As a result of massive reductions in deployed nuclear warheads, and their subsequent dismantlement, large quantities of surplus weapons- grade plutonium will be stored until its ultimate disposition is achieved in both the US and Russia. Ultimate disposition has the following minimum requirements: (1) preclude return of plutonium to the US and Russian stockpiles, (2) prevent environmental damage by precluding release of plutonium contamination, and (3) prevent proliferation by precluding plutonium diversion to sub-national groups or nonweapons states. The most efficient and effective way to dispose of surplus weapons-grade plutonium is to fabricate it into fuel and use it for generation of electrical energy in commercial nuclear power plants. Weapons-grade plutonium can be used as fuel in existing commercial nuclear power plants, such as those in the US and Russia. This recovers energy and economic value from weapons-grade plutonium, which otherwise represents a large cost liability to maintain in safeguarded and secure storage. The plutonium remaining in spent MOX fuel is reactor-grade, essentially the same as that being discharged in spent UO{sub 2} fuels. MOX fuels are well developed and are currently used in a number of LWRs in Europe. Plutonium-bearing fuels without uranium (non-fertile fuels) would require some development. …

Air sampling and monitoring programs at DOE facilities need to be reviewed in light of revised requirements and guidance found in, for example, DOE Order 5480.6 (RadCon Manual). Accordingly, the Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) air monitoring program is being revised and placed on a sound technical basis. A draft technical basis document has been written to establish placement criteria for instruments and to guide the ``retrospective sampling or real-time monitoring`` decision. Facility evaluations are being used to document air sampling/monitoring needs, and instruments are being evaluated in light of these needs. The steps used to develop this program and the technical basis for instrument placement are described.

A program of improvements to increase intensity and improve reliability of the Los Alamos Proton Storage Ring (PSR) has been under way for several years. Reduction of stored beam loss rates by a factor of 4.6 since 1987 through exploitation of H{sup 0} injection has allowed the average intensity to increase by a factor of two to 75{mu}A. Reliability of the PSR and associated beam delivery systems has been improved by extensive rework of numerous subsystems. Radiation protection has been improved by additional shielding of Line D and extensive use of relatively fail-safe radiation detectors incorporated into an improved radiation security system.

Questions surrounding the designation of routes for the movement of spent nuclear fuel (SNF) and high-level radioactive waste (HLW) by the Office of Civilian Radioactive Waste Management (OCRWM) have broad implications. Federal regulations prescribe rules to be applied in the selection of highway routes. In most cases, these rules will lead to a clear selection of one route between an origin and destination point. However, in other cases, strict application of the regulations does not result in a clear choice of a preferred route. The regulations also provide discretion to State governments and carriers to select alternative routes to enhance the safety of the shipment. Railroad shipments of radioactive materials are not subject to Federal routing regulations. Since the railroads operate on private property, it has been assumed that they know the best way to move freight on their system. This discretion, while desirable for addressing unique local safety concerns or for responding to temporary safety concerns such as road problems, weather conditions, or construction areas, leads to significant opportunity for misunderstandings and uneasiness on the part of local residents.

The SSC Low-Energy Booster (LEB) cavity must rapidly tune from 47.52 to 59.78 MHz. The cavity tuner will use transversely biased ferrite control of the cavity resonance. The thermal expansion of a cavity`s materials affects its resonance. There are two other known temperature mechanisms that affect resonance in the water-cooled LEB cavity. The saturation magnetization of the ferrite is a function of temperature, and since the ferrite permeability is dependent on the saturation magnetization, the ferrite permeability is also temperature dependent. The ferrite cooling water is present in the tuner rf field, hence the water permittivity, which is very temperature dependent, also affects cavity resonance. While taking data on the SSC Test Cavity to quantify the effect of temperature on the resonance, we observed that the rf power level also perturbed the resonance. It was readily apparent from the data that the power level affected the resonance much more strongly at low values of control bias than at high values. In fact, when we calculate an apparent modified control-bias H field that produces the observed resonance shift, we noticed an almost perfect, though non-linear, correlation between the ratio of H{sub rf} to H{sub bias} and the apparent modified bias field, …

The experimental program at the Fragment Mass Analyzer (FMA) at the ATLAS accelerator is well under way. Experiments have been carried out at the target position and at the focal plane. After a brief facility description, some recent experimental results are presented.

