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Immunofluorescence (IF) techniques were employed in an attempt to develop a rapid test for the identification of fecal streptococci. Fresh isolates were obtained from river waters and raw sewage. Identification to species were made by the conventional physiological, biochemical, and serological tests. Both whole and disrupted cells of representative strains of each species were used for the preparation of the fecal streptococcal vaccine. Globulin fractions of individual and pooled antisera were labeled with fluorescein isothiocyanate, and the resulting conjugates were tested with homologous and heterologous antigens. The present findings suggest that the immunofluorescence techniques can be employed in the determination of the presence and source of fecal pollution in water employing the fecal streptococci as indicator organisms. By using this method it was determined that fecal streptococci can be identified from water and sewage samples within 20 hours. Parenthetically it should be noted that the identification procedures using the routine biochemical and serological tests may take as long as 7 to 14 days. The procedure may be automated for continual monitoring.

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The authors present a phenomenological 'first look' at new Fermilab inclusive data on large p{sub {perpendicular}}{pi}{sup 0} production in pp and {pi}{sup +}p collisions at {theta}{sub cm} {approx} 90{sup o}. Predictions are made using a simple model in which particles are produced at large transverse momentum by a single, hard, large-angle scattering between quarks (q + q {yields} q + q). In this model the ratio R = {sigma}(pp {yields} {pi}{sup 0}X)/{sigma}({pi}{sup +}p {yields} {pi}{sup 0}X) is determined by the difference in the structure functions of the incident proton or pion. This interpretation is consistent with the new {theta}{sub cm} = 90{sup o} data and suggests the importance of measuring R at other {theta}{sub cm} values.

The energy potential of geothermal waters in the geopressured reservoirs of the Gulf Coast ultimately depends on the yield of wells tapping these reservoirs. An analysis is made to determine possible well yields in a geopressured reservoir in Hidalgo County, Texas. The reservoir lies beneath an area 16 kilometres (10 miles) wide and 48 kilometres (30 miles) long, with the long axis extending northeast-southwest parallel to and east of the McAllen fault. The average pressure-to-depth ratio in the reservoir is 17 kilonewtons per square metre per metre (0.75 pound per square inch per foot). The average temperature of the water is 135°C (275"F), and the average salinity is about 25,000 milligrams per litre. On the basis of solubility data, the average methane content is estimated to be 4.8 standard cubic metres per cubic metre (standard cubic feet per cubic foot). Based on an idealized model of the reservoir, the results of the analysis indicate that a single 0.23-metre (0.75-foot) diameter well at the center of the reservoir could sustain a flow rate of 0.31 cubic metre per second (11 cubic feet per second) for 20 years. The total production rate from the reservoir could be increased to 2.7 cubic metres …

Panel discussion: summation and future projections. Introductory remarks by panelists followed by questions and comments from the floor. Panelists: Dr. Joseph Barnea (former director of Resources and Transport for the United Nations; energy consultant to the United Nations Institute for Training and Research (UNITAR)); the Honorable Clyde F. Bel, Jr. (member of the Louisiana House of Representatives representing District 90 and New Orleans); Dr. David Lombard (acting chief of the Advanced Systems Branch of the Division of Geothermal Energy Research and Technology, Energy Research and Development Administration (ERDA)); Fred C. Repper (vice-president of Central Power and Light Company in Corpus Christi, Texas); Dr. Hans Suter (environmental consultant in Corpus Christi, Texas; environmental columnist for the Corpus Christi Caller Times). Session chairman: Herbert Woodson.

"I want to apologize for my associate, Gil Lombard [Sand Diego Gas and Electric Company], for his not being here to present the paper [on low-salinity heat exchanger performance tests for the Imperial Valley resource]. I’m sure it would be of much interest to you. However, I don’t mind pinch-hitting for him because he is in the Imperial Valley, starting construction of a test facility that is the first step, I hope, in bringing revenue to Imperial Magma. I can’t give you any of the specific facts and figures associated with the tests themselves, but I thought it might be of interest to give you a little briefing on what has gone on in the way of heat exchanger testing because it would appear that in many of the applications of the geopressured geothermal resource, heat exchangers are going to be involved in one way or another."

