Article asserts that social entrepreneurship continues to grow as an impactful phenomenon in the world and as a rich stream of research. This special issue thus offers insights for researchers, policymakers, educators, and entrepreneurs about how to sustain impactful social/environmental activities over time.

Article describes examination of the appearance, color, chemical composition, and physiology and mechanical properties of densified Abies wood before and after densification treatment using a colorimeter, FTIR and mechanical testing machine.

Article theoretically demonstrates a single low frequency gas detector that can be used for sensing of gas mixtures with high selectivity, accuracy, and sensitivity.

This article proposes a novel methodology by impregnating SiO₂ precursor solution into the heat-treated wood to improve the mechanical properties.

Measurements of the /sup 14/N/sup 15/N//sup 14/N/sup 14/N and /sup 16/O/sup 18/O//sup 16/O/sup 16/O Raman intensity ratios have been made in air samples and pure gas samples. A high-resolution double monochromator was used with a C31034A-02 PM tube to count the photons scattered from a low-powered laser beam (1--2 watts). Standard high-speed modular electronics (approximately 10 ns resolution) were used to process the output pulses. The ..delta..J = 0 vibrational bands of /sup 14/N/sup 15/N and /sup 16/O/sup 18/O were observed to be essentially free of all interference except dark noise of approximately 3 counts/sec. The adjacent rotational structure of /sup 14/N/sup 14/N and /sup 16/O/sup 16/O showed no appreciable overlap with the ..delta..J = 0 bands of interest. Detailed spectra, comparison of the Raman intensity ratios with mass spectrometer isotope ratios, and Raman cross section data for /sup 14/N/sup 15/N and /sup 16/O/sup 18/O are presented. The applicability of Raman scattering as a technique for precision measurement of isotope ratios is discussed.

In its current design, the high level nuclear waste containers will include an external layer of Alloy 22 (Ni-22Cr-13Mo-3W-3Fe). Since over their life-time the containers may be exposed to multi-ionic aqueous environments, a potential degradation mode of the outer layer could be environmental assisted cracking (EAC). The objective of the current research work was to quantify the susceptibility of Alloy 22 to EAC in a several environmental conditions including solution composition, temperature and electrochemical potential. The susceptibility to EAC was evaluated using the constant deformation technique, the compact specimen--low cycle fatigue method and the slow strain rate test (SSRT). The alloy was tested in the wrought mill annealed (MA) and in the as-welded conditions. Results show that Alloy 22 was extremely resistant to EAC in a wide range of environmental conditions. Using SSRT, Alloy 22 was found susceptible to EAC in one electrolyte at one temperature and at one electrochemical potential.

The lifetime of optics in high-fluence UV laser applications is typically limited by the initiation of damage and its subsequent growth. We have measured the growth rate of laser-induced damage on fused silica surfaces in both air and vacuum. The data shows exponential growth in the lateral size of the damage site with shot number above a threshold fluence. The concurrent growth in depth follows a linear dependence with shot number. The size of the initial damage influences the threshold for growth; the morphology of the initial site depends strongly on the initiating fluence. We have found only a weak dependence on pulse length for growth rate. Most of the work has been on bare substrates but the presence of a sol-gel AR coating has no significant effect.

Patient positioning accuracy remains an issue for external beam radiotherapy. Currently, kilovoltage verification images are used as reference by clinicians to compare the actual patient treatment position with the planned position. These images are qualitatively different from treatment-time megavoltage portal images. This study will investigate the feasibility of using PEREGRINE, a 3D Monte Carlo calculation engine, to create reference images for portal image comparisons. Portal images were acquired using an amorphous-silicon flat-panel EPID for (1) the head and pelvic sections of an anthropomorphic phantom with 7-8 mm displacements applied, and (2) a prostate patient on five treatment days. Planning CT scans were used to generate simulated reference images with PEREGRINE. A correlation algorithm quantified the setup deviations between simulated and portal images. Monte Carlo simulated images exhibit similar qualities to portal images, the phantom slabs appear clearly. Initial positioning differences and applied displacements were detected and quantified. We find that images simulated with Monte Carlo methods can be used as reference images to detect and quantify set-up errors during treatment.

A three dimensional numerical model simulating multi-pass, hot rolling on a reversing mill has been developed to analyze deformation patterns and shape changes of a rolled ingot. Validation simulations through 15 passes with an 86% reduction have been performed using the thermo-mechanically coupled model to track the evolution of the deformed ingot geometry. The heat transfer coefficient for thermal conduction between the rolls and slab has been estimated in accordance with experimental data, and heat transfer to the air and coolant outside of the roll bite is included. A hyperbolic sine model using the Zener-Hollomon parameter is used to capture the temperature and strain rate dependence of the aluminum alloy. A Coulomb friction model with a flow strength dependent maximum limit on the interfacial shear stress was employed between the rolls and ingot. Results of validation simulations and comparisons with experiments focusing on the ingot shape evolution are discussed.

The difficulty in terrestrial imaging over long horizontal or slant paths is that atmospheric aberrations and distortions reduce the resolution and contrast in images recorded at high resolution. This paper will describe the problem of horizontal-path imaging, briefly cover various methods for imaging over horizontal paths and then describe the speckle imaging method actively being pursued at LLNL. We will review some closer range (1-3 km range) imagery of people we have already published, as well as show new results of vehicles we have obtained over longer slant-range paths greater than 20 km.

