The outstanding unresolved issue of the highly successful standard model is the origin of electroweak symmetry breaking and of the mechanism that determines its scale, namely the vacuum expectation value (vev)v that is fixed by experiment at the value v = 4m//sub w//sup 2///g/sup 2/ = (..sqrt..2G/sub F/)/sup /minus/1/ approx. = 1/4 TeV. In this talk I will discuss aspects of two approaches to this problem. One approach is straightforward and down to earth: the search for experimental signatures, as discussed previously by Pierre Darriulat. This approach covers the energy scales accessible to future and present laboratory experiments: roughly (10/sup /minus/9/ /minus/ 10/sup 3/)GeV. The second approach involves theoretical speculations, such as technicolor and supersymmetry, that attempt to explain the TeV scale. 23 refs., 5 figs.

This paper discusses some historical aspects of particle physics. (LSP)

Following a brief review of the 1987 Fermilab collider run and the present status of the 1988 run, upgrade plans for the near-term (1988-1992) are described. For further luminosity upgrades beyond 1992, several scenarios are currently being discussed, one of which includes the construction of two new 20 GeV rings which could raise the proton-antiproton collider luminosity by a factor of 50 over the original Tevatron I design. Another possible project, the construction of a high luminosity proton-proton collider, has also been investigated in detail. A third scenario, involving a new Main Injector to replace the Main Ring and a new higher energy superconducting synchrotron, is presently being examined. It is hoped that this will result in a proposal to be submitted to DOE for FY91. The major issues concerning these options are presented. 8 figs., 1 tab.

Conventional wide-range neutron channels employ three optional modes to monitor the required flux range from source levels to full power (typically 10 or more decades). Difficult calibrations are necessary to provide a continuous output signal when such a system switches from counting mode in the source range to mean-square voltage mode in the midrange to dc current mode in the power range. In an ORNL proof-of-principle test, a method of extended range counting was implemented with a fission counter and conventional wide-band pulse processing electronics to provide a single-mode, monotonically increasing signal that spanned /approximately 10/ decades of neutron flux. Ongoing work includes design, fabrication, and testing of a comlpete neutron flux monitoring system suitable for advanced liquid metal reactor designs. 6 refs., 4 figs.

Radiation doses from a spent nuclear fuel cask are usually from various phases of operations during handling, shipping, and storage of the casks. Assessment of such doses requires knowledge of external radiation dose rates at various locations surrounding a cask. Under current practices, dose rates from gamma photons are usually estimated by means of point- or line-source approaches incorporating the conventional buildup factors. Although such simplified approaches may at times be easy to use, their accuracy has not been verified. For example, those simplified methods have not taken into account influencing factors such as the geometry of the cask and the presence of the ground surface, and the effects of these factors on the calculated dose rates are largely unknown. Moreover, similar empirical equations for buildup factors currently do not exist for neutrons. The objective of this study is to use a more accurate approach in calculating radiation dose rates for both neutrons and gamma photons from a spent fuel cask. The calculation utilizes the more sophisticated transport method and takes into account the geometry of the cask and the presence of the ground surface. The results of a detailed study of dose rates in the near field (within 20 …

An aerosol here is understood to be a two-component system comprised of gaseous and condensed phases with the characteristic that the condensed phase is not an equilibrium subsystem. In contrast to the usual definitions based upon geometrical or mechanical variables, this quasi-thermodynamic formulation is framed to emphasize the dynamical behavior of aerosols by allowing for coagulation and other aerosol evolutionary processes as natural consequences of the interactions and state variables appropriate to the system. As will become clear later, it also provides a point of departure for distinguishing aerosol particles from unstable gas-phase cluster systems. The question of accommodation in particle collisions must be addressed as a prelude to the discussion of the role of long-range forces. Microscopic reversibility is frequently assumed for molecular collisions with either molecules or solid surfaces. In the case of aerosol collisions, the implication of this assumption is that collisions are elastic, which is contrary to the evidence from coagulation experiments and the conventional operational assumption of sticking upon collision. Gay and Berne have performed computer simulations of the collision of two clusters consisting of a total of 135 molecules interacting via Lennard-Jones potentials. That work showed that complete accommodation, accompanied by overall heating of …

The new amplitude-phase acoustic microscope is versatile; it operates in a wide frequency range 1--200 MHz, with selection of longitudinal, shear, and mixed modes. This enables it to be used in many NDE applications for different kinds of materials. Besides the application examples presented in this paper (bulk defect imaging of lossy materials or at deep locations; leads of IC chip in epoxy package; amplitude images of surface crack on Si nitride ball bearing; thin Au film on quartz), this system can also be applied for residual stress and anisotropy mapping with high accuracy and good spatial resolution. 7 refs, 6 figs.

