in March-May 2002. It was the third Insert tested in this facility under this program. The Nb3AI Insert coil was charged successfully without training in the background field of the CSMC to the design current of 46 kA at 13 T peak field and later was successfully charged up to 60 kA in 12.5 T field. This paper presents the test results overview.

In this paper we outline a model which incorporates development processes into an evolutionary frame work. The model consists of three sectors describing development, genetics, and the selective environment. The formulation of models governing each sector uses dynamical grammars to describe processes in which state variables evolve in a quantitative fashion, and the number and type of participating biological entities can change. This program has previously been elaborated for development. Its extension to the other sectors of the model is discussed here and forms the basis for further approximations. A specific implementation of these ideas is described for an idealized model of the evolution of a multicellular organism. While this model doe not describe an actual biological system, it illustrates the interplay of development and evolution. Preliminary results of numerical simulations of this idealized model are presented.

Residual strains affect the structural integrity of components during both fabrication and service and consequently industrial manufacturers routinely invest considerable effort in their characterization and control. Neutron diffraction has proved to be a unique technique for non-destructive strain measurement within crystalline solids. The technique is achieving recognition but is limited by lack of beam time and compromises involved in using instruments designed for powder diffraction. This paper summarizes its importance, lists the capabilities of the Los Alamos (pulsed) neutron scattering center (LANSCE) and briefly describes a concept for a dedicated instrument.

It is often assumed that trees grown to offset CO{sub 2} emissions need then to be preserved in order to keep the CO{sub 2} from returning to the atmosphere. My contention is that, in terms of atmospheric CO{sub 2}, a tree performs equivalently if it stores carbon or if its conversion to CO{sub 2} displaces some other source of CO{sub 2} that would otherwise be released. There is no difference in atmospheric CO{sub 2} if we burn coal and save trees or if we burn trees and save coal. This manuscript compares the alternatives. Through a simple model of carbon flows I compare net reductions of emissions of CO{sub 2} to the atmosphere for various combinations of: (1) the existing land use, (2) the anticipated growth rate of trees, (3) the fate of trees once they reach maturity, (4) the efficiency with which trees are used once harvested, and (5) time. The analysis focuses on the net carbon benefit and does not consider other factors that would enter into forest management decisions. The model shows that when there is an existing forest and either low growth-rate potential or a large energy cost involved with harvest and use, the most carbon …

The discussion centers on the energies and luminosities required to reach a 1 TeV mass scale. Several bellwether experiments are discussed, involving either momentum transfers or new classes of particles. (GHT)

A roll compaction and roll granulation system has been designed and fabricated to replace conventional preslugging and crushing operations typically used in the fabrication of mixed oxide nuclear fuel pellets. This equipment will be of maintenance advantage with only the compaction and granulation rolls inside containment. The prototype is being tested and the results will be reported within a year.