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The types of geothermal resources are reviewed briefly. The uses of geothermal energy are covered under electrical generation and non-electric direct uses. (MHR)

The Lawrence Livermore Laboratory is constructing an induction linac with the following parameters 10kA, 50ns FWHM pulse width, 5MeV, and 5PPS. This paper describes the design features of the 2.5 MeV injector and it's associated pulsed power system.

This paper describes the design and performance of the computer system that will be used to control and monitor the PEP storage ring. Since the design is essentially complete and much of the system is operational, the system is described as it is expected to 1979. Section 1 of the paper describes the system hardware which includes the computer network, the CAMAC data I/O system, and the operator control consoles. Section 2 describes a collection of routines that provide general services to applications programs. These services include a graphics package, data base and data I/O programs, and a director programm for use in operator communication. Section 3 describes a collection of automatic and semi-automatic control programs, known as SCORE, that contain mathematical models of the ring lattice and are used to determine in real-time stable paths for changing beam configuration and energy and for orbit correction. Section 4 describes a collection of programs, known as CALI, that are used for calibration of ring elements.

In response to an action by the Standards Subcommittee of the Cross Section Evaluation Working Group, a workshop was convened to determine the status of available information on prompt fission neutron spectra. The experimental data were reviewed and theoretical models were developed. The current ENDF/B fission neutron spectra files were summarized. Further work is currently under way, especially to provide a better theoretical tool to represent energy-dependent fission spectra. 5 references.

Most of the procedures and techniques described were developed over the past three years. Starting in late 1976, development began on high-accuracy computer codes for electromagnetic field and force analysis. This effort resulted in completion of a family of computer programs called MAGIC (MAGnetic Integration Calcaultion). Included in this group of programs is a post-processor called POSTMAGIC that links MAGIC to GDSAP (General Dynamics Structural Analysis Program) by automatically transferring force data. Integrating these computer programs afforded us the capability to readily analyze several different conditions that are anticipated to occur during tokamak operation. During 1977 we initiated the development of the CONVERT program that effectively links our THERMAL ANALYZER program to GDSAP by automatically transferring temperature data. The CONVERT program allowed us the capability to readily predict thermal stresses at several different time phases during the computer-simulated cooldown and warmup cycle. This feature aided us in determining the most crucial time phases and to adjust recommended operating procedure to minimize risk.

This note examines the cost-scaling of electron-positron storage rings based on pulsed RF systems. The first section uses the nomenclature of P. Wilson to obtain the basic relations between efficiency of power transfer and structure lengths required. The second section uses these properties to obtain the cost equations as a function of energy for an ''optimized'' machine. The optimized radius goes as the 1.7 power of the peak energy. 3 figs., 1 tab.

Among radionuclides of importance in atomic energy, /sup 3/H has relatively low toxicity. The main health and environmental worry is the possibility that significant biological effects may follow from protracted exposure to low concentrations in water. To examine this possible hazard and measure toxicity at low tritium concentrations, chronic exposure studies were done on mice and monkeys. During vulnerable developmental periods animals were exposed to /sup 3/HOH, and mice were exposed also to /sup 60/Co gamma irradiation and energy-related chemical agents. The biological endpoint measured was the irreversible loss of female germ cells. Effects from tritium were observed at surprisingly low concentrations where /sup 3/H was found more damaging than previously thought. Comparisons between tritium and gamma radiation showed the relative biological effectiveness (RBE) to be greater than 1 and to reach approximately 3 at very low exposures. For perspective, other comparisons were made: between radiation and chemical agents, which revealed parallels in action on germ cells, and between pre- and postnatal exposure, which warn of possible special hazard to the fetus from both classes of energy-related byproducts.

Patient Treatment Room at the Bevalac is now in full operation. In the design of this facility, emphasis has been placed on creating an atmosphere appropriate to a clinical facility; the usual features of an irradiation cave have been hidden behind carpets, curtains and paint. Patient positioning is done with a Philips Ram-style couch, with additional fixtures to accommodate a patient in the seated or standing, as well as the supine, position. Dosimetry apparatus, collimators, ion chambers and the beam flattening system used to produce the highly uniform 20 cm diameter therapy field are described.

