Recovery of krypton from implosion of glass microballoons has been studied in the development of a radiochemical diagnostic for determination of <rho r> /sub fuel/. Collection onto metal surfaces following implosions performed on the OMEGA laser with 1-3 TW (1-2 kJ) of 0.35 ..mu..m light is consistent with an ion implantation mechanism. The dependence of the intrinsic collection efficiency on the energy fluence to the collector surface and its variation in implosions carried out under the same nominal conditions indicate ion energies extending to at least 0.1 MeV and energy distribution functions that are sensitive to the details of the implosion dynamics. Intrinsic sticking efficiencies approaching 0.5 can be obtained in the limit of low total energy fluence to the collector surface (less than or equal to 0.1 J cm/sup -2/).

The mechanism of collision-free multiphoton ionization of rare gases irradiated with ultraviolet radiation at an intensity of up to approx.10/sup 16/ W/cm/sup 2/ at 248 nm and a pulse length of approx.0.5 ps and approx.10/sup 15/ W/cm/sup 2/ at 193 nm and approx.5ps, respectively, has been studied by observing the electron energy spectra and ion charge state threshold intensities. The formation of multiply charged ions by a sequential process of ionization has been directly detected in the electron energy spectra in the form of a characterisitic pattern of interwoven above threshold ionization (ATI) ladder line series. The threshold intensities for ion production have been compared with the Keldysh model and were found to be in good agreement for light ions (Ne) and consistently lower for heavier ions (Xe), scaling with the atomic number. These measurements, together with estimates of the ion population dynamics during the rise of the laser pulse can be reasonably understood on the basis of a single electron picture. 16 refs., 5 figs.

Perpendicular electron-cyclotron emission (PECE) from relativistic (T/sub H/ approx. 100 to 400 keV) hot electrons within the thermal-barrier region of TMX-U is detected at 35, 60, 94 and 98 GHz. For the operating regime of TMX-U these signals are optically thin (tau<<1) and thus proportional to the radial hot electron line density. A relativistic code is used to calculate the theoretical temperature dependence of the perpendicular emission coefficient, j perpendicular(..omega..,T/sub H/), for each of the detected frequencies. This dependence has been verified experimentally by x-ray measurements of the hot electron temperature, T/sub H/. The observed qualitative agreement demonstrates that optically thin PECE signals can be used to determine the temporal evolution of T/sub H/. An inability to absolutely calibrate the present PECE waveguide system has prevented quantitative agreement.

A commercial database software package has been used to create several databases and tools that assist and enhance the ability of experimental physicists to analyze data from the Tandem Mirror Experiment-Upgrade (TMX-U) experiment. This software runs on a DEC-20 computer in M-Division's User Service Center at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL), where data can be analyzed offline from the main TMX-U acquisition computers. When combined with interactive data analysis programs, these tools provide the capability to do batch-style processing or interactive data analysis on the computers in the USC or the supercomputers of the National Magnetic Fusion Energy Computer Center (NMFECC) in addition to the normal processing done by the TMX-U acquisition system. One database tool provides highly reduced data for searching and correlation analysis of several diagnostic signals within a single shot or over many shots. A second database tool provides retrieval and storage of unreduced data for use in detailed analysis of one or more diagnostic signals. We will show how these database tools form the core of an evolving offline data analysis environment on the USC computers.

Several diagnostics measure the particle sources and losses in the Tandem Mirror Experiment-Upgrade (TMX-U) plasma. An absolutely calibrated high-speed (0.5 ms per frame) filtered (6561 A) video camera measures the total ionization source as a function of radius. An axial view of the plasma automatically integrates the axial variations within the depth of field of the system. Another camera, viewing the plasma radially, measures the axial source variations near the deuterium fueling source. Axial ion losses are measured by an array of Faraday cups that are equipped with grids for repelling electrons and are mounted at each end of the experiment. Unequal ion and electron (nonambipolar) radial losses are inferred from net current measurements on an array of grounded plates at each end. Any differences between the measured particle losses and sources may be attributed to ambipolar radial losses and/or azimuthal asymmetries in the particle-loss profiles. Methods of system calibration, along with details of computer data acquisition and processing of this relatively large set of data, are also presented. 6 refs., 1 fig.

Perpendicular electron-cyclotron emission (PECE) is used on TMX-U to diagnose thermal-barrier hot electrons (T/sub H/ approx. 100 to 400 keV); yielding the time history of the temperature of these relativistic electrons. We describe an improved quasi-optical viewing system for these measurements that uses high sensitivity superheterodyne receivers at fixed frequencies of 60, 98, 130, and 196 GHz. The improved viewing and transport system consists of an off-axis ellipsoidal mirror that images the plasma onto a V-band conical collection horn, an overmoded circular waveguide (7/8'' diam) that transports the radiation outside the vacuum vessel where the polarization is selected, and a high absorptivity Macor beam dump to prevent internal wall reflections from entering the viewing system. A relativistic code is used to calculate optically thin PECE signals from relativistic electrons for various energy and pitch angle distributions. 4 refs., 4 figs.