We have built, installed and tested a pinger for use as a general diagnostic at the Los Alamos Proton Storage Ring (PSR). Two 4-m-long parallel-plate electrodes with a plate spacing of 10.2 cm provide kicks of up to 1.1 mrad. A pair of solid-state pulsers may be operated in a single-pulse mode for beam pinging (tune measurements) or in a burst mode at up to 700 kHz pulse rates for beam sweeping. During our 1992 operating period we used the pinger for beam sweeping, for beam shaking, for measuring the tune shift, and we have used it as an ion chamber. Using the pinger as an ion chamber during production conditions has yielded some surprising results.

High Altitude Long Endurance (HALE) unmanned missions appear to be feasible using a lightweight, high efficiency, span-loaded, Solar Powered Aircraft (SPA) which includes a Regenerative Fuel Cell (RFC) system and novel tankage for energy storage. An existing flightworthy electric powered flying wing design was modified to incorporate present and near-term technologies in energy storage, power electronics, aerodynamics, and guidance and control in order to design philosophy was to work with vendors to identify affordable near-term technological opportunities that could be applied to existing designs in order to reduce weight, increase reliability, and maintain adequate efficiency of components for delivery within 18 months. The energy storage subsystem for a HALE SPA is a key driver for the entire vehicle because it can represent up to half of the vehicle weight and most missions of interest require the specific energy to be considerably higher than 200 W-hr/kg for many cycles. This stringent specific energy requirement precludes the use of rechargeable batteries or flywheels and suggests examination of various RFC designs. An RFC system using lightweight tankage, a single fuel cell (FC) stack, and a single electrolyzer (EC) stack separated by the length of a spar segment (up to 39 ft), has specific …

The quadrature response of longitudinal impedance is shown to be the effective impedance for the beam instability. The results of the application of this formulation are compared with that obtained using the Robinson-Pedersen approach and the Sacherer integral equation. The formulation is further generalized to the rigid bunch motion using signal analysis method, where a form factor shows up naturally. Finally, the formulation is applied to solve the coupled bunch instabilities. Examples of the AGS Booster and the AGS coupled bunch instabilities are used to illustrate the applications of the formulation.

We have performed elastic neutron scattering measurements of the staggered magnetization in (FeF{sub 2}){sub m}(CoF{sub 2}){sub n} superlattices. Thermal expansion measurements, which are proportional to the magnetic contribution to the specific heat, wwre also carried out using high resolution x-ray diffraction. One of the two measured samples has thickness of m = n = 4.5 and the other m = 26 and n = 28 monolayers, as determined from high angle x-ray {theta} - 2{theta} scans. In the m = n = 4.5 sample, only one transition is observed T{sub N} = 62.9K. Analysis of the neutron data, including the rounding effects, indicates an effective {beta} {approx} 0.42. This does not compare well with the 3D Ising exponent {beta} = 0.325. The X-ray data also shows the existence of only one specific heat anomaly at T = 62.8 K. For the m = 26, n = 28 sample, dips in the staggered magnetization, and peaks in the thermal expansion were observed at T {approx} 40 K and 74 K. The higher temperature anomaly, associated primarily with the FeF{sub 2} layers, is sharper than the lower one, which is presumably rounded by the staggered ordering field improsed by the long range …

As Low As Reasonably Achievable (ALARA) radiation exposure levels were implemented on January 1, 1991, by Westinghouse Hanford Company (WHC), a prime US Department of Energy (DOE) contractor, located in Richland, Washington. This paper describes the radiation exposure levels which were implemented and the associated experiences and lessons learned. The issue of a report from the Committee on Biological Effectiveness of Ionizing Radiation in 1989 prompted DOE to re-evaluate its position on radiation exposure limits and the resulting doses received by occupational radiation workers. DOE requested that all it`s contractors determine the impacts to operations from reduced radiation exposure levels.

