The Lawrence Livermore Laboratory Shiva laser-target interaction facility is designed for experiments at 20 to 30 terawatts. At this power level there will be larger fluxes of neutrons, x-rays, electrons and ions than have been previously measured. The measurements of energy converted into the various reaction products is crucial both in target design and performance analysis of the actual experiment. The total energy absorbed is measured by a box calorimeter surrounding the target except for beam input holes. This measurement prevents the use of other diagnostics, so for normal operation an energy balance module was designed for location on ports on the Shiva target chamber. This module monitors the energy in scattered light at 10640 A and 5320 A or 7118 A. It also contains a faraday cup and plasma and x-ray calorimeters. The distribution of energy in scattered light, plasma and x-rays will be mapped by 58 such modules.

In the laser fusion program at Lawrence Livermore Laboratory, no target experiment is complete unless it is complemented by careful measurements of the laser pulse that irradiates the target. For this purpose, an incident beam diagnostics (IBD) package has been designed for the Shiva laser. The package will furnish data on items such as the total energy and the focusable energy out of the laser chain, and the spatial and temporal energy and power distribution at the target plane. Understanding laser-plasma interactions requires knowledge of the amount of 1.06 ..mu..m light energy that is scattered in various directions from the target. The light energy that is scattered toward the beam focusing lens is analyzed by a reflected beam diagnostic (RBD) package containing a calorimeter, a multiple image camera and a TV camera. This paper describes the detailed design and operation of the IBD and RBD packages as tools to align spatial filters and targets, as well as to diagnose the laser beams and target reflectivity.

Inertial confinement fusion (ICF) designs are considered which may have very high gains (approximately 1000) and low power requirements (<100 TW) for input energies of approximately one megajoule. These include targets having very low density shells, ultra thin shells, central ignitors, magnetic insulation, and non-ablative acceleration.

The attainment of low-adiabat compression to high final state density is essential for achieving high gain thermonuclear micro-implosions. Using 1- and 2-dimensional numerical simulations with LASNEX, the target performance which can be expected and the limitations imposed by absorption heating, and transport for targets designed to reach 100 x liquid DT density (20g/cm/sup 3/) are discussed. The requirements imposed by the need for low preheat, adequate implosion symmetry, and the behavior of fluid instabilities are discussed for these recent target designs. Methods for diagnosis of density are discussed.

Post-shot analysis of targets designed to achieve a diagnosible compression of DT gas to 2. g/cm/sup 3/ or 10 x liquid density is reported. The SHIVA laser provided 15 to 20 TW of 1.06 ..mu..m laser light. Detailed comparisons of diagnostic results with hydro-code calculations are made. Implications for laser light absorption/scattering, thermal conduction, suprathermal electron preheat, implosion symmetry, and pusher-fuel mix are discussed. Uncertainties of the density determination methods are analyzed. Good overall consistency is found, indicating strong support for the successful attainment of 1.-3. g/cm/sup 3/.

Materials accounting for special nuclear material in future fuel cycle facilities will draw heavily on sophisticated data-analysis techniques. Decision analysis, which combines elements of estimation theory, decision theory, and systems analysis, can be used to reduce errors caused by subjective data evaluation and to condense large collections of data to a smaller set of more descriptive statistics. The methods and requirements of decision analysis are discussed and illustrated by a conceptual design example of an advanced materials accounting system for a plutonium nitrate-to-oxide conversion facility.

Double-shelled inertial confinement fusion targets in which the outer shell is exploded have been studied with LASNEX. To achieve high DT density, configurations have been found in which the inner shell is ablatively driven by the hot outer shell. Calculations indicate that greater than 100 times liquid DT density can be achieved with the Shiva laser while still retaining some of the symmetry and stability advantages of the single-shelled exploding pusher target. The relative merits of transferring energy to the inner shell by electron conduction and by hydrodynamic work will be discussed.

The application of high-power lasers to production of extreme high pressures is discussed. Shock velocities consistent with pressures up to 2 TPa in aluminum have already been measured, and experiments in the 4 TPa range are now planned. We describe the status of our programs to develop new diagnostic techniques and perform experiments to characterize perturbing influences on the shock.