The performance of EBR-2 Mark-II fuel at 675/sup 0/C is significantly different from that at 590/sup 0/C. Despite the differences, the elements were all successfully irradiated to 8 at. % burnup before being removed from the reactor unbreached. Some of the more significant differences in performance at the higher temperatures are (1) The fuel-element cladding showed a double-peaking strain profile, with enhanced swelling and creep due to extensive carbide precipitation, an FCCI enhanced fission gas stress, or FCMI. (2) The FCCI zone in the fuel was cracked and represented 25% of the cladding thickness. This zone was substantially larger than observed at 590/sup 0/C. (3) The fuel pin lifted 12 mm to the restrainer dimple, so some type of restrainer may be necessary in future designs. A restrainer had previously been deemed unnecessary based on irradiations at 590/sup 0/C. (4) The fission-gas release is less at a fuel-centerline temperature of 720/sup 0/C compared at 650/sup 0/C. This difference is primarily due to the upper third of the element having very little open porosity. Owing to the lack of bnd sodium infiltration into the fuel at the higher temperature, the fission gas pressure is the same at both temperatures.

A number of global models have recently had considerable success in describing recycling. These are briefly reviewed. It is shown that large gas concentrations can build up in the walls and that these concentrations are seriously affected by erosion and deposition processes and by deliberate gettering with titanium. Finally, the measurement of the concentration of hydrogen in probes is discussed as a means of measuring plasma edge characteristics.

A 1lambda planar wiggler has been designed that will be used for the initial operation of the 4 to 18 GeV storage ring PEP. Three of these wigglers will be installed symmetrically around the ring at 120/sup 0/ intervals in three of six available 5 m straight sections with the purpose of providing: (1) beam size control to obtain better luminosities below 15 GeV, and (2) decreased damping times to obtain better injection rates at lower energies. Design goals are discussed and a description of the final system including cost estimates is given. Expected results and usage in PEP are discussed. Some possibilities for production of synchrotron radiation and beam monitoring with shorter wavelength, multiple-period wigglers at PEP energies are also discussed. Comparison to a wiggler now operating in SPEAR is given.

Of major technical and cost impact to Magnetic Fusion Energy development are the materials for the magnet structure. Those materials and fabrication techniques that are attractive to fusion magnets are discussed and relative comparisons made. Considerations such as strength, toughness, and joining techniques are balanced against recommended design criteria to reach an optimum design. Several examples of material selection are cited for large fusion magnets such as Base II, the Mirror Fusion Test Facility, the Toroidal Fusion Test Facility, and the Large Coil Project.

Liquid metal fast breeder reactor (LMFBR) core assemblies are exposed to an operational environment which induces permanent distortions in their main structural members. These distortions have a substantial impact on core assembly refueling since the distortions are large compared to the available spaces. Core assembly refueling requirements demand that refueling be accomplished without damage to the adjacent core components or to the refueling equipment. This paper describes the core assembly refueling requirements and the design procedures used to demonstrate compliance with the requirements. This paper also provides an assessment relative to the influence of these requirements on LMFBR core system design.

Two aspects of multipion production in nuclear collisions are discussed: the negative pion multiplicity distribution and the ..pi../sup -/..pi../sup -/ correlation function. The emphasis is on how these observables could be used to search for signals of collective phenomena in nuclear collisions. 2 figures.

Numerical calculations made by several groups have always shown that an asymptotic lower exit emittance exists for linacs operating with high beam current as the input emittance is reduced to zero. In this paper, a mechanism for this limit is shown to be spread in the betatron frequencies of the individual particles due to the combination of space charge and rf gap forces, causing different transverse trajectories correlated with the instaneous longitudinal position of the particle. These trajectories cannot all be simultaneously matched to the average restoring forces, resulting in an overall emittance increase if the the space charge force is a large fraction of the restoring force. In principle, equilibrium distributions may exist which would not grow. Raising the linac frequency or reducing longitudinal emittance improves the situation, but higher injection energy does not.