We have investigated the possibility of using a photon scanning tunneling microscope (PSTM) for laser lithography. A contrast enhancement material (CEM) is coated onto a sample slide and coupled to the prism of a PSTM. The CEM becomes transparent above a laser (HeCd at a wavelength of 442 nm) intensity threshold attained due to the proximity of the probe tip. The same surface can then be inspected using the given experimental configuration by replacing the HeCd laser line with a non-exposing 633-nm HeNe laser line. Direct patterns can be produced by varying the exposure time and the shape of the probe tip.

This report describes four types of PET facilities: Clinical PET with no radionuclide production; clinical PET with a small accelerator; clinical PET with research support; and research PET facilities. General facility considerations are also discussed.

With more and more insertion devices in storage rings, where the vacuum chamber size can be suddenly different,ionization pockets on may develop, thus ions amy be to beam blow up, beam instabilities or even beam loss. One have to take a closer took at the stability conditions of the ions in these longitudinal equidistant bunches: are the ions above or below the Ac critical mass? For a bunch tram followed by a gap: is the ion of mass A stable or unstable for a given at a given current at a given current at a given azimuthal location in the ring? Are the ions longitudinally mobile and be able to get to an unstable region? If the ions proved to be stable in that region and if their longitudinal energy is less then the depth of the potential well, then they have to be statically cleared at that location. We are going to investigate the question of ion stability in the NSLS X-ray ring with a .32 m long variable gap (4-18mm) undulator and a .95 m long 27mm gap undulator in it. We will concentrate our attention to CO ions (A=28) since they are the most bothersome in the …

This report discusses the AIROX process which is a dry pyrochemical process developed by Atomic International for recycling LWR spent fuels which would retain most of the fission-product inventory in reconstituted fuel assemblies. The process would: (1) avoid the generation of high-level liquid waste streams, (2) recycle fertile U-238, unburned U-235, and unburned transuranics, and, (3) in principle, allow extended burnup to about 120 MWd/kg via three or four recycles. In this study: (1) prior AIROX studies were reviewed, (2) a preconceptual design and cost estimate of an AIROX plant were developed, (3) types and amounts of wastes that would be generated were calculated, and (4) further R&D needs for the AIROX process were identified.

Epitaxial trilayer and superlattice structures grown by pulsed laser ablation have been used to study the superconducting-to-normal transition of ultrathin (one and two c-axis unit cells) YBa{sub 2}Cu{sub 3}O{sub 7{minus}x} layers. The normalized flux-flow resistances for several epitaxial structures containing two-cell-thick YBa{sub 2}Cu{sub 3}O{sub 7{minus}x} films collapse onto the ``universal`` curve of the Ginzburg-Landau Coulomb Gas (GLCG) model. Analysis of normalized resistance data for a series of superlattices containing one-cell-thick YBa{sub 2}Cu{sub 3}O{sub 7{minus}x} layers also is consistent with the behavior expected for quasi-two-dimensional layers in a highly anisotropic, layered three-dimensional superconductor. Current-voltage measurements for one of the trilayer structures also are consistent with the normalized resistance data, and with the GLCG model. Scanning tunneling microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and electrical transport studies show that growth-related steps in ultrathin YBa{sub 2}Cu{sub 3}O{sub 7{minus}x} layers affect electrical continuity over macroscopic distances, acting as weak links. However , the perturbation of the superconducting order parameter can be minimized by utilizing hole-doped buffer and cap layers, on both sides of the YBa{sub 2}Cu{sub 3}O{sub 7{minus}x} layer, in trilayers and superlattices. These results demonstrate the usefulness of epitaxial trilayer and superlattice structures as tools for systematic, fundamental studies of high-temperature superconductivity.

The GEM EM calorimeter is optimized for the best energy, position, angular resolution and jet rejection. The detailed simulation results are presented. In the barrel with LKr, an energy resolution of about 6%/{radical}{direct_sum}0.4%, pointing resolution of 40mrad/{radical}E + 0.5mrad, and jet rejection of a factor of 5 are expected.