Over the past three years, the total TMX-U diagnsotic data base has grown to exceed 10 megabytes from over 1300 channels; roughly triple the originally designed size. This acquisition and processing load has resulted in an experiment repetition rate exceeding 10 minutes per shot using the five original Hewlett-Packard HP-1000 computers with their shared disks. Our new diagnostics tend to be multichannel instruments, which, in our environment, can be more easily managed using local computers. For this purpose, we are using HP series 9000 computers for instrument control, data acquisition, and analysis. Fourteen such systems are operational with processed format output exchanged via a shared resource manager. We are presently implementing the necessary hardware and software changes to create a local area network allowing us to combine the data from these systems with our main data archive. The expansion of our diagnostic system using the paralled acquisition and processing concept allows us to increase our data base with a minimum of impact on the experimental repetition rate.

We study a recursion relation that manifests two distinct routes to turbulence, both of which reproduce commonly observed phenomena: the Feigenbaum route, with period-doubling frequencies; and a much more general route with noncommensurate frequencies and frequency entrainment, and locking. Intermittency and large-scale aperiodic spatial patterns are reproduced in this new route. In the oscillatory instability regime the fracal dimension saturates at D/sub F/ approx. = 2.6 with imbedding dimensions while in the turbulent regime D/sub F/ saturates at 6.0. 19 refs., 3 figs.

We have developed an optical diagnostic system suitable for characterizing the performance of energetic neutral beams. An absolutely calibrated CCD video camera is used to view the neutral beam as it passes through a relatively high pressure (10/sup -5/ Torr) region outside the neutralizer: collisional excitation of the fast deuterium atoms produces H/sub proportional to/ emission (lambda = 6561A) that is proportional to the local atomic current density, independent of the species mix of accelerated ions over the energy range 5 to 20 keV. Digital processing of the video signal provides profile and aiming information for beam optimization. 6 refs., 3 figs.

A two-cell prototype of the SLD Central Drift Chamber has been tested using CO/sub 2/-isobutane (92%-8%) at one atmosphere. Average single wire resolution of 55 ..mu..m was achieved. Charge division tests indicate a resolution for the final design of less than or equal to 0.5% of wire length. dE/dx separation of ..pi../e should be useful up to at least 7 GeV/c. 100 MHz waveform digitizers were used in parallel with conventional timing and integration techniques. The results show equivalent performance for single tracks and a two pulse resolution better than 1 mm. 7 refs., 7 figs., 1 tab.

The swelling of V-base alloys, Type 316 stainless steel, Fe-25Ni-15Cr alloys, ferritic steels, Cu, Ni, Nb-1% Zr, and Mo on neutron irradiation is compared with the swelling for these materials on ion irradiation. The results of this comparison show that utilization of the ion-irradiation technique provides for a discriminative assessment of the potential for swelling of candidate materials for fusion reactors.

A variety of multilayer mirrors with transition metal absorber layers (W-C, Wre-C, Co-C, and Cr-C) have been fabricated and tested up to 1000 C using standard 0.20 x-ray diffraction, Debye-Scherrer scattering and microcleavage transmission electron microscopy. The 0-20 x-ray diffraction during annealing shows the Bragg peak position to shift toward lower angles with increasing temperature. This irreversible shift starts at around 300 C and is equivalent to as much as 12% expansion of the multilayer period with a temperature change from ambient to 750 C. In all cases a crystallization occurs in the metal component between 650-750 C. The different types of crystalline compounds formed have been identified by the Debye-Scherrer technique. As a consequence of this crystallization abrupt changes occur in the multilayer structure. Electron microscopy shows that the surface roughness increases by formation of hillocks and the layered structure is destroyed. Moreover the x-ray reflectivity decreases considerably. The expansion and crystallization are of great importance in cases where a precise multilayer period is required or in devices intended for high x-ray flux applications.

Power spectra calculated from the coarse-graining of a simple lattice gas automaton, and those of time averaging other stochastic time series that we have investigated, have exponents in the range -1.6 to -2, consistent with observation of fully developed turbulence. This power spectrum is a natural consequence of coarse-graining; the exponent -2 represents the continuum limit. 5 refs., 8 figs.

Results are presented with a 15 mm wide gated microchannel plate uv and x-ray detector. The active area is part of a 6 ohm transmission line driven by an electronically generated gate pulse. The microchannel plate is coated with CsI allowing tests with a frequency quadrupled, high repetition rate 1.05 ..mu..m laser. Results showing optical gate widths as short as 100 psec are presented.