A subcommittee of the American Crystallographic Association (ACA) was formed to recommend some guidelines that would improve the overall quality of published powder diffraction data. An analysis of the Powder Diffraction File shows that many of the well-known techniques for obtaining good quality data are often not being applied, and hence there is a need for the establishment of publication standards. A major recommendation from this subcommittee is the use of a standard data-form at the author/referee level of publication. The proposed data-form is divided into five sections: sample characterizaton, technique, unit cell data, references, and the powder data. The information asked for in these five sections represents what, in most cases, the referee and editor can reasonably expect of experimenters seeking to publish their powder data. An example of a filled-out form is shown, and instructions for completing the form are given. Another recommendation is that the ACA request that the International Union of Crystallography consider implementing these recommendations in all IUCr journals.

The beam-target interaction in heavy ion fusion is theoretically understood, but experimental verification at appropriate beam intensities is not possible using existing accelerators. If fusion-intensity ion beams were to lose significantly less energy in passing through matter than calculated it would increase the cost of heavy ion fusion. In the worst case the cost scaling is such that a 25% decrease in energy loss would increase the cost of the accelerator by roughly 10%. In this paper we show that fundamental considerations place a lower bound on ion energy loss. The lower bound is not significantly less than the expected energy loss obtained from detailed calculations.

The handling and disposal of brine effluents is a critical part of any geothermal conversion process. Brine effluents from the San Diego Gas and Electric/Department of Energy--Geothermal Loop Experimental Facility were characterized for particulate concentration and chemical composition. Bench scale tests were conducted with inorganic and organic coagulants as a means of enhancing the sedimentation process for separation and removal of suspended solids, principally amorphous silica. The effects of temperature, retention time, and pH on the precipitation of supersaturated silica, subsequent floc settling properties, and supernatant clarity were also determined. A design of a pilot scale clarifier now undergoing testing is also described.

This report is concerned with improving estimates for the residence times of atmospheric trace constituents in various atmospheric reservoirs. Residence times are defined only for steady-state conditions; i.e., when the net growth rate vanishes. The most useful case of vanishing net growth rate is when the total growth rate is equal to the decay rate. It is demonstrated that the most important advance towards improving estimates of pollutant residence times is through proper choices of reservoirs. Chosen reservoirs should possess the following features: steady-state conditions, uniform mixing ratio throughout or throughout specified subreservoirs, and subreservoirs chosen in which removal rates can be treated as approximate constants. An example of a poorly mixed reservoir, the stratosphere, is discussed. In another example, it is suggested that commonly used reservoirs for atmospheric CO/sub 2/ have been chosen poorly and that a substantial portion of the anthropogenic CO/sub 2/ released during the past 50 years may still be mixing into the stratosphere. In another example, it is suggested that determination of the dry deposition velocity for accumulation-mode aerosol particles may not be so important as previously thought. To improve estimates for the atmospheric residence times of these particles, it is important to increase knowledge …

The conference attendance, publicity and press coverage, brochure mailing, presentations, displays, exhibitors, management seminar checklist, and seminar evaluation by attendees are presented. Also included are the proposal for funding of the conference, the list of attendees, keynote speeches, agenda, and feedback questionnaire. (MHR)

Some primary material, macrostructural and tectonic features of typical geological formations are identified, insofar as they affect the hydraulic fracturing operation whereby suitably treated fluid is pumped into massive crack(s) underground: the retardation or channeling due to strata interfaces, discontinuities and other heterogeneities is roughly characterized, in the context of fully three-dimensional crack shape evolution, and the initiation from oriented boreholes is discussed in detail. A general-purpose numerical scheme is described, efficiently based on a physically transparent distribution of discontinuity multipoles (or dislocations) and the solution of resulting singular integral equations, which permits precise quantification of these effects: in particular, the barriers provided by adjacent stiffer and tougher strata are properly rationalized and the roles of inelastic slippage, blunting, branching, arrest, and re-initiation are placed in more transparent perspective. Stabilization effects due to alterations of pore-fluid pressure (and hence effective decohering stress), or the flux of formation fluid into the open region near to the crack tip, are described as potentially unfavorable for hydrofrac containment. However, the dominant time-dependent mechanism of frac fluid penetration into the narrow crack aperture attracts most attention: this process is very naturally and tractably incorporated in our comprehensive numerical formulation so that realistic simulation of …

An overview of present operations concerned with the management of Hanford-generated high-level radioactive wastes is presented. Interim storage, leak experience, costs, and program operations are discussed. (LK)