Extensive on-shore and offshore zones of geopressured water reservoirs are found in the Texas and Louisiana Gulf Coast region. Energy in these reservoirs is present in the form of natural gas in solution, thermal energy, and hydraulic, energy. Reservoir depths generally vary from 5000 to 20,000 feet, with corresponding temperatures from below 200°F to above 300°F. Natural gas is presumed to exist at saturation levels in the reservoirs. Total-flow, flashed-stream, and binary-cycle thermal energy conversion systems were investigated as a means to utilize the thermal energy. The total-flow system was selected for a detailed power-plant systems analysis. Power-plant net power output was determined for both surface and injection disposal of the waste water. The range of electrical and gas output from 7-inch nominal production wells is from 0.36 megawatts (Mw) and 6.4 standard cubic feet per second (scf/sec) to 6.2 Mw and 39.9 scf/sec. The lowest values are for the shallow reservoirs with fluid disposal by injection, and the higher values are for the deepest reservoirs with surface disposal. The shallow reservoirs would not be profitable for combined gas production and electrical-power generation, but might be profitable for gas production alone. Deeper reservoirs would be profitable for combined gas production …

A stack of the nuclear emulsion was exposed to the 205 GeV/c proton beam at NAL. By along-the-track scanning of 1060 m, 2963 inelastic proton-nucleus collisions are obtained. The cross section for the inelastic interaction, its mass number dependence and the cross section for the coherent production are studied.

Geothermal heat flow in the Gulf basin is primarily a function of its hydrology. Water expelled from sediments with deepening burial and increasing overburden load escapes upward and toward the basin margin. Where it moves freely in the hydropressure zone, the basin is relatively cool; but where rapid sedimentation and contemporaneous faulting have retarded water loss from compacting sediments, the interstitial fluid pressure reflects a part of the overburden load, and the formation waters are superheated and geopressured. The geopressured zone is common below depths of about 3 km (9,600 ft) in the basin, beneath an area of 375,000 km{sup 2} (150,000 mi{sup 2}), and extends downward perhaps 15 km (50,000 ft) to the base of Cenozoic deposits. The upper boundary of the geopressured zone is the most important physical interface in the basin. Across it the head of formation water increases downward from a few hundred to several thousand feet above sea level; the geothermal gradient increases downward from 20° to 40° C/km to 100°C/km or more; the salinity of formation water decreases downward, commonly by 50,000 mg/l or more; and the porosity of shale and sand increases downward by 10 to 25 percent. Petroleum matures in geopressured clay …

Two geopressured geothermal-reservoir sands in South Texas were indentified and described. Power production from these reservoirs was evaluated, using both flash and secondary-fluid systems. Results indicated water yields sufficient to power a 25-Mw plant in one reservoir and a 60-Mw plant in the second. Economics of the plants were most favorable in the latter, where a two-flash system gave power at 26.8 mils per kilowatt hour as compared to the secondary isobutane system at 33.3 mils per kilowatt hour. Both values assume credit for 30 scf methane per barrel of water. Power-cost calculations show this power to be competitive for 50-Mw and larger plants at 20 percent return on investment. Using 15 percent return on investment, this power source is shown to be very competitive. All costs are given on a 1980 basis, assuming a 5 percent annual inflation rate. (9 figs., 7 tabs.)

Talk by Texas Land Commissioner Bob Landis Armstrong on both the legal and environmental aspects of utilizing geothermal resources.

This paper discusses the governing equations describing mass and energy transport in geopressured geothermal reservoirs. A fully interacting rock-fluid system with rock porosity, permeability, and thermal conductivity dependent on the fluid and rock stresses is considered. The mathematical model includes the effects of solution and free natural gas. Sample calculations of a hypothetical hydrothermal reservoir are presented to show the applicability of reservoir simulation. (4 figs., 9 refs.)