In an effort to improve public involvement in the site restoration decision making process, the DOE has established site specific advisory boards, of which the Fernald Citizens Task Force is one. The Fernald Task Force is focused on making recommendations in four areas: (1) What should be the future use of the site? (2) Determinations of cleanup levels (how clean is clean?) (3) Where should the wastes be disposed of? (4) What should be the cleanup priorities? Because these questions are being asked very early in the decision-making process, the answers are necessarily qualified, and are based on a combination of preliminary data, assumptions, and professional judgment. The requirement to make progress in the absence of accurate data has necessitated FERMCO and the Task Force to employ an approach similar to sensitivity analysis, in which a range of possible data values are evaluated and the relative importance of the various factors is assessed. Because of its charter to provide recommendations of future site use, the Task Force has developed a sitewide perspective, compared to the more common operable unit specific focus of public participation under CERCLA. The relationship between FERMCO and the Task Force is evolving toward one of partnership …

Historically waste management within the Department of Energy complex has evolved around the operating principle of packaging waste generated and storing until a later date. In many cases wastes were delivered to onsite waste management organizations with little or no traceability to origin of generation. Sites then stored their waste for later disposition offsite or onsite burial. While the wastes were stored, sites incurred additional labor costs for maintaining, inspecting and repackaging containers and capital costs for storage warehouses. Increased costs, combined with the inherent safety hazards associated with storage of hazardous material make these practices less attractive. This paper will describe the methods used at the Department of Energy`s Fernald site by the Waste Programs Management Division to integrate with other site divisions to plan in situ waste characterization prior to removal. This information was utilized to evaluate and select disposal options and then to package and ship removed wastes without storage.

Restoration of the Fernald Environmental Management Project is now moving from the environmental investigation stage to real, tangible remediation progress. Using a variety of programmatic innovations, DOE and FERMCO continue to strengthen an effective partnership that supports a mutually-developed mission of safe, least-cost, earliest final remediation of the Fernald Site while complying with all applicable DOE Orders, regulatory requirements and commitments and addressing the concerns of the many stakeholders who have an interest in how remediation at Fernald progresses. The progress that is occurring at Fernald is testimony to a productive DOE/FERMCO partnership that will continue to be an essential part of the difficult environmental restoration task at this site.

An article written by Janet Tyson for the Arts & Entertainment section of the Fort Worth Star-Telegram titled 'Thumbnail Sketch'. The piece is a snapshot of who Dr. R. William McCarter is with direct quotes from him.

This article presents an effective integration scheme of nanostructured SnO₂ with the fiber optic platform for chemical sensing applications based on evanescent optical interactions.

The Nova laser, completed in December 1984 at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, is being used to conduct inertial confinement fusion experiments. It is capable of focusing more than 100 kJ of energy on small fusion targets. This paper discusses an optical system called the target plane imager that is used during the beam alignment phase of these experiments. The TPI includes a three meter long periscope with a wide field of view, F/3 objective. The telescope relays images of the target focal plane to viewing optics and a video sensor located outside the target chamber. Operation of the system is possible at three wavelengths: 1.05..mu.., 0.527..mu.., and 0.351..mu... These are the three wavelengths at which the ten Nova laser beams can irradiate targets. Both nearfield and farfield images of the ten beams can be viewed with the TPI. This instrument is used to properly align the laser to the target before each target irradiation.

Two recent conference papers on the use of cellulose nitrate and CR-39 to diagnose laser fusion targets are combined with a chronological introduction and update to efforts in this area.

This article investigates twist grain boundaries with molecular dynamic simulations to reveal their atomic structures, energy and interactions with dislocations.

This article analyzes the relationship between partner violence, depression and maternal self-efficacy in migrant women.

Cell membrane proteins play an important role in tissue architecture and cell-cell communication. We hypothesize that segmentation and multidimensional characterization of the distribution of cell membrane proteins, on a cell-by-cell basis, enable improved classification of treatment groups and identify important characteristics that can otherwise be hidden. We have developed a series of computational steps to (i) delineate cell membrane protein signals and associate them with a specific nucleus; (ii) compute a coupled representation of the multiplexed DNA content with membrane proteins; (iii) rank computed features associated with such a multidimensional representation; (iv) visualize selected features for comparative evaluation through heatmaps; and (v) discriminate between treatment groups in an optimal fashion. The novelty of our method is in the segmentation of the membrane signal and the multidimensional representation of phenotypic signature on a cell-by-cell basis. To test the utility of this method, the proposed computational steps were applied to images of cells that have been irradiated with different radiation qualities in the presence and absence of other small molecules. These samples are labeled for their DNA content and E-cadherin membrane proteins. We demonstrate that multidimensional representations of cell-by-cell phenotypes improve predictive and visualization capabilities among different treatment groups, and identify hidden …

Residual elastic strain in naturally deformed, quartz-containing rocks can be measured quantitatively in a petrographic thin section with high spatial resolution using Laue microdiffraction with white synchrotron x-rays. The measurements with a resolution of one micrometer allow the quantitative determination of the deviatoric strain tensor as a function of position within the crystal investigated. The observed equivalent strain values of 800-1200 microstrains represent a lower bound of the actual preserved residual strain in the rock, since the stress component perpendicular to the cut sample surface plane is released. The measured equivalent strain translates into an equivalent stress in the order of {approx} 50 MPa.

Dibenzanthracene, labeled in the 9 and 10 positions with carbon fourteen has been administered to mice intravenously and by stomach tube as an aqueous colloid, and intraperitoneally, subcutaneously, and by stomach tube in tricaprylin solution. The distribution of radioactivity in the mice at various time intervals after administration of the carcinogen has been determined. The radioactivity is rapidly eliminated, largely through the feces, and ordinarily very little is absorbed. The distribution and rate of elimination depends upon the mode of administration. There is an appreciable quantity of radioactivity in tumors produced several months after a single subcutaneous injection of dibenzanthracene. There appear to be no detectable effects from the radiation of the labeled carcinogen.

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