A search for the lepton-flavor violating decay K/sup +/..--> pi../sup +/..mu../sup +/e/sup -/ has been performed. Measurements have also been made of the branching ratio and decay particle distributions for the decay K/sup +/..--> pi../sup +/e/sup -/. A description of the measurement technique, and preliminary results are presented. 6 refs., 5 figs.

Transient absorption measurements are performed on e-beam excited KrF under lasing and nonlasing conditions for 10% Kr (Ar diluent) and 99.6% Kr gas mixtures. The intracavity flux is varied by changing the output mirror reflectivity. The deposition rate for this experiment is {approx}396 kW/cm{sup 3}. For the 10% Kr and Kr-rich mixtures, the small signal absorption at 248.4 nm is 0.76%/cm and 1.25%/cm, respectively; while the nonsaturable absorption in 0.62%/cm and 0.90%/cm, respectively. A flux loading of {approx}1.5 MW/cm{sup 2} is needed to achieve nearly complete saturation of the saturable absorption.

The purpose of this first ATEX report is to identify the twenty most vital nondestructive assay (NDA) accountability measurement needs in the DOE plutonium community to DOE and to contractor safeguards RandD managers in order to promote resolution of these needs. During 1987, ATEX identified sixty NDA accountability measurement problems, many of which were common to each of the DOE sites considered. These sixty problems were combined into twenty NDA accountability measurement needs that exist within five major areas: NDA ''standards'' representing various nuclear materials and matrix composition; Impure nuclear materials compounds, residues, and wastes; Product-grade nuclear materials; Nuclear materials process holdup and in-process inventory; and Nuclear materials item control and verification. 2 figs.

REL02 is a computer code which provides a designer and analyst with a mathematical tool to calculate the expected failure probability under a variety of assumptions of the form of two overlapping probability distributions. This code has extended the solutions of closed-form calculations to the applications involving truncated normal and Weibull distribution as well as the uniform distribution. These distributions have been found to describe the variations which exist in (a) analytical predictions of stress parameters and (b) accumulated test results of strength data. REL02 has been written to calculate the general failure probability based on the interaction of a specified applied stress distribution and a known failure strength distribution. This program has been useful to quantitatively evaluate the adequacy of design margins and the acceptability of discrepant fabrication conditions. Examples of the application of this code to engineering problems are presented.

Steels with improved resistance to temper embrittlement are now being produced using ``superclean`` steelmaking technology. This technology involves the use of scrap control, proper electric arc furnace and ladle refining furnace practices to produce steel with very low Mn, Si, P, S and other residual impurities such as Sn, As and Sb. This technology has been applied on a production basis to modified ASTM A508 Cl- 4 material intended for high temperature pressure vessel forgings. Processing and properties of this superclean material are reviewed. In addition, the cleanliness and mechanical properties are compared to conventionally melted A508 Cl. 4 material. The ``superclean`` A508 Cl. 4 mod. was found to meet all specification requirements. In addition, the superclean material was found to possess superior upper shelf CVN properties, a lower FATT{sub 50} and NDTT, along with superior microcleanliness compared to conventional material. Finally, the superclean material was found to be immune to temper embrittlement based on the short-term embrittlement treatments examined.

Calculated feedback components of the regional contributions of the power reactivity decrements (PRDs) and of the temperature coefficients of reactivity of a U20Pu10Zr-fueled and of a U10Zr-fueled Experimental Breeder Reactor II (EBR-II) are compared. The PRD components are also separated into power-to-flow dependent and solely power dependent parts. The effects of these values upon quantities useful for indicating the comparative potential inherent safety characteristics of these EBR-II loadings are presented.

The properties of an x-ray Fourier-transform holographic instrument suitable for imaging hydrated biological samples are described.

The data-flow model of computation brings to multiprocessors high programmability at the expense of increased overhead. Applying the model at a higher level leads to better performance but also introduces loss of parallelism. We demonstrate here syntax directed program decomposition methods for the creation of large macro-actors in numerical algorithms. In order to alleviate some of the problems introduced by the lower resolution interpretation, we describe a multi-level of resolution and analyze the requirements for its actual hardware and software integration.

This paper presents a lazy evaluation system for the list-based functional language, Backus` FP in data-driven environment. A superset language of FP, called DFP (Demand-driven FP), is introduced. FP eager programs are transformed into DFP lazy programs which contain the notions of demands. The data-driven execution of DFP programs has the same effects of lazy evaluation. DFP lazy programs have the property of always evaluating a sufficient and necessary result. The infinite sequence generator is used to demonstrate the eager-lazy program transformation and the execution of the lazy programs.