In 1989, the Hanford Site took on a new mission of waste remediation and environmental cleanup. The Hanford Site vision is to become the leader in environmental cleanup technology while bringing the site back to its environmental pristine condition. This technology drive to launch the Hanford site as the flagship of environmental restoration has been divided into several mission areas. This paper focuses on the solid waste management (SWM) mission.

A variety of advanced bioreactors are being developed to improve production of fuels, solvents, organic acids and other fermentation products. One key approach is immobilization of the biocatalyst leading to increased rates and yields. In addition, there are processes for simultaneous fermentation and separation to further increase production by the removal of an inhibitory product. For example, ethanol productivity in immobilized-cell fluidized-bed bioreactors (FBRs) can increase more than tenfold with 99% conversion and near stoichiometric yields. Two modified FBR configurations offer further improvements by removing the inhibitory product directly from the continuous fermentation. One involves the addition and removal of solid adsorbent particles to the FBR. This process was demonstrated with the production of lactic acid by immobilized Lactobacillus. The second uses an immiscible organic extractant in the FBR. This increased total butanol yields in the anaerobic acetone-butanol fermentation by Clostridium acetobutylicum.

The mechanical and magnetic alignment of the first eight induction-cell, solenoid magnets of the Integrated Test Stand (ITS) for the Dual-Axis Radiographic Hydrodynamic Test (DARHT) facility were measured by observing the deflection of a fine, taut wire carrying a pulsed current. To achieve the required alignment (less than 0.25 mm offset and less than 5 mrad tilt), the magnet design uses quadrufilar windings and iron field-smoothing rings. After detailed measurements of each solenoid magnet, the cells are assembled and then mechanically aligned using a laser and an alignment target moved along the cell centerline. After the cells are in final position, the pulsed wire method is used to verify the magnetic alignment. The measurements show an average offset of the magnetic axes from the mechanical axis of 0. 15 mm, with a maximum offset of 0.3 mm. The average tilt of the magnetic axis was 0.7 mrad with a maximum tilt of 1.4 mrad. Tilts are corrected to less than 0.3 mrad, using dipole trim magnets assembled into each cell. Correction is limited noise.

The following is an analysis of the confinement and stability issues of a Crystal Beam. A method is described to determine the equilibrium configuration of a beam of highly charged particles. It is required that the beam has a uniform distribution in the direction of motion, which is stable and does not need therefore confinement with external means. It is shown that this can be obtained only for a relatively longitudinally compact beam. Confinement in the plane transverse to the direction of motion is obtained with external means, which also provide stability. It is important that particles are distributed so that the resulting space charge forces are linear with respect to the particle transverse coordinates.

Time domain solutions for a coasting beam interacting with a longitudinal or transverse impedance are presented. The treatment is limited to first order perturbation theory, but it includes Landau damping.

Accelerator physicists today have access to computers that are far more powerful than those available just 10 years ago. In the early 1980`s, desktop workstations performed less one million floating point operations per second (Mflops), and the realized performance of vector supercomputers was at best a few hundred Mflops. Today vector processing is available on the desktop, providing researchers with performance approaching 100 Mflops at a price that is measured in thousands of dollars. Furthermore, advances in Massively Parallel Processors (MPP) have made performance of over 10 gigaflops a reality, and around mid-decade MPPs are expected to be capable of teraflops performance. Along with advances in MPP hardware, researchers have also made significant progress in developing algorithms and software for MPPS. These changes have had, and will continue to have, a significant impact on the work of computational accelerator physicists. Now, instead of running particle simulations with just a few thousand particles, we can perform desktop simulations with tens of thousands of simulation particles, and calculations with well over 1 million particles are being performed on MPPs. In the area of computational electromagnetics, simulations that used to be performed only on vector supercomputers now run in several hours on desktop …

This paper analyzes the cross-connected figure-eight null-flux coil suspension system for maglev vehicles on the basis of dynamic circuit theory. The equivalent circuits and general magnetic force expressions for the system are developed. Simple analytical formulas for the magnetic force partitions on the basis of harmonic approximation are presented, and numerical results are also included.