Most of the large magnetic confinement experiments today and in the near future use high-power neutral-beam injectors to heat the plasma. This review briefly describes this remarkable technique and summarizes recent results as well as near term expectations. Progress has been so encouraging that it seems probable that tokamaks will achieve scientific breakeven before 1990.

Lenses for the intersection regions of PEP must be pure quadrupole over th entire magnet aperture to within 1:10/sup 4/. Correction of the magnet and its end fringe regions to this accuracy requires measurement of the field quality (relative field harmonic component amplitudes at the pole radius) to 1:10/sup 5/ through the 30th harmonic. Equipment developed for these measurements and the techniques used for field correction are described.

Preliminary cross sections for single electron pickup and loss are presented for Fe, Kr and Xe ions at 8.5 MeV/amu and for Ar ions at energies from 3.4 MeV/amu to 8.5 MeV/amu passing through nitrogen gas.

The versatility and accuracy of programs such as LALA and specially SUPERFISH to calculate the rf properties of standing-wave cavities for linacs and storage rings is by now well established. Such rf properties include the resonant frequency, the phase shift per periodic length, the E- and H-field configurations, the shunt impedance per unit length and Q. While other programs such as TWAP have existed for some time for traveling-wave structures, the wide availability of SUPERFISH makes it desirable to extend the use of this program to traveling-wave structures as well. That is the purpose of this paper. In the process of showing how the conversion from standing waves to traveling waves can be accomplished and how the group velocity can be calculated, the paper also attempts to clear up some of the common ambiguities between the properties of these two types of waves. Good agreement is found between calculated results and experimental values obtained earlier.

Transfer coefficients to predict the passage of isotopes from the environment to terrestrial foods have been derived for various radionuclides of importance in the nuclear fuel cycle. These data update and extend previously recommended handbook values. We derive transfer coefficients to terrestrial foods and describe the systematics of the derived transfer coefficients. Suggestions are offered for changes in the values of transfer coefficients to terrestrial foods that now appear in federal regulatory guides. Deficiencies in our present knowledge concerning transfer coefficients and limitations in the use of these values to ensure compliance with radiation protection standards are discussed.

Two samples each of raw oil shale and spent oil shale were prepared as reference samples and analyzed by four laboratories using neutron activation analysis, x-ray fluorescence spectrometry, atomic absorption spectroscopy, and other techniques. Excellent agreement was obtained between techniques and laboratories except for the thin-film XRF technique. The %RMS deviations were less than or equal to 10% for 85% of the values. In general, the INAA analysis procedures yielded the most accurate and precise results. The XRF and colorimetric methods compared well with INAA but they were not as precise. Poor interlaboratory agreement was obtained for Cr, Co, Dy, and Sm by INAA, and an analytical problem was noted for As and Zr. Additional work is required to develop and validate reliable methods for B, F, Cd, and As.

Peripheral nuclear fragmentation reactions of primary Bevalac heavy ion beams are used to produce secondary beams of radioactive nuclei. The large cross section and small deflection of the projectile fragments lead to high production and delivery efficiency for these beams. Dispersive beam transport allows good separation and purification of the desired secondary beams. /sup 11/C and /sup 19/Ne beams of high purity and good intensity (almost 0.2% of the primary beam current) are presently being used for biomedical experiments.

A lattice dynamics study of a ..cap alpha..--U at room temperature revealed a pronounced dip in the ..sigma../sub 4/ LO mode at wavevector zeta = 0.475. Additional studies at low temperatures showed this mode to soften considerably. Below 60 K elastic peaks appear near (h + 1/2, k,l), increasing in intensity to a maximum at 10.4 K, the lowest temperature studied. The current tentative interpretation is the coexistence of two phases of uranium, the ..cap alpha.. phase, and a similar, but slightly distorted, ..cap alpha..' phase with a sinusoidal modulation in the x-direction.