One of the critical parameters in large scale fusion experiments is the ion speed distribution and its variation with changes in confinement and heating. Large plasma dimensions and high densities complicate direct measurement of this distribution since ions escaping to the wall are primarily those which undergo charge exchange in the outer plasma or those which have suffered many collisions and significant energy loss during their migration from the central plasma. Several previous works have shown that neutron and proton fusion reaction products generate a spectral line which is fairly broad due to Doppler broadening.

Ordered and partially ordered Cu/sub 3/Au alloys (S = .30 - .99) have been irradiated at 4K and 300K with fusion neutrons at RTNS-II. The disordering rate was measured by monitoring electrical resistivity. The analysis of 4K irradiations and a comparison with fission reactor irradiations indicated that the disordering rate depended upon the long-range order parameter, S, dS/d phi t = -S(k/sub 1/-k/sub 2/S), where k/sub 1/ and k/sub 2/ are scaled with damage energy. The results of 300K irradiation indicated that reordering competed significantly with disordering in the partially ordered sample. Compared to the results of 4K irradiation, the net disordering rate at 300K was higher than that at 4K. This difference and the dependence of disordering rate on S is discussed in terms of the effects of disorder and thermal displacements on cascade cooling processes.

To date a number of searches for evidence for supersymmetry in electron-positron collisions have been made, all with negative results. The techniques used in these searches are reviewed, and their results are examined. The general theoretical and experimental features of supersymmetry are reviewed briefly. 43 refs., 60 figs. (LEW)

The luminosity and energy requirements are considered for both proton colliders and electron-positron colliders. Some of the basic design equations for high energy linear electron colliders are summarized, as well as design constraints. A few examples are given of parameters for very high energy machines. 4 refs., 6 figs. (LEW)

Neutral molecular densities just outside the plasma edge are measured at 11 axial locations in Tandem Mirror Experiment-Upgrade (TMX-U). These densities are time dependent and vary greatly with different modes of TMX-U plasma operation. The densities are low in the ion-cyclotron resonance heated central cell because of plasma pumping. The density is high in the plug near the sloshing-ion turning point. These densities are measured with a combination of new retractable, and fixed, magnetically unshielded Bayard-Alpert gauges that can be oriented to provide calibrated operation in the high (7-kG) MX-U magnetic fields. The role of the neutral density in simultaneously fueling and charge exchanging away the plug density is modeled using SMOKE, a Fokker-Planck code.

A fusion breeder holds the promise of a new capability - ''dialable'' reserve capacity at little additional cost - that offers stockpile planners a new way to deal with today's uncertainties in forecasting long range needs. Though still in the research stage, fusion can be developed in time to meet future military requirements. Much of the necessary technology will be developed by the ongoing magnetic fusion energy program. However, a specific program to develop the nuclear technology required for materials production is needed if fusion is to become a viable option for a new production complex around the turn of the century.

An experiment is being performed to determine the electron neutrino mass with the precision of a few eV by measuring the tritium beta decay energy distribution near the endpoint. Key features of the experiment are a 2 eV resolution electrostatic spectrometer and a high-activity frozen tritium source.

A Hamiltonian is derived describing transverse particle motion in a storage ring. After a transformation to ''action-angle'' variables we show how to apply Green's function techniques to do Lie transform perturbation theory on this Hamiltonian. Two examples are worked out to second order: (1) normal and skew quadrupole field errors; and (2) normal sextupoles. A brief discussion of the single resonance term Hamiltonian includes derivations of the two invariants and calculation of the resonance width for one degree of freedom systems. Finally, we generalize Courant's treatment of modulational diffusion as an illustrative application of Chirikov's criterion to a multi-resonance problem. 29 refs., 3 figs.

Non-ideal plasma equation of state, radiative cross-sections and energy exchange coefficients are described in a tutorial overview.

The Oak Ridge National Laboratory is currently developing a Deuterium Pellet Injector for installation on the Tokamak Fusion Test Reactor (TFTR). This paper describes the design and development of a stand-alone data acquisition and control system for that device. Major elements of the hardware are an Allen-Bradley PLC 2/30 programmable logic controller, a MicroVAX-II computer using the VMS operating system, CAMAC data acquisition and communication equipment, and special-purpose controllers for temperature and for the sequencing of pellet firing valves. The PLC performs all actual control actions and acquires data pertinent to those actions. The MicroVAX receives the data acquired by the PLC, displays it for the operator, prompts for and processes requests for action from the operator, and informs the PLC of those requests. The primary purpose of this paper is to describe the software operating in the MicroVAX, including the system architecture, major tasks, and ancillary and background tasks.