A synopsis is given of the detailed characterization of the existing environment at Hanford. The following aspects are covered: demography, land use, meteorology, geology, hydrology, and seismology. It is concluded that Hanford is one of the most extensively characterized nuclear sites. 16 figures. (DLC)

Instrumentation has been developed at the Lawrence Livermore Laboratory for measuring subkilovolt x-rays from laser-produced plasmas. This information is needed to do a complete energy balance on laser fusion experiments. The instruments must have thin windows and yet discriminate against the severe environment of other intense target emissions such as ions, electrons, and scattered laser light. Low energy x-ray measurements down to 0.1 keV will be presented using these absolutely calibrated detectors on laser target shots with the LLL Terawatt laser facility, Cyclops. Precautions in using these detectors in a laser fusion target chamber will be enumerated from our experience in using these instruments on hundreds of laser shots.

Switching and power supply problems of neutral atom beam injection systems and superconducting magnets are briefly discussed. Typical power supplies for both systems are described.

An integrating sphere technique was used for the measurement of the total and specular reflectance of vacuum-evaporated aluminum films. The appearance of the surface to the naked eye was relatively insensitive to the total reflectance, but was very closely related to the fraction of reflected light that was specularly reflected. Milky or cloudy-appearing aluminum films had a low specular reflectance while mirror-like films had a high specular reflectance. Surface specular reflectance was in turn closely related to film microtopography; roughening features such as hillocks substantially reduced film shininess and hence specular reflectance. Although no extensive study to relate reflectance to deposition parameters was undertaken, specular reflectance was found to be very sensitive to chamber pressure during evaporation. Two alternate techniques for surface appearance measurements were evaluated and correlated with the integrating sphere method; these techniques yielded relative assessments of film shininess that corresponded well with visual appearance and integrating sphere results.

The study of Rydberg spectra and ionization thresholds of ten lanthanides using several variations of time-resolved resonant multistep techniques is reported. The ionization limits for the lanthanides determined in this way show a systematic dependence on atomic number. A physical model explaining these results is presented. 16 references. (JFP)

The Shiva laser system is part of a new 20 terawatt laser facility at Lawrence Livermore Laboratory. The system contains more than $5,000,000 worth of optics. This paper discusses the various optical components, typical component quantities and specification, and the problem of laser damage to components.

Some new experiments designed to accurately determine the time interval required to produce a reactive event in confined explosives subjected to temperatures which will cause decomposition are described. Geometry and boundary conditions were both well defined so that these experiments on the rapid thermal decomposition of HE are amenable to predictive modelling. Experiments have been carried out on TNT, TATB and on two plastic-bonded HMX-based high explosives, LX-04 and LX-10. When the results of these experiments are plotted as the logarithm of the time to explosion versus 1/T K (Arrhenius plot), the curves produced are remarkably linear. This is in contradiction to the results obtained by an iterative solution of the Laplace equation for a system with a first order rate heat source. Such calculations produce plots which display considerable curvature. The experiments have also shown that the time to explosion is strongly influenced by the void volume in the containment vessel. Results of the experiments with calculations based on the heat flow equations coupled with first-order models of chemical decomposition are compared. The comparisons demonstrate the need for a more realistic reaction model.

The presence of hydrodynamic fluid instability at the ablation surface puts constraints on the kinds of targets, surface finish, and energy sources that one can use for thermonuclear micro-implosions. If Taylor-like modes grow at near the classical value, one is limited to low aspect ratio shells and surface finishes of 10-100 A. These surface finish requirements can be reduced by 1 to 2 orders of magnitude by exploiting density gradient modification techniques to obtain a shallow density gradient at the ablation surface. For laser driven targets, the gradient is achieved by utilizing suprathermal electrons with a high energy ''get lost'' region to eliminate severe preheat problems. For charged particle sources, the reduction is achieved by introducing an energy spread on the driving source.

The Kalman filtering method is extended to two-dimensions. The resulting computational load is found to be excessive. The reduced update Kalman filter is derived. It is shown to be optimum in that it minimizes the post update mean square error (mse) under the constraint of updating only the nearby previously processed neighbors. The resulting filter is a stable, nonsymmetric half-plane recursive filter. This method is proposed as a solution of the 2-D filter design problem for stochastic dynamical models.