We have used the TPC/Two-Gamma Facility at the SLAC e{sup +}e{sup {minus}} storage ring PEP to study the photon-photon reaction e{sup +}e{sup {minus}} {yields} e{sup +}e{sup {minus}} + hadrons, in both the single-tagged mode (one outgoing e{sup {plus_minus}} detected) and the untagged mode (neither e{sup {plus_minus}} detected). A thrust algorithm was used to find the jet axis in the hadronic center-of-mass, and this axis was used to calculate the transverse momentum with respect to the {gamma}{gamma} collision axis (p{sub t}). The (preliminary) p{sub t} and thrust distributions of both tagged and untagged data are well-described by the predictions of vector meson dominance (VDM) at low p{sub t}. For 3 < p{sub t} < 4.5 GeV, the tagged data are consistent with the prediction of the Quark Parton Model (QPM). In the intermediate region -- 1.5 < p{sub t} < 3 GeV -- an excess of events is seen in both samples. The p{sub t} and event topology of these excess events are compared to a 3-jet model based on QCD.

Partial differential equations can be found in a host of engineering and scientific problems. The emergence of new parallel architectures has spurred research in the definition of parallel PDE solvers. Concurrently, highly programmable systems such as data-how architectures have been proposed for the exploitation of large scale parallelism. The implementation of some Partial Differential Equation solvers (such as the Jacobi method) on a tagged token data-flow graph is demonstrated here. Asynchronous methods (chaotic relaxation) are studied and new scheduling approaches (the Token No-Labeling scheme) are introduced in order to support the implementation of the asychronous methods in a data-driven environment. New high-level data-flow language program constructs are introduced in order to handle chaotic operations. Finally, the performance of the program graphs is demonstrated by a deterministic simulation of a message passing data-flow multiprocessor. An analysis of the overhead in the data-flow graphs is undertaken to demonstrate the limits of parallel operations in dataflow PDE program graphs.

Rock melting technology can provide in-situ glass liners in nuclear waste package emplacement holes to reduce permeability and increase borehole stability. Reduction of permeability would reduce the time and probability of groundwater contacting the waste packages. Increasing the stability of the storage boreholes would enhance the retrievability of the nuclear waste packages. The rock melting hole forming technology has already been tested in volcanic tuff similar to the geology at the proposed nuclear waste repository at Yucca Mountain, Nevada. 6 refs., 5 figs., 2 tabs.

The authors systematically analyze impact evaluation results of three commercial lighting rebate DSM programs. The research includes (1) analysis of ex ante and ex post estimates of program performance, broken down into critical program parameters: hours of operation, watts saved per measure, and measures installed per site; (2) construction of probability distributions of program performance, both in the aggregate and for these critical program parameters; and (3) use of these analyses and distributions to draw conclusions about the accuracy of savings estimates from a variety of evaluation methods. The analysis suggests that realization rates (a ratio of metered savings estimates to tracking database savings estimates) for the sample of participants they examine are subject to tremendous variability, calling into question the usefulness of a point estimate of the realization rate. Discrepancies in estimates of hours of operation are responsible for most of the uncertainty in the realization rate. Finally, the impact of shorter measure lifetimes on savings estimates suggest that persistence studies should be an evaluation priority.

During the preclosure time period (approximately 100 yr), the prospective geologic repository at Yucca Mountain must provide for public and worker radiological safety and retrievability of emplaced waste. During the postclosure period (10,000 yr), the repository must ensure that cumulative radionulclide releases to the accessible environment comply with EPA release limits. Substantially complete containment must be provided by the waste packages for 300-1000 yr. All of these functions must be maintained should a severe seismic event occur and must be achieved with reasonably available technology. The seismic phenomena of interest for the preclosure period are vibratory ground motion from a nearby earthquake or underground nuclear explosion (UNE), faulting beneath surface facilities that are important to safety, and faulting in underground areas of emplaced waste. For the postclosure period, earthquake ground motion, underground faulting, and seismically induced adverse changes in hydrologic conditions have been identified as the most important seismic phenomena to be characterized. The NNWSI Project Site Charcterization Plan describes a number of seismic parameters that are needed for repository design or performance assessment, along with tentative goals for each parameter. Key parameters, goals and current assessments, all subject to change as site characterization progresses, are summarized in this report. …

A computer vision system has been integrated with a modified light-sectioning microscope for quality control and inspection of a machined part whose critical dimensions are 30 to 300 {mu}m. Height measurements were determined by analysis of the projected light-section line. Transverse measurements were made using the microscope in a traditional configuration with illumination from selected elements of an external LED ring array. The light section irradiance was under computer control to accommodate the spatial variations in surface reflectance whose dynamic range exceeded that of the vision system. Part features are located by the vision system. Edges and line centers are then measured to sub-pixel resolution with a gray-level analysis algorithm. This paper describes the design and operation of this system. Details of the measurement process and analysis algorithms are provided.